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Valcarcel J, Vázquez JA, Varela UR, Reis RL, Novoa-Carballal R. Isolation and Characterization of Polysaccharides from the Ascidian Styela clava. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010016. [PMID: 35012039 PMCID: PMC8747265 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Styela clava is an edible sea squirt farmed in Korea that has gradually invaded other seas, negatively impacting the ecology and economy of coastal areas. Extracts from S. clava have shown wide bioactivities, and ascidians have the unique capability among animals of biosynthesizing cellulose. Thus, S. clava is a relevant candidate for valorization. Herein, we aimed at surveying and characterizing polysaccharides in both tunic and flesh of this ascidian. To this end, we enzymatically hydrolyzed both tissues, recovering crystalline cellulose from the tunic with high aspect ratios, based on results from microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy analyses. Alkaline hydroalcoholic precipitation was applied to isolate the polysaccharide fraction that was characterized by gel permeation chromatography (with light scattering detection) and NMR. These techniques allowed the identification of glycogen in the flesh with an estimated Mw of 7 MDa. Tunic polysaccharides consisted of two fractions of different Mw. Application of Diffusion-Ordered NMR allowed spectroscopically separating the low-molecular-weight fraction to analyze the major component of an estimated Mw of 40–66 kDa. We identified six different sugar residues, although its complexity prevented the determination of the complete structure and connectivities of the residues. The two more abundant residues were N-acetylated and possibly components of the glycosaminoglycan-like (GAG-like) family, showing the remaining similarities to sulfated galactans. Therefore, Styela clava appears as a source of nanocrystalline cellulose and GAG-like polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Valcarcel
- Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.V.); (U.R.V.)
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (R.N.-C.)
| | - José Antonio Vázquez
- Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.V.); (U.R.V.)
| | - Uxía R. Varela
- Recycling and Valorisation of Waste Materials, Marine Research Institute (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.A.V.); (U.R.V.)
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimaraes, Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimaraes, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ramon Novoa-Carballal
- 3B’s Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimaraes, Braga, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimaraes, Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (R.N.-C.)
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Shi X, Xu C, Wu CJ, Wu X, Zhang B, Tang X, Luo L, Chen YH. A flavone C-Glycoside from Styela plicata. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2019.103924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bisphenol A Causes Liver Damage and Selectively Alters the Neurochemical Coding of Intrahepatic Parasympathetic Nerves in Juvenile Porcine Models under Physiological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122726. [PMID: 29244763 PMCID: PMC5751327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is an extremely common polymer that is used in typical everyday products throughout the world, especially in food and beverage containers. Within the last ten years, it has been found that the BPA monomer tends to leach into foodstuffs, and nanogram concentrations of it may cause a variety of deleterious health effects. These health problems are very evident in developing children and in young adults. The aim of this study was to expose developing pigs to dietary BPA at both legally acceptable and ten-fold higher levels. Livers that had been exposed to BPA showed vacuolar degeneration, sinusoidal dilatation, vascular congestion and glycogen depletion that increased with exposure levels. Furthermore, the livers of these models were then examined for irregularities and double-labeled immunofluorescence was used to check the innervated hepatic samples for varying neuronal expression of selected neuronal markers in the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS). It was found that both the PSNS and all of the neuronal markers showed increased expression, with some of them being significant even at recommended safe exposure levels. The implications are quite serious since these effects have been observed at recommended safe levels with expression increasing in-line with exposure levels. The increased neuronal markers studied here have been previously correlated with behavioral/psychological disorders of children and young adults, as well as with childhood obesity and diabetes. However, further research must be performed in order to develop a mechanism for the above-mentioned correlations.
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