• Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto
• balancing selection
• introgression
• mito-nuclear discordance
• population genomics

• Echinococcus granulosus/genetics
• Echinococcus granulosus/physiology
• Echinococcus granulosus/classification
• Animals
• China
• Echinococcosis/parasitology
• Echinococcosis/transmission
• Echinococcosis/veterinary
• Genetic Variation
• Population Dynamics
• Genome, Helminth
• Humans
• Genomics
• Gene Flow
• Genotype
• Selection, Genetic
• Phylogeny
• Adaptation, Physiological

• 2022YFC2304000 National Key Research and Development Program of China
• 24JRRA807 Gansu Province Joint Research Fund
• 32402915 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 24ZD13NA008,23ZDNA007,22ZD6NA001 The Major Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province
• CARS-37 NBCITS
• CAASTIP-2024-5,CAAS-ASTIP-2021-LVRI Innovation Program of Chenese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

• Echinococcus granulosus
• Biomarkers
• LC–MS/MS
• Non-targeted metabolomics
• Serum

• Animals
• Sheep/blood
• Echinococcosis/blood
• Echinococcosis/diagnosis
• Echinococcosis/veterinary
• Echinococcosis/parasitology
• Biomarkers/blood
• Sheep Diseases/blood
• Sheep Diseases/parasitology
• Sheep Diseases/diagnosis
• Metabolomics/methods
• Tandem Mass Spectrometry
• Echinococcus granulosus
• Chromatography, Liquid/methods
• Metabolome
• Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

• 2022YFE0114600 Jing Ding; Mingyuan Liu

• Alveolar echinococcosis
• Eco-epidemiological model
• Forward bifurcation
• Hopf bifurcation
• Voles control measures

• Animals
• Echinococcosis/transmission
• Echinococcosis/epidemiology
• Echinococcosis/prevention & control
• Echinococcosis/veterinary
• Humans
• Foxes/parasitology
• Arvicolinae/parasitology
• Models, Biological
• China/epidemiology
• Computer Simulation
• Basic Reproduction Number/statistics & numerical data
• Predatory Behavior

• cystic echinococcosis
• diagnosis
• fluorescence spectrum
• machine learning algorithms
• serum

• Animals
• Sheep
• Echinococcosis/diagnostic imaging
• Echinococcosis/veterinary
• Discriminant Analysis
• Cluster Analysis
• Algorithms
• Support Vector Machine

• 2022B03013-2 Research and development of key technologies for screening and diagnosis of terminal and intermediate hosts of echinococcosis infection
• ZYYD2022B06 Special Funds for Development of Local Science and Technology from Central Government
• 2022TSYCCX0111 Research and development of new technology for screening high incidence zoonosis in Xinjiang by vibration spectrum combined with artificial intelligence algorithm

• Echinococcosis
• incidence
• policy
• prevention and control
• wild animals

• Humans
• Animals
• Retrospective Studies
• China/epidemiology
• Echinococcosis/epidemiology
• Echinococcosis/prevention & control
• Animals, Wild

• 2021YJ0132 Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program
• 19HXFH074 West China Hospital, Sichuan University

• Animals
• Pakistan/epidemiology
• Tick-Borne Diseases/veterinary
• Tick-Borne Diseases/epidemiology
• Tick-Borne Diseases/microbiology
• Tick-Borne Diseases/parasitology
• Coinfection/veterinary
• Coinfection/epidemiology
• Coinfection/microbiology
• Coinfection/parasitology
• Livestock
• Cattle
• Genetic Variation
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Sheep
• Goats
• Sheep Diseases/epidemiology
• Sheep Diseases/parasitology
• Sheep Diseases/microbiology
• Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
• Cattle Diseases/parasitology
• Cattle Diseases/microbiology
• Goat Diseases/epidemiology
• Goat Diseases/parasitology
• Goat Diseases/microbiology
• Anaplasma/isolation & purification
• Buffaloes
• Rickettsia/isolation & purification
• Anaplasmosis/epidemiology

• Adenylate kinase
• Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto
• Immunofluorescence localization
• Western blotting

• No. 31672547 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• No. 2022YFN0013 the Key Technology R&D Program of Sichuan Province, China

• Fourier transform infrared spectra
• cystic echinococcosis in sheep
• machine learning algorithms
• screening
• serum

• 2022B03013-2 Research and development of key technologies for screening and diagnosis of terminal and intermediate hosts of echinococcosis
• ZYYD2022B06 Special Funds for Development of Local Science and Technology from Central Governmen
• SKL-HIDCA-2020-BC3 The State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian
• SKL-HIDCA-2021-YG1 The State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asian

• 14-3-3zeta
• Cystic echinococcosis
• Immunoproteomics
• Indirect ELISA
• Severin

• China
• Echinococcus granulosus
• Genetic diversity
• Mitochondrial gene
• Population structure
• Sheep

• Echinococcus multilocularis
• bioinformatics
• immune
• multi-epitope vaccine
• prokaryotic expression

• 16S rRNA metagenome sequencing
• Cystic echinococcosis
• Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato
• Gut microbiota
• KEGG pathways
• Mice

• Animals
• Humans
• Mice
• Echinococcus granulosus/genetics
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
• Echinococcosis/parasitology
• Microbiota
• Genotype

• No.81860366 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
• No.32060805 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
• No. 2021BEG03088 Key Technology Research and Development Program of Shandong
• 2019AAC03264 he Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia
• 2020AAC02039 the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
• he Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia
• the Natural Science Foundation of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region

• China
• Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto
• Tibet
• haplotype
• hydatid disease
• sheep
• yak

Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is most commonly found in retrohepatic inferior vena cava (RHIVC). Ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation (ELRA) can better realize the radical resection of end-stage hepatic AE with severely compromised hepatocaval confluences, and reconstruction of the affected vessels. Currently, there is a scarcity of information regarding RHIVC reconstruction in ELRA.

To propose reasonable RHICV reconstruction strategies for ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation.

We retrospectively summarized the clinical data of 114 patients diagnosed with hepatic AE who treated by ELRA in our department. A total of 114 patients were divided into three groups according to the different reconstruction methods of RHIVC: Group A with original RHIVC being repaired and reconstructed (n = 64), group B with RHIVC being replaced (n = 43), and group C with RHIVC being resected without reconstruction (n = 7). The clinical data of patients, including the operation time, anhepatic phase, intraoperative blood loss, complications and postoperative hospital stay, were analyzed and the patients were routinely followed up. The normally distributed continuous variables were expressed as means ± SD, whereas the abnormally distributed ones were expressed as median and analyzed by analysis of variance. Survival curve was plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method.

All patients were routinely followed up for a median duration of 52 (range, 12-125) mo. The 30 d mortality rate was 7.0% (8/114) and 7 patients died within 90 d. Among all subjects, the inferior vena cava (IVC)-related complication rates were 17.5% (11/63) in group A and 16.3% (7/43) in group B. IVC stenosis was found in 12 patients (10.5%), whereas thrombus was formed in 6 patients (5.3%). Twenty-two patients had grade III or higher complications, with the complication rates being 17.2%, 16.3%, and 57.1% in the three groups. The average postoperative hospital stay in the three groups was 32.3 ± 19.8, 26.7 ± 18.2, and 51.3 ± 29.4 d (P = 0.03), respectively.

ELRA can be considered a safe and feasible option for end-stage hepatic AE patients with RHIVC infiltration. The RHIVC reconstruction methods should be selected appropriately depending on the defect degree of AE lesions in IVC lumen. The RHIVC resection without any reconstruction method should be considered with caution.

• Ex vivo liver resection
• Alveolar echinococcosis
• Inferior vena cava
• Vascular reconstruction
• Liver transplantation
• Artificial vessel

• Echinococcosis, Hepatic/surgery
• Hepatectomy/adverse effects
• Hepatectomy/methods
• Humans
• Liver Transplantation/adverse effects
• Liver Transplantation/methods
• Retrospective Studies
• Transplantation, Autologous
• Vena Cava, Inferior/surgery

Hepatic alveolar echinococcosis (HAE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease caused by the larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis. Because of its characteristics of diffuse infiltration and growth similar to tumors, the disability rate and mortality rate are high among patients. Although surgery (including hepatectomy, liver transplantation, and autologous liver transplantation) is the first choice for the treatment of hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in clinic, drug treatment still plays an important and irreplaceable role in patients with end-stage echinococcosis, including patients with multiple organ metastasis, patients with inferior vena cava invasion, or patients with surgical contraindications, etc. However, Albendazole is the only recommended clinical drug which could exhibit a parasitostatic rather than a parasitocidal effect. Novel drugs are needed but few investment was made in the field because the rarity of the cases. Drug repurposing might be a solution. In this review, FDA-approved drugs that have a potential curative effect on hepatic alveolar echinococcosis in animal models are summarized. Further, nano drug delivery systems boosting the therapeutic effect on hepatic alveolar echinococcosis are also reviewed. Taken together, these might contribute to the development of novel strategy for advanced hepatic alveolar echinococcosis.

• Beijing Natural Science Foundation

• Echinococcosis
• alkaline phosphatase to platelet ratio
• gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase to platelet ratio
• platelet
• prognostic nutritional index

• Adult
• Alkaline Phosphatase/blood
• Blood Platelets
• Case-Control Studies
• Echinococcosis/complications
• Echinococcosis/immunology
• Humans
• Inflammation
• Leukocyte Count
• Lymphocytes
• Middle Aged
• Neutrophils
• ROC Curve
• Retrospective Studies
• gamma-Glutamyltransferase/blood

Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by the larval stage of cestode species that belong to the genus Echinococcus. The infection of hydatid in sheep is very common in China, especially in the northwestern China. Here, we conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis of echinococcosis in sheep in China. Six databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Baidu Library, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP Chinese Journal Database) were used to retrieve the literatures on echinococcosis in sheep in China from 1983 to 2020, and 74 studies. The random effects model was used in the “meta” package of the R software and the PFT was chosen for rate conversion. The research data were analyzed through subgroup analysis and univariate meta-regression analysis to reveal the factors that lead to research heterogeneity. The combined prevalence of Echinococcus in the selected period was estimated to be 30.9% (192,094/826,406). In the analysis of sampling year, the lowest positive rate was 13.9% (10,296/177,318) after 2011. The highest prevalence of Echinococcus was 51.1% (278/531) in the southwestern China. The highest infection rate in sheep was 20.1% (58,344/597,815) in the liver. The analysis based on age showed that the infection rate of elderly sheep was significantly higher than that in younger animals (P < 0.05). We also evaluated the effects of different geographic and climatic factors on the prevalence of Echinococcus in sheep. The results showed that the prevalence of Echinococcus was higher in high altitude, cold, humid, and high rainfall areas. It is necessary to carry out long-term monitoring and control of echinococcosis, cut off the infection route, and reduce the risk of infection in the high risk areas.

• China
• Echinococcosis
• Echinococcus
• meta-analysis
• sheep

Introduction: Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a rare parasitic disease caused by the infection of Echinococcus multilocularis. AE may mimic malignancy both in clinical presentation and radiological imaging, which is often misdiagnosed as metastatic tumor. Recently, next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies are increasingly being used to address a diverse range of biological questions. Here, we describe a rare case of alveolar echinococcosis diagnosed by pan-pathogen screening, using next-generation sequencing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of AE which was definitely diagnosed relying NGS of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Case Presentation: A 33-year-old man presented with repeat seizure and progressive headache for six months. Head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed multiple masses with edema. Lung and abdominal computer tomography (CT) revealed multiple masses in bilateral lung, liver and the right adrenal gland. Bacterial, tuberculosis and fungal infection were excluded by CSF examination. Repeated target biopsy on the masses in the lung and liver showed as fibrous connective tissue without positive findings. NGS of CSF was performed and detected nucleic acid sequences of E. multilocularis. Consequently, the patient has accepted 1-year albendazole therapy. His case was followed up through imaging procedures.

Conclusion: The next-generation sequencing of CSF is a reliable and sensitive diagnostic method for the detection of pathogenic microorganisms, and may allow the accurate diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis. In view of this case, we recommend NGS as a potential tool for diagnosis of cerebral AE, especially if repeated biopsies are negative.

• Echinococcus multilocularis
• adrenal gland
• alveolar echinococcosis
• diagnose
• next-generation sequencing

• Biological factors
• China
• Echinococcoses
• Environmental factors
• Epidemical factors
• Social factors

• Animals
• Cattle
• Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
• Cattle Diseases/parasitology
• Dog Diseases/epidemiology
• Dog Diseases/parasitology
• Dogs
• Echinococcosis/epidemiology
• Echinococcosis/parasitology
• Echinococcosis/veterinary
• Echinococcus/classification
• Echinococcus/genetics
• Echinococcus/isolation & purification
• Humans
• Prevalence
• Tibet/epidemiology
• Zoonoses/epidemiology
• Zoonoses/parasitology

• the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
• the Ministry of Science and Technology of China
• Mega-projects of Science Research for the 10th Five-Year Plan (CN)

• Diagnostic antigen
• EG-06283
• Frizzled-4
• Immune reactivity
• Immunogenicity

• Control
• Food-borne trematodiasis
• People’s Republic of China
• Research
• Schistosomiasis
• Soil-transmitted helminthiasis

• Cystic echinococcosis
• Diagnosis
• Human
• Livestock
• Pakistan
• Prevalence

• Animals
• Echinococcosis/epidemiology
• Echinococcosis/parasitology
• Echinococcosis/therapy
• Echinococcus granulosus/isolation & purification
• Genotype
• Humans
• Livestock/parasitology
• Pakistan/epidemiology
• Prevalence
• Public Health
• Zoonoses/epidemiology
• Zoonoses/parasitology
• Zoonoses/therapy

• collateral circulation
• ex vivoliver resection and autotransplantation
• hepatectomy
• hepatic alveolar echinococcosis
• reconstruction
• retrohepatic inferior vena cava resection

• Cystic Echinococcosis
• Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7)
• FFPE tissue
• Genotyping
• Human

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Animals
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Echinococcosis/parasitology
• Echinococcus granulosus/genetics
• Echinococcus granulosus/isolation & purification
• Female
• Haplotypes
• Humans
• Infant
• Infant, Newborn
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Sequence Analysis, DNA
• Young Adult
• Zoonoses/parasitology

• Control programme
• Echinococcosis
• Epidemic status
• Epidemiological survey
• Hydatid disease
• Surveillance

• Echinococcus granulosa
• hydatid disease
• parasite
• pediatric

• Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen

• Detection
• Identification
• Parasite
• Parasitology
• Platform
• Resource centre
• Species
• Specimen

• Academies and Institutes
• Animals
• China/epidemiology
• Data Collection
• Government Programs
• Humans
• National Health Programs
• Parasitic Diseases/epidemiology

• Echinococcus granulosus
• diagnosis
• indirect ELISA
• serodiagnosis
• thioredoxin peroxidase

Echinococcosis is a neglected zoonotic parasitic disease caused echinococcus parasitizes, poseing a significant economic burden on both humans and animals. There are limited studies on echinococcosis in China, especially Xizang Autonomous Region, although the area is endemic area for echinococcosis. The study aimed to provide information for strategic prevention against this disease.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted among the residents in Xizang Autonomous Region, China to evaluate their knowledge, attitudes and practices on endemicity of echinococcosis. A face-to-face survey was conducted to collect the data using a well-designed questionnaire. The contents included basic personal information, knowledge, attitudes and practices about echinococcosis, personal hygiene and behavior habits, dog feeding and whether they had received the information on echinococcosis, and so on. We surveyed 840 persons in practice. All data analysis was performed using Epi Info 7.2.

Of the total particpants, 86.8% had a primary education level or below (including primary and illiterate), and even 45.0% were illiterate. Farmers and herdsmen represent the main occupations in this study. People who know all the echinococcosis-related knowledge in the questionnaire only accounted for 8.7% of the participants. However, none of the participants was aware of routes of echinococcosis infection in human or dogs. The data showed participants with higher educational background had the high awareness rate of echinococcosis-related knowledge or attitudes (chi-square for trend, χ² = 21.23, p<0.05 & χ² = 48.43, p<0.05). In addition, The percentage of the participant with awareness of echinococcosis-related practices was associated with their age and principle occupation (χ² = 52.72, p<0.05 & χ² = 20.63, p<0.05).

Xizang Autonomous Region is an epidemic area of Echinococcosis. The prevalence of the disease has been largely due to the lack of knowledge, awareness, and poor hygiene practice in local residences. Therefore, effective disease prevention education and awareness campaigns in community will be significantly helpful in prevention and control of echinococcosis.

• China
• Echinococcosis
• Prevention
• Xizang Autonomous Region

• DALYs
• Disease burden
• Echinococcosis
• Tibetan communities

• Cost of Illness
• Echinococcosis/epidemiology
• Echinococcosis/prevention & control
• Humans
• Public Health
• Quality-Adjusted Life Years
• Tibet/epidemiology

• Cystic echinococcosis
• Geographical distribution
• Pakistan
• Punjab
• Sindh

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Cities
• Echinococcosis/diagnosis
• Echinococcosis/epidemiology
• Female
• Geography
• Hospital Records
• Humans
• Infant
• Infant, Newborn
• Liver/parasitology
• Lung/parasitology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Pakistan/epidemiology
• Prevalence
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Factors
• Young Adult

This study examined Echinococcus spp. genotypes and genetic variants isolated from humans as well as domestic and wild animals from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area using the cox1 gene. All samples except the pika isolates were identified as the Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. Sixteen different haplotypes with considerable intraspecific variation were detected and characterized in mitochondrial cox1 sequences. The parsimonious network of cox1 haplotypes showed star-like features, and the neutrality indexes computed via Tajima's D and Fu's Fs tests showed high negative values in E. granulosus s. s., indicating deviations from neutrality; the Fst values were low among the populations, implying that the populations were not genetically differentiated. The pika isolates were identified as E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus. Only one haplotype was recognized in the pika isolates. E. granulosus s. s. was the predominant species found in animals and humans, followed by E. multilocularis and E. shiquicus, with high genetic diversity circulating among the animals and humans in this area. Further studies are needed to cover many sample collection sites and larger numbers of pathogen isolates, which may reveal abundant strains and/or other haplotypes in the hydatid cysts infecting human and animal populations of the QTPA, China.

• Cox1 gene
• Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area
• genetic variation
• genotype
• haplotypes
• hydatid cyst

• Altitude
• Alveolar
• Cystic
• Disease control
• Echinococcosis
• Epidemiology
• Health
• Surveillance
• Tibetan
• Transmission ecology