• dyslipidemia
• epidemiology
• hypertension
• obesity
• screening

• Humans
• Adolescent
• Male
• Female
• United States/epidemiology
• Prevalence
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Child
• Alanine Transaminase/blood
• Young Adult
• Nutrition Surveys
• Fatty Liver/epidemiology
• Risk Factors
• Body Mass Index
• Cardiometabolic Risk Factors

• cirrhosis
• dyslipidemia
• epidemiology
• hypertension
• obstructive sleep apnea
• steatohepatitis
• type 2 diabetes

• LIVER
• NONALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS

• Humans
• Child
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/therapy
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology
• Acyltransferases
• Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent

• BIA
• Fibroscan
• MAFLD
• children
• regional body composition

• Humans
• Child
• Male
• Female
• Adolescent
• Body Composition/physiology
• China/epidemiology
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Metabolic Diseases/epidemiology
• Fatty Liver/epidemiology
• East Asian People

• Children
• MASH
• MASLD
• Obesity

• Child
• Humans
• Insulin Resistance
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/therapy
• Pediatric Obesity/complications
• Pediatric Obesity/diagnosis
• Pediatric Obesity/metabolism
• Pediatric Obesity/therapy
• Risk Factors

• Adolescent
• Child
• Humans
• Young Adult
• Cholestasis
• Liver Diseases/diagnosis
• Liver Diseases/therapy
• Liver Transplantation
• United Kingdom

• MR/W030462/1 Medical Research Council

• Humans
• Male
• Child
• Female
• Diet, Healthy
• Nutrition Assessment
• Lipids
• Sugars
• Body Weight

• U01 DK061731 NIDDK NIH HHS
• U01 DK061718 NIDDK NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000006 NCATS NIH HHS
• R01 NR019083 NINR NIH HHS
• UL1 TR001422 NCATS NIH HHS
• U01 DK061728 NIDDK NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000454 NCATS NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000448 NCATS NIH HHS
• U01 DK061734 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R01 DK125701 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R21 AI169487 NIAID NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000004 NCATS NIH HHS
• R01 DK131136 NIDDK NIH HHS
• U01 DK061737 NIDDK NIH HHS
• U01 DK061713 NIDDK NIH HHS
• U01 DK061732 NIDDK NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000150 NCATS NIH HHS
• U01 DK061730 NIDDK NIH HHS
• U24 DK061730 NIDDK NIH HHS
• U01 DK061738 NIDDK NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000424 NCATS NIH HHS
• Intramural NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000040 NCATS NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000077 NCATS NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000423 NCATS NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000100 NCATS NIH HHS

• Adolescent
• Humans
• Young Adult
• Adult
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/surgery
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis
• Liver Transplantation/adverse effects
• Retrospective Studies
• Liver Cirrhosis/surgery
• Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis
• Metabolic Syndrome/complications
• Metabolic Syndrome/epidemiology
• Risk Factors

• K23 DK131290 NIDDK NIH HHS

• MRI-PDFF
• adipose
• hepatic steatosis
• muscle
• nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• chronic hepatitis
• cirrhosis
• hepatosteatosis
• nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
• noninvasive diagnostic tests

• Childhood obesity
• Inflammation
• Insulin resistance
• Leptin
• Liver enzymes
• Prepubertal children

• Cardiometabolic diseases
• Mendelian randomization
• fasting insulin level
• high blood pressure
• nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• risk factors

• the National Key Research and Development Program of China
• the Intramural Scientific Research Fund of Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology

• Fibroscan
• Lifestyle Intervention
• NAFLD
• Pediatric Obesity
• Weight Loss

• Adolescent
• Alanine Transaminase
• Child
• Elasticity Imaging Techniques
• Humans
• Life Style
• Liver/diagnostic imaging
• Liver/pathology
• Liver Cirrhosis/complications
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications
• Obesity, Morbid
• Pediatric Obesity/complications
• Pediatric Obesity/pathology
• Pediatric Obesity/therapy
• Prospective Studies

• Adolescent
• Alanine Transaminase
• Body Composition
• Child
• Cotinine
• Elasticity Imaging Techniques/methods
• Female
• Humans
• Liver/pathology
• Liver Cirrhosis/diagnostic imaging
• Liver Cirrhosis/epidemiology
• Liver Cirrhosis/etiology
• Male
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis
• Nutrition Surveys
• United States

• Bariatric surgery
• Cirrhosis
• Liraglutide
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• Vitamin E

• gestational diabetes mellitus
• metabolic syndrome
• microbiome
• obesity
• preeclampsia
• pregnant women
• probiotic supplementation

• HEPATITIS
• LIVER
• Pediatrics

• Biopsy
• Child
• Humans
• Liver/pathology
• Liver Transplantation/adverse effects
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/therapy
• Obesity/complications
• Prognosis

• child
• diabetes mellitus
• elasticity imaging techniques
• fibrosis
• non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• type 2

• ALT
• NAFLD
• alanine aminotransferase
• children
• ethnicity
• nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• obesity
• race

• Fibroscan
• Magnetic Resonance Elastography
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• Non-invasive
• Pediatric
• Shear wave elastography

There is evidence that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is affected by gut microbiota, glucose, and lipid. However, the function of water-electrolyte metabolism remains undefined in children with NAFLD. Therefore, the aim of this case-control study was to better understand these interactions. The sample consisted of 75 children, aged between 7 and 16, of whom 25 had nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), 25 had nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and 25 were obese and without NAFLD. These groups were matched by age, sex, and body mass index. Data were collected between June, 2019 and December, 2019 at the Hunan Children’s Hospital, in China. Microbiome composition in fecal samples was assessed using 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. In the clinical indices, 12 glucose and lipid metabolism indices were included, and six water-electrolyte metabolism indices were included. The results indicated that microbiomes of NAFLD children had lower alpha diversity but higher beta diversity index than the other two groups. Specifically, anti-inflammatory and probiotics abundance (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Akkermansia, and Bifidobacterium_adolescentis) was significantly decreased in NAFLD, whereas the abundance of harmful bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcaceae) was increased. Moreover, the abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria (e.g., Faecalibacterium, Roseburia_inulinivorans, Roseburia_intestinalis, and Coprococcus_comes) was significantly decreased in NASH. The abundance of these bacteria were associated with glucose, lipid, and water-electrolyte metabolism (e.g., glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, inorganic salt, total body water, etc.), implying that the NAFLD and its severity were associated with glucose, lipid, and water-electrolyte metabolism dysbiosis. Therefore, these findings suggest that the gut microbiome, especially butyrate-producing bacteria, play an important role in the development of NAFLD in children.

• glycolipid metabolism
• gut microbiota
• nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
• water-electrolyte metabolism

• depression
• diabetes mellitus
• dyslipidemias
• maternal-fetal medicine
• nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
• steatosis

• Fatty liver
• Fibrosis
• Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD)
• Metabolism
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver hepatitis or steatohepatitis (NASH)

• hepatic steatosis
• lifestyle behaviors
• paediatric obesity
• primary care
• screening tool

• hypertension
• metabolic syndrome
• pathophysiology
• pediatrics
• risk assessment

• Adolescent
• Body Mass Index
• Child
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Humans
• Hypertension/complications
• Hypertension/epidemiology
• Male
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Factors

Few studies have assessed the association between hypertension and risk of detailed causes of death. We investigated the association between hypertension and all-cause mortality and 67 causes of death in a large cohort.

Multivariable Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for self-reported hypertension vs. no hypertension and mortality. Adults aged ≥18 years (n = 213798) were recruited in 1997-2004 and followed through December 31, 2006.

During 5.81 years of follow-up, 11254 deaths occurred. Self-reported hypertension vs. no hypertension was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.19-1.31) and mortality from septicemia (HR =1.66, 1.06-2.59), other infectious parasitic diseases (HR = 2.67, 1.09-6.51), diabetes mellitus (HR = 1.97, 1.45-2.67), circulatory disease (HR = 1.49, 1.37-1.61), hypertensive heart disease (HR = 3.23, 2.00-5.20), ischemic heart disease (HR = 1.35, 1.23-1.49), acute myocardial infarction (HR = 1.50, 1.27-1.77), other chronic ischemic heart diseases (HR = 1.35, 1.17-1.56), all other forms of heart disease (HR = 1.51, 1.21-1.89), primary hypertension and renal disease (HR = 3.11, 1.82-5.30), cerebrovascular disease (HR = 1.64, 1.37-1.97), other circulatory system diseases (HR = 1.71, 1.09-2.69), other chronic lower respiratory diseases (HR = 1.39, 1.12-1.73), other chronic liver disease (HR = 1.89, 1.06-3.37), renal failure (HR = 1.91, 1.33-2.74), motor vehicle accidents (HR = 1.60, 1.07-2.37), and all other diseases (HR =1.30, 1.10-1.54), but with lower risk of uterine cancer (HR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.15-0.90) and Alzheimer's disease (HR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.47-0.92).

Hypertension was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and 17 out of 67 causes of death, with most of these being circulatory disease outcomes, however, some of the remaining associations are unlikely to be causal. Further studies are needed to clarify associations with less common causes of death and potential causality across outcomes.

• MRI-PDFF
• NAFLD
• osteopenia
• osteoporosis
• pediatric
• vitamin D

• insulin resistance
• liver steatosis
• metabolic syndrome
• non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
• obesity in children
• steatohepatitis

• Adolescent
• Biopsy
• Child
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Diet
• Disease Progression
• Fatty Liver
• Female
• Glucose Tolerance Test
• Humans
• Insulin Resistance
• Life Style
• Male
• Metabolic Syndrome/pathology
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications
• Pediatric Obesity/complications
• Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
• Risk Factors

• Adolescent
• Alanine Transaminase/blood
• Autoantibodies/blood
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Cohort Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/diagnosis
• Overweight/epidemiology
• Pediatric Obesity/epidemiology
• Retrospective Studies

• P30 DK078392 NIDDK NIH HHS
• T32 DK007727 NIDDK NIH HHS
• UL1 TR001863 NCATS NIH HHS

• mental health
• pediatrics
• suicide
• dsm-v
• epidemiology

• Adolescent
• Anxiety/epidemiology
• Anxiety/etiology
• Child
• Cohort Studies
• Depression/epidemiology
• Depression/etiology
• Humans
• Incidence
• Longitudinal Studies
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications
• Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/epidemiology
• Prospective Studies
• Risk Factors

• UL1 TR000100 NCATS NIH HHS
• UL1 TR001442 NCATS NIH HHS

• Gender
• Insulin resistance
• Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
• Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
• Obese children
• Uric acid