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1
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Monomeric catechin and dimeric procyanidin B2 against human norovirus surrogates and their physicochemical interactions. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:346-353. [PMID: 30166160 PMCID: PMC7126691 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Plant polyphenols have shown antiviral activity against several human pathogens, but their physicochemical interactions are not well-understood. The objectives of this study were to compare the antiviral activity between monomeric catechin and dimeric procyanidin B2 (PB2) using cultivable human norovirus surrogates (feline calicivirus (FCV-F9) and murine norovirus (MNV-1)) and to understand their potential antiviral mechanism using virus-like particles (VLPs) and the P domain of human norovirus GII (HNoV GII.4). Surrogate viruses at 5 log PFU/mL were treated with 0.5–5 mg/mL monomeric catechin monohydrate, PB2 or phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.2; control) at 37 °C over 24 h. Infectivity was determined using plaque assays and data from triplicate experiments were statistically analyzed. PB2 at 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL reduced FCV-F9 to undetectable levels after 3 h and MNV-1 by 0.21 and 1.23 log PFU after 24 h, respectively. Monomeric catechins at 1 mg/mL reduced FCV-F9 to undetectable levels after 6 h and MNV-1 titers to undetectable levels after 24 h. In addition, PB2 was shown to directly bind the P domain, the main capsid structure of HNoVs in the ratio of 1:1 through spontaneous interactions. Electrostatic interactions played a dominant role between PB2 and the P domain. PB2 significantly altered tertiary but not secondary structures of VLPs. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that PB2 aggregated VLPs, further indicating interactions between them. These findings indicate that PB2 causes structural changes of the P domain of VLPs, mainly through direct interaction leading to HNoV inactivation.
Polymeric procyanidins cause higher reduction of human norovirus surrogate titers than monomers. Binding of procyanidin to human norovirus-like particles alters capsid structure. Procyanidin binding to viral capsid results in decreased infectivity.
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2
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Ghoshal UC, Gwee KA, Holtmann G, Li Y, Park SJ, Simadibrata M, Sugano K, Wu K, Quigley EMM, Cohen H. The role of the microbiome and the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders in adults in the Asia-Pacific region - background and recommendations of a regional consensus meeting. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 33:57-69. [PMID: 28589613 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Asia-Pacific region is diverse, with regard to ethnicity, culture, and economic development incorporating some of the world's least and most developed nations. Gastrointestinal diseases are common in the Asia-Pacific region, and their prevalence, presentation, and management vary considerably within the region. There is growing evidence for an important role for the human gut microbiota in gastrointestinal health. As a consequence, geographic variations in the composition of the gut microbiota may contribute to variations in both the prevalence and response to therapy of specific diseases. Probiotics have been proposed as a valuable option in the prevention and treatment of a number of gastrointestinal illnesses, but the quality of available evidence to support their efficacy is variable. A meeting of international experts in adult and pediatric gastroenterology was held at the Sorbonne University, Paris, France, on April 11 and 12, 2016, to discuss current evidence supporting the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disorders in the Asia-Pacific region. This article provides an overview of the discussions held at this meeting and recommends the formation of an Asia-Pacific Consortium on Gut Microbiota similar to those established in Europe and North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday C Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Kok-Ann Gwee
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gerald Holtmann
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yanmei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Soo Jung Park
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Marcellus Simadibrata
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia and Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.,RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Kentaro Sugano
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kaichun Wu
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Eamonn M M Quigley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Lynda K and David M Underwood Center for Digestive Disorders, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Henry Cohen
- Clínica de Gastroenterología, Facultad de Medicina, Montevideo, Uruguay
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3
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Bucardo F, Reyes Y, Becker-Dreps S, Bowman N, Gruber JF, Vinjé J, Espinoza F, Paniagua M, Balmaseda A, Svensson L, Nordgren J. Pediatric norovirus GII.4 infections in Nicaragua, 1999-2015. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 55:305-312. [PMID: 28982545 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigate clinical and epidemiological factors of pediatric GII.4 norovirus infections in children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in Nicaragua between 1999 and 2015. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed laboratory and epidemiologic data from 1,790 children≤7years with AGE from 6 hospitals in Nicaragua (n=538), and 3 community clinics (n=919) and households (n=333) in León, between 1999 and 2015. Moreover, asymptomatic children from community clinics (n=162) and households (n=105) were enrolled. Norovirus was detected by real-time PCR and genotyped by sequencing the N-terminal and shell region of the capsid gene. RESULTS Norovirus was found in 19% (n=338) and 12% (n=32) of children with and without AGE, respectively. In total, 20 genotypes including a tentatively new genotype were detected. Among children with AGE, the most common genotypes were GII.4 (53%), GII.14 (7%), GII.3 (6%) and GI.3 (6%). In contrast, only one (1.4%) GII.4 was found in asymptomatic children. The prevalence of GII.4 infections was significantly higher in children between 7 and 12months of age. The prevalence of GII.4 was lowest in households (38%), followed by community clinics (50%) and hospitals (75%). Several different GII.4 variants were detected and their emergence followed the global temporal trend. CONCLUSIONS Overall our study found the predominance of pediatric GII.4 norovirus infections in Nicaragua mostly occurring in children between 7 and 12months of age, implicating GII.4 as the main norovirus vaccine target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filemón Bucardo
- National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua.
| | - Yaoska Reyes
- National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natalie Bowman
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joann F Gruber
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Felix Espinoza
- National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | | | - Angel Balmaseda
- National Virology Laboratory, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Jin M, Zhou YK, Xie HP, Fu JG, He YQ, Zhang S, Jing HB, Kong XY, Sun XM, Li HY, Zhang Q, Li K, Zhang YJ, Zhou DQ, Xing WJ, Liao QH, Liu N, Yu HJ, Jiang X, Tan M, Duan ZJ. Characterization of the new GII.17 norovirus variant that emerged recently as the predominant strain in China. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2620-2632. [PMID: 27543110 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most important viral pathogens causing epidemic acute gastroenteritis, in which the GII.4 viruses have been predominant worldwide for the past decades. During 2014-2015 winter season, a new GII.17 variant emerged as the predominant virus in China surpassing the GII.4 virus in causing significantly increased acute gastroenteritis outbreaks. Genome sequences of the new GII.17 variant was determined and compared with other GII.17 noroviruses, revealing residue substitutions at specific locations, including the histo-blood group antigen-binding site and the putative antigenic epitopes. Further study of GII.17 outbreaks focusing on host susceptibility showed that the new GII.17 variant infected secretor individuals of A, B, O and Lewis types. Accordingly, the P particles of the new GII.17 variant bound secretor saliva samples of A, B, O and Lewis types with significantly higher binding signals than those of the P particles of the previous GII.17 variants. In addition, human sera collected from the outbreaks exhibited stronger blockade against the binding of the new GII.17 P particles to saliva samples than those against the binding between the P particles of previous GII.17 variants and saliva samples. Taken together, our data strongly suggested that the new GII.17 variant gained new histo-blood group antigen-binding ability and antigenic features, which may contribute to its predominance in causing human norovirus epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yong-Kang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China.,The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, PR China
| | - Hua-Ping Xie
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jian-Guang Fu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ya-Qing He
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Beijing Shunyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shunyi District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong-Bo Jing
- Beijing Shunyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shunyi District, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yu Kong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao-Man Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hui-Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kai Li
- Guangzhou Huadu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huadu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- Guangzhou Huadu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huadu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - De-Qian Zhou
- Guangzhou Yuexiu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Wei-Jia Xing
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qiao-Hong Liao
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Na Liu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hong-Jie Yu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Early Warning on Infectious Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xi Jiang
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ming Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Zhao-Jun Duan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Virology and Viral Diseases, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, PR China
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5
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Comparative Evaluation of Real-Time PCR Methods for Human Noroviruses in Wastewater and Human Stool. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160825. [PMID: 27525654 PMCID: PMC4985124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Selecting the best quantitative PCR assay is essential to detect human norovirus genome effectively from clinical and environmental samples because no cell lines have been developed to propagate this virus. The real-time PCR methods for noroviruses GI (4 assays) and GII (3 assays) were evaluated using wastewater (n = 70) and norovirus-positive stool (n = 77) samples collected in Japan between 2012 and 2013. Standard quantitative PCR assays recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, International Organization for Standardization, and Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, together with recently reported assays were included. Significant differences in positive rates and quantification cycles were observed by non-parametric analysis. The present study identifies the best assay for norovirus GI and GII to amplify norovirus genomes efficiently.
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Kazama S, Masago Y, Tohma K, Souma N, Imagawa T, Suzuki A, Liu X, Saito M, Oshitani H, Omura T. Temporal dynamics of norovirus determined through monitoring of municipal wastewater by pyrosequencing and virological surveillance of gastroenteritis cases. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 92:244-53. [PMID: 26874777 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus is a leading etiological agent of viral gastroenteritis. Because of relatively mild disease symptoms and frequent asymptomatic infections, information on the ecology of this virus is limited. Our objective was to examine the genetic diversity of norovirus circulating in the human population by means of genotyping the virus in municipal wastewater. We investigated norovirus genogroups I and II (GI and GII) in municipal wastewater in Japan by pyrosequencing and quantitative PCR (qPCR) from November 2012 to March 2013. Virological surveillance for gastroenteritis cases was concurrently conducted in the same area. A total of fourteen distinct genotypes in total (GI.1, 3, 4, 6, 7, GII.2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, and 17), with up to eight genotypes detected per sample, were observed in wastewater using pyrosequencing; only four genotypes (GI.6, GII.4, 5, and 14) were obtained from clinical samples. Seventy-eight percent of norovirus-positive stool samples contained GII.4, but this genotype was not dominant in wastewater. The norovirus GII.4 Sydney 2012 variant, which appeared and spread during our study period, was detected in both the wastewater and clinical samples. These results suggest that an environmental approach using pyrosequencing yields a more detailed distribution of norovirus genotypes/variants. Thus, wastewater monitoring by pyrosequencing is expected to provide an effective analysis of the distribution of norovirus genotypes causing symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Kazama
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8479, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Masago
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8479, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, United Nations University, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150-8925, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Tohma
- Department of Virology, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nao Souma
- Department of Virology, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Imagawa
- Department of Virology, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Suzuki
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, Sendai, Miyagi, 983-8520, Japan
| | - Xiaofang Liu
- Department of Virology, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Omura
- New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8479, Japan
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7
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Lindsay L, Wolter J, De Coster I, Van Damme P, Verstraeten T. A decade of norovirus disease risk among older adults in upper-middle and high income countries: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:425. [PMID: 26467099 PMCID: PMC4606836 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1168-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) causing both sporadic and outbreak-associated illness. Norovirus (NoV) infections occur across all ages but certain sub-groups are considered at increased risk due to heightened transmission and/or symptom severity. Older adults are potentially at high risk of NoV-associated illness due to frequent outbreaks in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and severe health outcomes following infection. Elucidation of NoV risk among older adults will support prevention, treatment and control efforts. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review to summarize the published risk estimates of NoV-associated illness, hospitalization and death among individuals aged 65 years and older. A structured search using defined NoV and gastroenteritis (GE) terms was performed in the PubMed and EMBASE databases of human studies published between January 1, 2003 and May 16, 2013. RESULTS We identified 39 studies from high income (HI) and upper-middle income (UMI) countries. Thirty-six percent of publications provided risk estimates based on laboratory-confirmed or epidemiologically-linked population-based surveillance data using molecular diagnostic methods. Over the study period, estimated annual NoV rates and extrapolated number of cases among older adults in HI and UMI countries were: 29-120/10,000 or 1.2-4.8 million NoV-associated illnesses; 18-54/10,000 or 723,000-2.2 million NoV-associated outpatient visits; 1-19/10,000 or 40,00-763,000 NoV-associated inpatient visits; 0.04-0.32/10,000 or 2000-13,000 NoV-associated deaths. NoV was responsible for approximately 10-20 % of GE hospitalizations and 10-15 % of all-cause GE deaths among older adults. Older adults experienced a heightened risk of nosocomial infections. Those in LTCFs experience frequent NoV outbreaks and the range in attack rates was 3-45 %, case hospitalization rates 0.5-6 % and case fatality rates 0.3-1.6 %. CONCLUSIONS Older adults are at increased risk of severe NoV-associated health outcomes. NoV-associated hospitalization rates were higher, more severe, resulted in longer stays and incurred greater costs than for younger patients. NoV-associated mortality rates were approximately 200 % higher among individuals 65 years and older compared to <5 years. The burden of NoV among older adults is expected to rise along with societal aging and increased need for institutionalized care. NoV prevention in older adults, including potential vaccination, may significantly impact risk of severe illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lindsay
- P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Services, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Joanne Wolter
- Contractor to P95 Pharmacovigilance and Epidemiology Services, Brisbane, Australia.
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8
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Thongprachum A, Khamrin P, Maneekarn N, Hayakawa S, Ushijima H. Epidemiology of gastroenteritis viruses in Japan: Prevalence, seasonality, and outbreak. J Med Virol 2015; 88:551-70. [PMID: 26387663 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis has been recognized as one of the most common diseases in humans and continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. Several groups of viruses have been reported as the causative agents of acute gastroenteritis, including rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, human astrovirus, adenovirus, and an increasing number of others which have been reported more recently. The epidemiology, prevalence, seasonality, and outbreaks of these viruses have been reviewed in a number of studies conducted in Japan over three decades. Rotavirus and norovirus were the two most common viruses detected almost equally in children under 5 years of age who were suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Like many other countries, the main rotavirus strains circulating in pediatric patients in Japan are G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], and G9P[8]. Norovirus GII.4 was involved in most outbreaks in Japan and found to be associated with the emergence of new variants Sydney_2012. The classic human astrovirus, MLB, and VA clades astroviruses were also commonly found in pediatric patients with acute diarrhea. The sapovirus and adenovirus have been identified as the minor viral causative agents for acute gastroenteritis in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksara Thongprachum
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Mai H, Gao Y, Cong X, Wang H, Liu N, Huang X, Xu L, Chen Y, Wei L. GII.4 Sydney_2012 norovirus infection in immunocompromised patients in Beijing and its rapid evolution in vivo. J Med Virol 2015; 88:224-33. [PMID: 26185038 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To study the epidemiology and evolution of norovirus (NoV) in immunocompromised patients in a tertiary hospital in China. Stool specimens were collected from 131 hospitalized patients presenting with diarrhea from July 1, 2012, to June 30, 2013, and were tested for NoV using RT-PCR. RT-PCR was performed to amplify the complete capsid genome for a series of samples from chronic diarrhea patients, and nucleotide and amino acid changes were analyzed. There were nine NoV-positive patients among 124 immunocompromised patients (7.3%); all nine were infected with GII.4 Sydney_2012 strain. In three chronic diarrhea patients, the GII.4 Sydney_2012 strains accumulated 19, 18, and eight nucleotide mutations within 110, 113, and 22 days, respectively, most were non-synonymous. The greatest number of stable amino acid mutations was 10 in patient 2; eight stable mutations (including three in antigenic sites) occurred while the patient was asymptomatic and shedding the virus. GII.4 Sydney_2012 strain tends to undergo stable mutations during the asymptomatic shedding phase and may generate new variants in chronic diarrhea patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Mai
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Cong
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Peking University People's Hospital, Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Lanping Xu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Peking University People's Hospital, Institute of Hematology, Beijing, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University Hepatology Institute, Beijing, China
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10
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Pringle K, Lopman B, Vega E, Vinje J, Parashar UD, Hall AJ. Noroviruses: epidemiology, immunity and prospects for prevention. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:53-67. [PMID: 25598337 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, noroviruses have become recognized as an important cause of both sporadic and epidemic acute gastroenteritis (AGE), largely due to the improved availability of broadly reactive real-time RT-PCR (TaqMan-based RT-PCR) assays. While there is substantial diversity among noroviruses, one specific genotype, GII.4, is the most common etiology in sporadic and epidemic AGE. Outbreaks of norovirus AGE most commonly occur in healthcare facilities and restaurants and result in significant morbidity and mortality and substantial healthcare costs. Norovirus vaccine development is progressing, and Phase I and II human trials have shown proof-of-principle that norovirus vaccines can reduce illness and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Pringle
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop A-34, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA
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11
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Zou W, Cui D, Wang X, Guo H, Yao X, Jin M, Huang Q, Gao M, Wen X. Clinical characteristics and molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in outpatient children with acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou of China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127596. [PMID: 26011043 PMCID: PMC4444205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noroviruses (NoVs) are considered major causative pathogens associated with the morbidity and mortality of young children with acute gastroenteritis. However, few studies have examined NoVs causing acute diarrhea among outpatient children worldwide. This study was conducted to investigate the clinical features and molecular epidemiology of NoVs in outpatient children with acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou, China, between April 2013 and April 2014. METHODS Stool specimens from 1346 outpatient children enrolled (under 5 years of age) with acute gastroenteritis were examined for NoVs by multiplex RT-PCR, and sequences of the partial capsids of NoVs were analyzed phylogenetically, while the relevant clinical data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS Of 1346 specimens, 383 (28.5%, 383/1346) were positive for NoVs. The proportion of GII genotypes (26.9%) was significantly higher than that of GI genotypes (1.6%). The GII.4 genotype was the most prevalent of GII genotypes and was clustered into GII.4/Sydney (37.8%) and GII.4/2006b (62.2%), whereas GI strains were clustered into GI.1. Additionally, the younger children (12 to <24 months of age) were more susceptible to NoVs than children in other age groups, and the highest percentage of NoV infections occurred in April 2013. The diarrheal frequency (times/d) and WBC counts of the infected outpatient group with NoVs were significantly higher than were those of the uninfected outpatient group. CONCLUSION NoVs were confirmed to be the major viral agents responsible for acute gastroenteritis in outpatient children in Huzhou, China, and GII.4/Sydney and GII.4/2006b variants were identified as the predominant strains in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Zou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Dawei Cui
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Huihui Guo
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Xing Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Miao Jin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Xiaohong Wen
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, Huzhou Teachers College, Huzhou, 313000, China
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Wu X, Han J, Chen L, Xu D, Shen Y, Zha Y, Zhu X, Ji L. Prevalence and genetic diversity of noroviruses in adults with acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou, China, 2013-2014. Arch Virol 2015; 160:1705-13. [PMID: 25951970 PMCID: PMC4464852 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) infection is the most common cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis, which affects both adults and children. However, the molecular epidemiology of NoV in adults with acute gastroenteritis in China has not been investigated extensively. In this study, we investigated the occurrence of NoV infections and analyzed the genetic diversity of NoV in adults with acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou, China. A total of 796 fecal samples were collected from outpatients (≥16 years of age) between March 2013 and February 2014. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to detect NoV genogroups I (GI) and II (GII). For genotyping, the capsid and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes were partially amplified and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. NoVs were detected in 26.51 % (211/796) of the specimens, with GII being predominant, representing 96.20 % of the NoV infections. At least nine genotypes were identified among GI and GII specimens, including GI.P2/GI.2, GI.P3/GI.3, GI.P4/GI.4, GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney_2012, GII.P12/GII.3, GII.P7/GII.6, GII.P16/GII.13, GII.Pe, and GII.Pg (RdRp only). This is the first report of a GII.P16/GII.13 recombinant virus in adults in China. GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney_2012 was the most prevalent genotype and the only GII.4 variant identified during the study period. Our findings suggested that NoV was a common causative agent of acute gastroenteritis in adults in Huzhou, China. During the study period, the NoVs circulating in adults in Huzhou were predominantly GII.4 Sydney_2012 variants and GII NoV recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Wu
- Huzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 999 Changxing Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Luo LF, Qiao K, Wang XG, Ding KY, Su HL, Li CZ, Yan HJ. Acute gastroenteritis outbreak caused by a GII.6 norovirus. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:5295-5302. [PMID: 25954103 PMCID: PMC4419070 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To report an acute gastroenteritis outbreak caused by a genogroup 2 genotype 6 (GII.6) strain norovirus in Shanghai, China.
METHODS: Noroviruses are responsible for approximately half of all reported gastroenteritis outbreaks in many countries. Genogroup 2 genotype 4 strains are the most prevalent. Rare outbreaks caused by GII.6 strains have been reported. An acute gastroenteritis outbreak occurred in an elementary school in Shanghai in December of 2013. Field and molecular epidemiologic investigations were conducted.
RESULTS: The outbreak was limited to one class in an elementary school located in southwest Shanghai. The age of the students ranged from 9 to 10 years. The first case emerged on December 10, 2013, and the last case emerged on December 14, 2013. The cases peaked on December 11, 2013, with 21 new cases. Of 45 students in the class, 32 were affected. The main symptom was gastroenteritis, and 15.6% (5/32) of the cases exhibited a fever. A field epidemiologic investigation showed the pathogen may have been transmitted to the elementary school from employees in a delicatessen via the first case student, who had eaten food from the delicatessen one day before the gastroenteritis episodes began. A molecular epidemiologic investigation identified the cause of the gastroenteritis as norovirus strain GII.6; the viral sequence of the student cases showed 100% homology with that of the shop employees. Genetic relatedness analyses showed that the new viral strain is closely related to previously reported GII.6 sequences, especially to a strain reported in Japan.
CONCLUSION: This is the first report to show that norovirus strain GII.6 can cause a gastroenteritis outbreak. Thus, the prevalence of GII.6 noroviruses requires attention.
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14
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An increasing prevalence of recombinant GII norovirus in pediatric patients with diarrhea during 2010–2013 in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 31:48-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Lekana-Douki SE, Kombila-Koumavor C, Nkoghe D, Drosten C, Drexler JF, Leroy EM. Molecular epidemiology of enteric viruses and genotyping of rotavirus A, adenovirus and astrovirus among children under 5 years old in Gabon. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 34:90-5. [PMID: 25796432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the prevalence of enteric viruses causing gastroenteritis, and the circulating stains, in Gabonese children under five years old who visited health centers between March 2010 and June 2011. METHODS Stool specimens were collected and sent for analysis to CIRMF (Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville). Stools were screened for six enteric viruses (rotavirus, adenovirus, norovirus I and II, sapovirus, human astrovirus) by means of a multiplex real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and Rotavirus A, Adenovirus and Astrovirus were genotyped. RESULTS Among the 317 specimens analyzed, 193 (60.9%) were positive for at least one enteric virus. Rotavirus A (RVA) (27.1%) was the most frequently detected virus, followed by human Adenovirus (HAdV) (19.6%), Norovirus II (NoVs-II) (13.9%), Norovirus I (NoVs-I) (9.1%), Sapovirus (SaV) (9.5%) and human Astrovirus (HAstV) (6.3%). One-third of the 193 positive samples contained more than one virus. The most common Rotavirus A genotype was G6P[6]. Various HAdV serotypes were found. HAstV-1 was identified. CONCLUSIONS These findings improve our knowledge of circulating enteric viruses in Gabon. The emergence of unusual G6P[6] strain of rotavirus A, predominant, suggested a particular epidemiological surveillance of circulating rotavirus strains during the introduction of vaccination in Gabon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dieudonné Nkoghe
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon; Ministère de la Santé Publique, BP 5978 Libreville, Gabon.
| | | | | | - Eric M Leroy
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, BP 769 Franceville, Gabon; UMR (IRD 224 /CNRS 5290 / UM1-UM2), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France.
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Development of enhanced primer sets for detection of norovirus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:103052. [PMID: 25695041 PMCID: PMC4324898 DOI: 10.1155/2015/103052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Norovirus (NV) is a major viral pathogen that causes nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis and outbreaks of food-borne disease. The genotype of NV most frequently responsible for NV outbreaks is GII.4, which accounts for 60–80% of cases. Moreover, original and new NV variant types have been continuously emerging, and their emergence is related to the recent global increase in NV infection. In this study, we developed advanced primer sets (NKI-F/R/F2, NKII-F/R/R2) for the detection of NV, including the variant types. The new primer sets were compared with conventional primer sets (GI-F1/R1/F2, SRI-1/2/3, GII-F1/R1/F2, and SRII-1/2/3) to evaluate their efficiency when using clinical and environmental samples. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and seminested PCR, NV GI and GII were detected in 91.7% (NKI-F/R/F2), 89.3% (NKII-F/R/R2), 54.2% (GI-F1/R1/F2), 52.5% (GII-F1/R1/F2), 25.0% (SRI-1/2/3), and 32.2% (SRII-1/2/3) of clinical and environmental specimens. Therefore, our primer sets perform better than conventional primer sets in the detection of emerged types of NV and could be used in the future for epidemiological diagnosis of infection with the virus.
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17
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Zheng QM, Zeng HT, Dai CW, Zhang SX, Zhang Z, Mei SJ, He YQ, Ma HW. Epidemiological Investigation of a Norovirus GII.4 Sydney Outbreak in a China Elder Care Facility. Jpn J Infect Dis 2015; 68:70-4. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2014.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-ming Zheng
- Guangming District Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Hua-tang Zeng
- Guangming District Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Chuan-wen Dai
- Guangming District Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Zhen Zhang
- Guangming District Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Shu-jiang Mei
- Guangming District Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Ya-qing He
- Guangming District Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Han-wu Ma
- Guangming District Center for Disease Control and Prevention
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18
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Bernstein DI, Atmar RL, Lyon GM, Treanor JJ, Chen WH, Jiang X, Vinjé J, Gregoricus N, Frenck RW, Moe CL, Al-Ibrahim MS, Barrett J, Ferreira J, Estes MK, Graham DY, Goodwin R, Borkowski A, Clemens R, Mendelman PM. Norovirus vaccine against experimental human GII.4 virus illness: a challenge study in healthy adults. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:870-8. [PMID: 25210140 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines against norovirus, the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis, should protect against medically significant illness and reduce transmission. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 18- to 50-year-olds received 2 injections of placebo or norovirus GI.1/GII.4 bivalent vaccine-like particle (VLP) vaccine with 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and alum. Participants were challenged as inpatients with GII.4 virus (4400 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR] units), and monitored for illness and infection. RESULTS Per protocol, 27 of 50 (54.0%) vaccinees and 30 of 48 (62.5%) controls were infected. Using predefined illness and infection definitions, vaccination did not meet the primary endpoint, but self-reported cases of severe (0% vaccinees vs. 8.3% controls; P = .054), moderate or greater (6.0% vs. 18.8%; P = .068), and mild or greater severity of vomiting and/or diarrhea (20.0% vs. 37.5%; P = .074) were less frequent. Vaccination also reduced the modified Vesikari score from 7.3 to 4.5 (P = .002). Difficulties encountered were low norovirus disease rate, and inability to define illness by quantitative RT-PCR or further antibody rise in vaccinees due to high vaccine-induced titers. By day 10, 11 of 49 (22.4%) vaccinees were shedding virus compared with 17 of 47 (36.2%) placebo recipients (P = .179). CONCLUSIONS Bivalent norovirus VLP vaccine reduced norovirus-related vomiting and/or diarrhea; field efficacy studies are planned. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01609257.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Wilbur H Chen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
| | - Xi Jiang
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
| | | | - Robert W Frenck
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio
| | - Christine L Moe
- Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | - Mary K Estes
- Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David Y Graham
- Baylor College of Medicine and Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | - Ralf Clemens
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Zurich, Switzerland
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19
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Sabrià A, Pintó RM, Bosch A, Bartolomé R, Cornejo T, Torner N, Martínez A, de Simón M, Domínguez A, Guix S. Molecular and clinical epidemiology of norovirus outbreaks in Spain during the emergence of GII.4 2012 variant. J Clin Virol 2014; 60:96-104. [PMID: 24746342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NoV) is the most common cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, but the impact of NoV infections in Spain remains underestimated. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the prevalence and genetic diversity of NoVs causing outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in Northeastern Spain (Catalonia) during 2010-2012, and to compare clinical features and levels of viral shedding of the most prevalent GII.4 2012 variant with its predecessor. STUDY DESIGN NoVs were screened and genotyped in stools from gastroenteritis outbreaks. Genetic diversity over a region covering 50% of VP1, and viral loads were analyzed in stools belonging to GII.4 2009 and 2012 variants. RESULTS More than 50% of outbreaks were caused by genotype GII.4, although outbreaks caused by multiple strains, GII.6 and GII.1 were also prevalent. During 2012, GII.4 2012 strains clearly replaced GII.4 2009 strains. The first 2012 strain was detected in February 2011, representing the earliest isolate reported worldwide. Epidemiological features of GII.4 2012 and GII.4 2009 outbreaks were comparable, as well as levels of viral shedding in stools. Finally, analysis of the capsid gene showed a higher amino acid variability and diversification in GII.4 2012, affecting sites located at the P2 domain, but also in the shell domain. CONCLUSIONS Clinical features of outbreaks caused by different genotypes circulating in Spain, including outbreaks caused by GII.4 2012 and GII.4 2009 strains, were comparable. Although shed at similar levels than GII.4 2009 strains, GII.4 2012 strains have clearly replaced the previous predominant strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Sabrià
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Rosa M Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain
| | - Rosa Bartolomé
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Pssg Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thais Cornejo
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Pssg Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Torner
- Department of Health, Generalitat of Catalonia, Roc Boronat 81-95, 08005 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martínez
- Department of Health, Generalitat of Catalonia, Roc Boronat 81-95, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes de Simón
- Laboratory of the Public Health Agency, Pl. Lesseps 1, 08024 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Domínguez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Monforte de Lemos 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Public Health, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, University of Barcelona, Avda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, Avda Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramanet, Spain.
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20
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Thongprachum A, Chan-it W, Khamrin P, Saparpakorn P, Okitsu S, Takanashi S, Mizuguchi M, Hayakawa S, Maneekarn N, Ushijima H. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus associated with gastroenteritis and emergence of norovirus GII.4 variant 2012 in Japanese pediatric patients. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 23:65-73. [PMID: 24508246 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In late 2012, an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus variant Sydney_2012 occurred and have been reported from many counties. In this study, we described surveillance study of the incidence of norovirus infections among Japanese pediatric patients in association with gastroenteritis and investigated the antigenic change of the new variant Sydney_2012 circulated in Japanese populations. A total of 2381 fecal specimens collected from children with acute gastroenteritis in Hokkaido, Tokyo, Shizuoka, Kyoto, Osaka, and Saga from 2009 to 2013 were examined for norovirus and further analyzed molecularly. A high proportion (39.3%) of norovirus positive samples and several genotypes were detected. Norovirus GII.4 dominated over other genotypes (71.4%). The Den_Haag_2006b (43.2%) was detected as the predominant variant and co-circulated with New_Orleans_2009 (17.8%) until March 2012. Subsequently, they were displaced by Sydney_2012. The Sydney_2012 variant has been responsible for the majority of norovirus infections in 2012-2013 (85.7%). Although Sydney_2012 variant has a common ancestor with New_Orleans_2009 variant, analysis of P2 sub-domain showed a high level of diversity in comparison with other variants in four amino acid changes at the antigenic sites. The change in particular residue 393 of new variant may affect HBGA recognition. Analysis of noroviruses circulating in the past 4years revealed a change of predominant variant of norovirus GII.4 in each epidemic season. The change of amino acid in putative epitopes may have led the virus escape from the existing herd immunity and explain the increase of new variant outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksara Thongprachum
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wisoot Chan-it
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | | | - Shoko Okitsu
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takanashi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizuguchi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hayakawa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, School of International Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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