|
1
|
Ogawa M, Uchizawa A, Tamai S, Momma R, Hoshi D, Kondo E, Sagayama H, Watanabe K. Evaluation of Energy Balance Estimated From Total Energy Expenditure and Body Composition Changes in Junior Sumo Wrestlers: An Observational Study Over Six Months. Cureus 2024; 16:e61158. [PMID: 38933620 PMCID: PMC11200937 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.61158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sumo is a sport that requires wrestlers to develop their physique from childhood for athletic advantage. However, the energy expenditure and energy balance required for the growth of junior Sumo wrestlers remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the energy balance of junior Sumo wrestlers over six months using doubly labeled water (DLW) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Methodology A total of 12 male Sumo wrestlers were affiliated with a local Sumo club (average age = 15 ± 1 years). The total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured using DLW, whereas body composition was evaluated using BIA. Daily physical activity was quantified using a tri-accelerometer (Active style Pro HJA-750C). Results The TEE was 4,194 ± 734 kcal/day, while daily physical activity without training was 786 ± 50 minutes. Within six months, the body weight increased by 2.0 ± 3.2 kg, fat-free mass (FFM) was augmented by 2.1 kg, while fat mass did not change significantly. The surplus energy accumulated was 5.6 ± 213 kcal/day. Conclusions The excess energy of junior Sumo wrestlers predominantly increases their FFM. To increase their physical prowess, wrestlers adhere to a lifestyle characterized by high-intensity training and attenuated daily physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miori Ogawa
- Institutes of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JPN
- Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Nasu Hospital, Otawara, JPN
| | - Akiko Uchizawa
- Institutes of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JPN
- Research, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Shinsuke Tamai
- Department of Sports Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Reiko Momma
- Department of Sports Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Daisuke Hoshi
- Human Informatics and Interaction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, JPN
| | - Emi Kondo
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, JPN
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Institutes of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JPN
| | - Koichi Watanabe
- Institutes of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, JPN
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Abulmeaty MM, Almajwal A, Elsayed M, Hassan H, Aldossari Z, Alsager T. Development and validation of novel equation for prediction of resting energy expenditure in active Saudi athletes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36826. [PMID: 38206701 PMCID: PMC10754597 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Being the most stable component of energy expenditure, resting metabolic rate (RMR) is usually used in the calculation of energy requirements for athletes. An adequate energy prescription is essential in supporting athlete development. This work aims to develop and validate an equation for calculating energy requirements for Arabic Saudi athletes. This cross-sectional study included 171 active athletes aged 18 to 45 years. The sample was divided into a development group (n = 127) and a validation group (n = 44). Anthropometry, indirect calorimetry, and body composition analysis via bioelectric impedance analysis were performed on all participants. The novel predictive equations were created by using stepwise linear regression analyses. The accuracy of the novel equations was compared with 10 equations, and Bland and Altman plots were used to estimate the limits of agreement between measured RMR and novel equations. The first novel equation used a set of basic measures, including weight, gender, and age, was [RMR = 1137.094 + (Wt × 14.560)-(Age × 18.162) + (G × 174.917)] (R = 0.753, and R2 = 0.567, wt = weight, G = gender; for male use 1 and female 0). The second equation used fat-free mass, age, and weight [RMR = 952.828 + (fat-free mass × 10.970)-(Age × 18.648) + (Wt × 10.297)] (R = 0.760 and R2 = 0.577). Validation of the second novel equation increased the prediction of measured RMR to 72.7% and reduced the amount of bias to 138.82 ± 133.18 Kcal. Finally, the new set of equations was designed to fit available resources in clubs and showed up to 72.73% accurate prediction and good agreement with measured RMR by Bland and Altman plots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M.A. Abulmeaty
- Community Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ali Almajwal
- Community Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mervat Elsayed
- Community Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Hassan
- Community Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaid Aldossari
- Community Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer Alsager
- Community Health Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Characteristics of total body and appendicular bone mineral content and density in Japanese collegiate Sumo wrestlers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11796. [PMID: 35821047 PMCID: PMC9276757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15576-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of total body and appendicular bone mineral content (BMC, kg) and bone mineral density (BMD, g/cm2) in Japanese collegiate Sumo wrestlers. A total of 54 male college Sumo wrestlers were recruited for the study and assigned to two groups according to their body weight (middleweight, 85–115 kg, n = 23 and heavyweight, > 115 kg, n = 31). The BMC, BMD, fat mass, and lean soft tissue mass (LSTM) values were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the total body and appendicular regions. Heavyweight Sumo wrestlers had significantly higher body weight, fat mass, and LSTM compared to middleweight Sumo wrestlers. The mean total body and regional BMC values were significantly higher in heavyweight than in middleweight Sumo wrestlers. The total body and leg BMD was significantly higher in heavyweight than in middleweight Sumo wrestlers, and was significantly correlated with body weight, but not arm BMD. The present study indicates that BMC and BMD might not sharply elevate among even heavyweight athletes, although heavier Sumo wrestlers had a greater BMC and BMD.
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Ogawa M, Sagayama H, Tamai S, Momma R, Hoshi D, Uchizawa A, Ichikawa G, Arisaka O, Watanabe K. Comparative evaluation of obesity-related parameters in junior sumo wrestlers and children with obesity. Phys Act Nutr 2021; 25:36-43. [PMID: 34727687 PMCID: PMC8580583 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2021.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Exercise is a key factor in preventing obesity and metabolic syndrome. Sumo wrestlers increase their body size from childhood for athletic advantage; however, the risk of metabolic syndrome in junior sumo wrestlers is undetermined. Preventive measures against pediatric obesity should be initiated during childhood to prevent obesity in adulthood, considering its high global incidence. We comparatively evaluated the risk factors for metabolic syndrome in junior sumo wrestlers and children with obesity. [Methods] We enrolled 70 male children (age 9–17 years [sumo group, n = 14] and 9–14 years [other sports and non-exercise groups, n = 28 each]) and evaluated their anthropometric parameters (height, weight, body mass index z-score, obesity rate, waist circumference, waist to height ratio) and hematological parameters (total, low-density, high-density, and non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; triglycerides; plasma glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels). [Results] The BMI z-score, obesity rate, waist circumference (p < 0.05, along with the non-exercise group), and systolic blood pressure were significantly higher and the high-density cholesterol level was lower in the sumo group than in the other sports group (p < 0.05). The waist to height ratio was significantly higher in the non-exercise group than in the other sports group (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found in other blood lipid, plasma glucose (significantly lower level than the reference range in the sumo group, p < 0.05), and glycated hemoglobin (within the reference range in all groups) levels among the three groups. [Conclusion] Junior sumo wrestlers had a larger body size and higher blood pressure than children with obesity who exercised regularly. This provides direction for future research into targeted preventive interventions against metabolic syndrome for junior sumo wrestlers with large body size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miori Ogawa
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Nasu Red Cross Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tamai
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Reiko Momma
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hoshi
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akiko Uchizawa
- Doctoral Program in Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Go Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Nasu Red Cross Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Osamu Arisaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Nasu Red Cross Hospital, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Koichi Watanabe
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Li B, Chen PY, Tan YF, Huang H, Jiang M, Wu ZR, Jiang CH, Zheng DF, He D, Shi YJ, Luo Y, Yang JY. Standard liver weight model in adult deceased donors with fatty liver: A prospective cohort study. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6701-6714. [PMID: 34754162 PMCID: PMC8554397 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i39.6701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard liver weight (SLW) is frequently used in deceased donor liver transplantation to avoid size mismatches with the recipient. However, some deceased donors (DDs) have fatty liver (FL). A few studies have reported that FL could impact liver size. To the best of our knowledge, there are no relevant SLW models for predicting liver size. AIM To demonstrate the relationship between FL and total liver weight (TLW) in detail and present a related SLW formula. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 212 adult DDs from West China Hospital of Sichuan University from June 2019 to February 2021, recorded their basic information, such as sex, age, body height (BH) and body weight (BW), and performed abdominal ultrasound (US) and pathological biopsy (PB). The chi-square test and kappa consistency score were used to assess the consistency in terms of FL diagnosed by US relative to PB. Simple linear regression analysis was used to explore the variables related to TLW. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to formulate SLW models, and the root mean standard error and interclass correlation coefficient were used to test the fitting efficiency and accuracy of the model, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal formula was compared with previous formulas. RESULTS Approximately 28.8% of DDs had FL. US had a high diagnostic ability (sensitivity and specificity were 86.2% and 92.9%, respectively; kappa value was 0.70, P < 0.001) for livers with more than a 5% fatty change. Simple linear regression analysis showed that sex (R2, 0.226; P < 0.001), BH (R2, 0.241; P < 0.001), BW (R2, 0.441; P < 0.001), BMI (R2, 0.224; P < 0.001), BSA (R2, 0.454; P < 0.001) and FL (R2, 0.130; P < 0.001) significantly impacted TLW. In addition, multiple linear regression analysis showed that there was no significant difference in liver weight between the DDs with no steatosis and those with steatosis within 5%. Furthermore, in the context of hepatic steatosis, TLW increased positively (non-linear); compared with the TLW of the non-FL group, the TLW of the groups with hepatic steatosis within 5%, between 5% and 20% and more than 20% increased by 0 g, 90 g, and 340 g, respectively. A novel formula, namely, -348.6 + (110.7 x Sex [0 = Female, 1 = Male]) + 958.0 x BSA + (179.8 x FLUS [0 = No, 1 = Yes]), where FL was diagnosed by US, was more convenient and accurate than any other formula for predicting SLW. CONCLUSION FL is positively correlated with TLW. The novel formula deduced using sex, BSA and FLUS is the optimal formula for predicting SLW in adult DDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Pan-Yu Chen
- Operating Room, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi-Fei Tan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhen-Ru Wu
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Immunology and Engineering, National Health Commission, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chen-Hao Jiang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dao-Feng Zheng
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Diao He
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Jun Shi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Transplant Immunology and Engineering, National Health Commission, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Medical Ultrasound, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Yin Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Transplantation Centre, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Laboratory of Liver Transplantation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
The Relationship between Changes in Organ-Tissue Mass and Sleeping Energy Expenditure Following Weight Change in College Sumo Wrestlers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56100536. [PMID: 33066288 PMCID: PMC7602072 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: It has been well established that the resting energy expenditure (REE) for the whole body is the sum of the REE for each organ-tissue in young and middle-aged healthy adults. Based on these previous studies, although it is speculated that sleeping energy expenditure (SEE, which has small inter-individual variability) changes with a commensurate gain or reduction in the resting metabolic rate of each organ-tissue, it is unclear whether a change in organ-tissue masses is directly attributed to the fluctuation of SEE at present. This study aimed to assess the relationship between changes in organ-tissue mass and sleeping energy expenditure (SEE) following weight change in college Sumo wrestlers. This included blood analysis, which is related to energy expenditure. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 healthy male college Sumo wrestlers were recruited in this study. All measurements were obtained before and after weight change. Magnetic resonance imaging measurements were used to determine the volume of the skeletal muscle (SM), liver, and kidneys, and an indirect human calorimeter was used to determine SEE before and after weight change. Results: The change in body mass and SEE ranged between -8.7~9.5 kg, and -602~388 kcal/day. Moreover, changes in SM, liver, and kidneys ranged between -3.3~3.6 kg, -0.90~0.77 kg, and -0.12~0.07 kg. The change in SEE was not significantly correlated with the change in SM or liver mass, nor with blood analyses; however, a significant relationship between the change in kidney mass and SEE was observed. Conclusions: Based on our results, there is a possibility that the mass of the kidneys has an effect on the change in SEE following weight change in college Sumo wrestlers.
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Abe T, Bell ZW, Wong V, Spitz RW, Loenneke JP. Why is low body fat rarely seen in large-sized male athletes? Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23399. [PMID: 32022361 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is unknown why low body fat is rarely seen in large-sized athletes (>100 kg body mass). The aim of this review was to examine the relationship between body mass and body composition (fat mass and fat-free mass) in elite male athletes, and to discuss the possible reasons why low body fat is rarely seen in large-sized male athletes. METHODS A search using two electronic databases was conducted. Eighteen studies estimated body composition in elite athletes by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, totaling 2249 elite male athletes and 72 data points. RESULTS Our results indicated that low body fat (eg, less than 10% body fat) was rarely seen in large-sized male athletes over 100 kg body mass. The larger the body mass, the higher the fat-free mass, with fat-free mass leveling off when body mass exceeds approximately 120 kg. CONCLUSION Possible reasons for this are unknown but we provide some ideas for why this might occur. The two different stages to consider with respect to skeletal muscle growth: the amount of growth during development and the amount of growth as a result of long-term resistance training. In certain sporting events, a large body mass may be favored. However, the large-sized athletes have to balance any potential positive influence of body mass on sports performance with the potential negative factors associated with body fat accumulation. Further research is warranted, as there is currently limited evidence on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
MacKenzie-Shalders KL, Byrne NM, King NA, Slater GJ. Are increases in skeletal muscle mass accompanied by changes to resting metabolic rate in rugby athletes over a pre-season training period? Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:885-892. [PMID: 30614386 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1561951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Optimising dietary energy intake is essential for effective sports nutrition practice in rugby athletes. Effective dietary energy prescription requires careful consideration of athletes' daily energy expenditure with the accurate prediction of resting metabolic rate (RMR) important due to its influence on total energy expenditure and in turn, energy balance. This study aimed to (a) measure rugby athletes RMR and (b) report the change in RMR in developing elite rugby players over a rugby preseason subsequent to changes in body composition and (c) explore the accurate prediction of RMR in rugby athletes. Eighteen developing elite rugby union athletes (age 20.2 ± 1.7 years, body mass 101.2 ± 14.5 kg, stature 184.0 ± 8.4 cm) had RMR (indirect calorimetry) and body composition (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry) measured at the start and end of a rugby preseason ∼14 weeks later. There was no statistically significant difference in RMR over the preseason period (baseline 2389 ± 263 kcal·day-1 post 2373 ± 270 kcal·day-1) despite a significant increase in lean mass of +2.0 ± 1.6 kg (P < 0.01) and non-significant loss of fat mass. The change in RMR was non-significant and non-meaningful; thus, this study contradicts the commonly held anecdotal perception that an increase in skeletal muscle mass will result in a significant increase in metabolic rate and daily energy needs. Conventional prediction equations generally under-estimated rugby athletes' measured RMR, and may be problematic for identifying low energy availability, and thus updated population-specific prediction equations may be warranted to inform practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L MacKenzie-Shalders
- a Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond Institute of Health and Sport , Bond University , Gold Coast , Australia
| | - Nuala M Byrne
- b School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine , University of Tasmania , Launceston , Australia
| | - Neil A King
- c School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , Brisbane , Australia
| | - G J Slater
- d School of Health and Sport Sciences , University of the Sunshine Coast , Sippy Downs , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Midorikawa T, Hikihara Y, Ohta M, Ando T, Torii S, Sakamoto S, Tanaka S. The relationship between organ-tissue body composition and resting energy expenditure in prepubertal children. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:1149-1154. [PMID: 30349140 PMCID: PMC6760636 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In this study, we ascertained the relationship between resting energy expenditure (REE) obtained using two procedures: indirect calorimetry and from organ-tissue mass, calculated employing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and adult metabolic rate constants, in prepubertal children. Differences between the measured and the calculated REEs were assessed according to age at puberty approaching stage. SUBJECTS/METHODS We recruited 6-12 years old 110 healthy Japanese prepubertal children (40 girls and 70 boys). Organ-tissue masses for different organs (skeletal muscle, liver, kidneys, brain and adipose tissue) were determined using MRI and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Heart and residual masses were calculated on the basis of each equation. REE was measured using the Douglas bag technique (measured REE). On the other hand, calculated REE was obtained by multiplying the sum of body compartments with the corresponding adult tissue respiration rate. RESULTS The measured REE was significantly greater than the calculated REE in both, boys and girls, although a significant association was noticed between the two REEs in both the sexes. Besides, correlation between age and difference in the two REEs was found to be significant only in girls. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed that: (1) measured and calculated REEs differ by approximately 300 kcal/day in a relatively large sample of prepubertal children, and (2) the difference in organ-tissue mass between the measured and calculated REEs increased from approximately 200 to 400 kcal/day during the developmental process in girls but not in boys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Midorikawa
- College of Health and Welfare, J.F. Oberlin University, 3758 Tokiwamachi, Machida, Tokyo, 194-0294, Japan. .,Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan. .,Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Yuki Hikihara
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan.,Faculty of Creative Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-1-1 Shibazono, Narashino, Chiba, 275-0023, Japan
| | - Megumi Ohta
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi, 470-0393, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Shizuo Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Shigeho Tanaka
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Abe T, Dankel SJ, Buckner SL, Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, Mouser JG, Bell ZW, Loenneke JP. Magnetic resonance imaging-measured skeletal muscle mass to fat-free mass ratio increases with increasing levels of fat-free mass. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:619-623. [PMID: 30264974 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08683-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the skeletal muscle mass to fat-free mass (SM-FFM) ratio in female and male athletes, as well as to examine the relationship between ultrasound predicted SM and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-measured SM. METHODS Seven female track and field athletes (female), 8 male collegiate swimmers (male-G1) and 8 male collegiate Olympic weightlifters (male-G2) volunteered. Whole-body SM volume was measured using MRI images obtained from the first cervical vertebra to the ankle joints. The volume of SM tissue was calculated and the SM volume was converted into mass units by an assumed skeletal muscle density. Muscle thickness was measured using ultrasound at nine sites and SM was estimated using an ultrasound-derived prediction equation. RESULTS Percent body fat was similar among the groups. FFM, MRI-measured SM and SM-FFM ratio were greater in Males-G2 compared to the other two groups and those variables of Male-G1 were higher than the Female group. There was an excellent correlation (r=0.976) between MRI-measured and ultrasound-predicted SM (total error=1.52 kg). No significant difference was observed between MRI-measured and ultrasound-predicted SM in the overall sample or within each group. The SM-FFM ratio was positively correlated (r=0.708) with FFM in female and male athletes. CONCLUSIONS We provide evidence for how the MRI-measured SM-FFM ratio changes with increasing levels of FFM and provide data that the ultrasound may be useful in estimating SM in athletes. Given the size limitations with MRI, both of these findings may be useful for future research investigating large sized athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Abe
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA -
| | - Scott J Dankel
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Matthew B Jessee
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Kevin T Mattocks
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - J Grant Mouser
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Midorikawa T, Ohta M, Torii S, Sakamoto S. Lean Soft Tissue Mass Measured Using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Is an Effective Index for Assessing Change in Leg Skeletal Muscle Mass Following Exercise Training. J Clin Densitom 2018; 21:394-398. [PMID: 29703658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to precisely and easily estimate the changes in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) following exercise training. We aimed to assess whether the change in lean soft tissue mass measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) reflects the change in SMM measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following exercise training in both the leg and trunk regions. Anthropometry, DXA, and MRI measurements of the trunk and leg regions were obtained in 10 male college sumo wrestlers before and after exercise training (mean duration between measurements: ~2 yr). Contiguous magnetic resonance images with 1-cm slice thickness and without gap were obtained from the first cervical vertebra to the ankle joints as reference data. Skeletal muscle volume was calculated from the summation of the digitized cross-sectional areas. The volume measurements were converted into mass by using an assumed skeletal muscle density (1.041 g/cm3). Trunk and leg areas, using DXA regional computer-generated lines, were adjusted to coincide with each discrete region by using MRI. Although the change in the DXA-measured lean soft tissue mass in the trunk region was significantly different from that of the MRI-measured SMM (Cohen's d = -1.3145, concordance correlation coefficient = 0.26, p < 0.01), the changes were similar in the leg region (Cohen's d = 0.07, concordance correlation coefficient = 0.87, p = 0.88). The exercise training-induced change in lean soft tissue mass significantly correlated with that in SMM, both in the leg (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) and trunk (r = 0.64, p < 0.05) regions. Bland-Altman analysis did not indicate a bias for the changes in leg lean soft tissue mass and SMM following exercise training. These results suggest that lean soft tissue mass measured using DXA is an effective index for assessing change in leg SMM following exercise training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Midorikawa
- College of Health and Welfare, J.F. Oberlin University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan; Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Megumi Ohta
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shizuo Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
Midorikawa T, Tanaka S, Ando T, Tanaka C, Masayuki K, Ohta M, Torii S, Sakamoto S. Is There a Chronic Elevation in Organ-Tissue Sleeping Metabolic Rate in Very Fit Runners? Nutrients 2016. [PMCID: PMC4848665 DOI: 10.3390/nu8040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear whether the resting metabolic rate of individual organ-tissue in adults with high aerobic fitness is higher than that in untrained adults; in fact, this topic has been debated for years using a two-component model. To address this issue, in the present study, we examined the relationship between the measured sleeping energy expenditure (EE) by using an indirect human calorimeter (IHC) and the calculated resting EE (REE) from organ-tissue mass using magnetic resonance imaging, along with the assumed metabolic rate constants in healthy adults. Seventeen healthy male long-distance runners were recruited and grouped according to the median V·O2peak: very fit group (>60 mL/min/kg; n = 8) and fit group (<60 mL/min/kg; n = 9). Participants performed a graded exercise test for determining V·O2peak; X-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging were used to determine organ-tissue mass, and IHC was used to determine sleeping EE. The calculated REE was estimated as the sum of individual organ-tissue masses multiplied by their metabolic rate constants. No significant difference was observed in the measured sleeping EE, calculated REE, and their difference, as well as in the slopes and intercepts of the two regression lines between the groups. Moreover, no significant correlation between V·O2peak and the difference in measured sleeping EE and calculated REE was observed for all subjects. Thus, aerobic endurance training does not result in a chronic elevation in the organ-tissue metabolic rate in cases with V·O2peak of approximately 60 mL/min/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Midorikawa
- College of Health and Welfare, J.F. Oberlin University, 3758 Tokiwamachi, Machida, Tokyo 194-0294, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-797-8426
| | - Shigeho Tanaka
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan; (S.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan; (S.T.); (T.A.)
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- College of Health and Welfare, J.F. Oberlin University, 3758 Tokiwamachi, Machida, Tokyo 194-0294, Japan;
| | - Konishi Masayuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan; (K.M.); (S.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Megumi Ohta
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0393, Japan;
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan; (K.M.); (S.T.); (S.S.)
| | - Shizuo Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-1192, Japan; (K.M.); (S.T.); (S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
13
|
Muscle and fat mapping of the trunk: a case study. J Ultrasound 2015; 18:399-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s40477-015-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
|
14
|
Koshimizu T, Matsushima Y, Yokota Y, Yanagisawa K, Nagai S, Okamura K, Komatsu Y, Kawahara T. Basal metabolic rate and body composition of elite Japanese male athletes. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2013; 59:253-60. [PMID: 23037196 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.59.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The estimated energy requirement is important for adequate nutritional management in athletes. The energy requirement can be estimated from the basal metabolic rate (BMR). However, there is little data regarding the BMR of Japanese athletes. This study measured the BMR and body composition of 81 elite Japanese male athletes in different sports categories: endurance (E), strength, power and sprint (S) and ball game (B). The factors influencing the BMR were also investigated. The BMR and body composition were measured by indirect calorimetry and an air-displacement plentysmograph device (the BOD POD), respectively. The BMR per lean body mass (LBM) differed significantly among the three groups. The BMR was significantly correlated with the body weight (BW) and LBM in all groups. A multiple-regression analysis showed that the LBM was the most powerful predictor in the E and S groups, whereas the BW was the most powerful predictor in the B group. The BW appears to become an important predictor as the BW of athletes increases. Additionally, height was the second explanatory variable in the S and B groups, thus suggesting that height needs to be considered for the BMR in these groups. Therefore, the BMR in elite athletes needs to be estimated according to their body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takako Koshimizu
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
15
|
Bosy-Westphal A, Braun W, Schautz B, Müller MJ. Issues in characterizing resting energy expenditure in obesity and after weight loss. Front Physiol 2013; 4:47. [PMID: 23532370 PMCID: PMC3607079 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Limitations of current methods: Normalization of resting energy expenditure (REE) for body composition using the 2-compartment model fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) has inherent limitations for the interpretation of REE and may lead to erroneous conclusions when comparing people with a wide range of adiposity as well as before and after substantial weight loss. EXPERIMENTAL OBJECTIVES We compared different methods of REE normalization: (1) for FFM and FM (2) by the inclusion of %FM as a measure of adiposity and (3) based on organ and tissue masses. RESULTS were compared between healthy subjects with different degrees of adiposity as well as within subject before and after weight loss. RESULTS Normalizing REE from an "REE vs. FFM and FM equation" that (1) was derived in obese participants and applied to lean people or (2) was derived before weight loss and applied after weight loss leads to the erroneous conclusion of a lower metabolic rate (i) in lean persons and (ii) after weight loss. This is revealed by the normalization of REE for organ and tissue masses that was not significantly different between lean and obese or between baseline and after weight loss. There is evidence for an increasing specific metabolic rate of FFM with increasing %FM that could be explained by a higher contribution of liver, kidney and heart mass to FFM in obesity. Using "REE vs. FFM and FM equations" specific for different levels of adiposity (%FM) eliminated differences in REE before and after weight loss in women. CONCLUSION The most established method for normalization of REE based on FFM and FM may lead to spurious conclusions about metabolic rate in obesity and the phenomenon of weight loss-associated adaptive thermogenesis. Using %FM-specific REE prediction from FFM and FM in kg may improve the normalization of REE when subjects with wide differences in %FM are investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielKiel, Germany
- Institut für Ernährungsmedizin, Universität HohenheimStuttgart, Germany
| | - Wiebke Braun
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielKiel, Germany
| | - Britta Schautz
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielKiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J. Müller
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu KielKiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Oshima S, Miyauchi S, Kawano H, Ishijima T, Asaka M, Taguchi M, Torii S, Higuchi M. Fat-free mass can be utilized to assess resting energy expenditure for male athletes of different body size. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2012; 57:394-400. [PMID: 22472281 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The fat-free mass (FFM) of athletes is typically large, and thus the FFM is often utilized to estimate their resting energy expenditure (REE). While the proportional contribution of organ-tissues to the total influence of FFM on REE is known for untrained individuals and female athletes, the extent to which this is valid for male athletes is unclear. The purpose of this study was to clarify the contribution of the components of FFM to REE in male athletes. Fifty-seven male athletes participated in this study. REE was assessed by indirect calorimetry and body composition by dual X-ray absorptiometry. The athletes were equally divided into three groups based on FFM: Small (S), Medium (M), and Large (L). When measured REE (REEm) was compared with REE estimated (REEe) based on the four organ-tissue compartments with set metabolic rates, REEm and REEe had a strong association (r=0.76, p<0.001). In addition, the absolute value of total REE became larger in accordance with body size (S: 1,643±144, M: 1,865±140, and L: 2,060±156 kcal/d) accompanied by increases in mass of all four organ-tissue compartments as body size increased. The consistency of REE/FFM in male athletes in spite of the difference in body size can be explained by the steadiness among the three groups of the relative contribution of each organ-tissue compartment to the FFM. Based on these results, the FFM is the major determinant of REE regardless of body size in male athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Oshima
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Taguchi M, Ishikawa-Takata K, Tatsuta W, Katsuragi C, Usui C, Sakamoto S, Higuchi M. Resting energy expenditure can be assessed by fat-free mass in female athletes regardless of body size. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57:22-9. [PMID: 21512287 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Energy requirements can be estimated from resting energy expenditure (REE). However, little is known about factors influencing REE in Japanese female athletes. This study was performed to evaluate the relationship between REE and body composition in Japanese female athletes with a wide range of body sizes. Ninety-three athletes (age 20.3±1.2 y, height 162.8±6.4 cm, body weight (BW) 57.0±9.2 kg, fat-free mass (FFM) 45.4±6.2 kg) were classified into three groups according to BW: small-size (S) (n=34), medium-size (M) (n=34), and large-size (L) (n=25). Systemic and regional body compositions (skeletal muscle (SM), fat mass (FM), bone mass (BM), and residual mass (RM)) were estimated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Measured resting energy expenditure (REEm) was evaluated by indirect calorimetry. Marked differences were found in REEm (S: 1,111±150, M: 1,242±133, L: 1,478±138 kcal/d), and systemic and regional body compositions among the three groups. REEm was strongly correlated with FFM, and absolute values of RM and SM increased significantly according to body size. There was good agreement between REEm and estimated REE (REEe) from the specific metabolic rates of four major organ tissue level compartments. These data indicate that REE for female athletes can be attributed to changes in organ tissue mass, and not changes in organ tissue metabolic rate. That is, change in REE can be explained mainly by the change in FFM, and REE can be assessed by FFM in female athletes regardless of body size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motoko Taguchi
- Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Bosy-Westphal A, Kossel E, Goele K, Later W, Hitze B, Settler U, Heller M, Glüer CC, Heymsfield SB, Müller MJ. Contribution of individual organ mass loss to weight loss-associated decline in resting energy expenditure. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:993-1001. [PMID: 19710198 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss leads to reduced resting energy expenditure (REE) independent of fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) loss, but the effect of changes in FFM composition is unclear. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that a decrease in REE adjusted for FFM with weight loss would be partly explained by a disproportionate loss in the high metabolic activity component of FFM. DESIGN Forty-five overweight and obese women [body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 28.7-46.8] aged 22-46 y followed a low-calorie diet for 12.7 +/- 2.2 wk. Body composition was measured by magnetic resonance imaging, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and a 4-compartment model. REE measured by indirect calorimetry (REEm) was compared with REE calculated from detailed body-composition analysis (REEc) by using specific organ metabolic rates (ie, organ REE/mass). RESULTS Weight loss was 9.5 +/- 3.4 kg (8.0 +/- 2.9 kg FM and 1.5 +/- 3.1 kg FFM). Decreases in REE (-8%), free triiodothyronine concentrations (-8%), muscle (-3%), heart (-5%), liver (-4%), and kidney mass (-6%) were observed (all P < 0.05). Relative loss in organ mass was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than was the change in low metabolically active FFM components (muscle, bone, and residual mass). After weight loss, REEm - REEc decreased from 0.24 +/- 0.58 to 0.01 +/- 0.44 MJ/d (P = 0.01) and correlated with the decrease in free triiodothyronine concentrations (r = 0.33, P < 0.05). Women with high adaptive thermogenesis (defined as REEm - REEc < -0.17 MJ/d) had less weight loss and conserved FFM, liver, and kidney mass. CONCLUSIONS After weight loss, almost 50% of the decrease in REEm was explained by losses in FFM and FM. The variability in REEm explained by body composition increased to 60% by also considering the weight of individual organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
19
|
Daugirdas JT, Levin NW, Kotanko P, Depner TA, Kuhlmann MK, Chertow GM, Rocco MV. Comparison of proposed alternative methods for rescaling dialysis dose: resting energy expenditure, high metabolic rate organ mass, liver size, and body surface area. Semin Dial 2008; 21:377-84. [PMID: 18945324 PMCID: PMC2692384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-139x.2008.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A number of denominators for scaling the dose of dialysis have been proposed as alternatives to the urea distribution volume (V). These include resting energy expenditure (REE), mass of high metabolic rate organs (HMRO), visceral mass, and body surface area. Metabolic rate is an unlikely denominator as it varies enormously among humans with different levels of activity and correlates poorly with the glomerular filtration rate. Similarly, scaling based on HMRO may not be optimal, as many organs with high metabolic rates such as spleen, brain, and heart are unlikely to generate unusually large amounts of uremic toxins. Visceral mass, in particular the liver and gut, has potential merit as a denominator for scaling; liver size is related to protein intake and the liver, along with the gut, is known to be responsible for the generation of suspected uremic toxins. Surface area is time-honored as a scaling method for glomerular filtration rate and scales similarly to liver size. How currently recommended dialysis doses might be affected by these alternative rescaling methods was modeled by applying anthropometric equations to a large group of dialysis patients who participated in the HEMO study. The data suggested that rescaling to REE would not be much different from scaling to V. Scaling to HMRO mass would mandate substantially higher dialysis doses for smaller patients of either gender. Rescaling to liver mass would require substantially more dialysis for women compared with men at all levels of body size. Rescaling to body surface area would require more dialysis for smaller patients of either gender and also more dialysis for women of any size. Of these proposed alternative rescaling measures, body surface area may be the best, because it reflects gender-based scaling of liver size and thereby the rate of generation of uremic toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas A. Depner
- Department of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, California
| | | | | | - Michael V. Rocco
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Usui C, Takahashi E, Gando Y, Sanada K, Oka J, Miyachi M, Tabata I, Higuchi M. Relationship between blood adipocytokines and resting energy expenditure in young and elderly women. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2008; 53:529-35. [PMID: 18202542 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.53.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated in a previous study that resting energy expenditure (REE) is associated with adiponectin levels in the blood. However, body composition was not taken into consideration in that study. The purpose of the present study was to again investigate the relationship between blood adipocytokines and REE, adjusted by body composition, in both young and elderly women. REE and blood adipocytokines were measured in 115 young (age: 22.3+/-2.1 y, BMI: 21.3+/-1.9 kg/m(2)) and 71 elderly (63.4+/-6.5 y, 22.9+/- 2.3 kg/m(2)) women. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure percent body fat. Fat mass and fat free mass (FFM) were calculated. REE (kcal/d and kcal/kg BW/d) was lower in elderly women than in young women, but no significant difference was observed in REE, expressed as kcal/kg FFM/d, between the two groups. Although elderly women had a higher percent body fat and higher serum leptin concentrations than young women, plasma adiponectin concentrations did not differ between young and elderly women. In elderly women, REE (kcal/d) was significantly and inversely correlated with plasma adiponectin concentration (r=-0.386, p<0.001), but REE expressed per kilogram of BW or FFM was not significantly correlated. Furthermore, no significant correlation was observed between REE (kcal/d) and concentrations of plasma adiponectin or serum leptin, after adjusting for potential confounders such as body composition and hormones, in either age group. These results suggest that adipocytokines do not influence REE in adult women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiyoko Usui
- Department of Sport Sciences, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|