|
1
|
LeBlanc VR, Brazil V, Posner GD. More than a feeling: emotional regulation strategies for simulation-based education. Adv Simul (Lond) 2024; 9:53. [PMID: 39736707 DOI: 10.1186/s41077-024-00325-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/01/2025] Open
Abstract
Simulation-based education often involves learners or teams attempting to manage situations at the limits of their abilities. As a result, it can elicit emotional reactions in participants. These emotions are not good or bad, they simply are. Their value at any given moment is determined by their utility in meeting the goals of a particular situation. When emotions are particularly intense, or a given emotion is not aligned with the situation, they can impede learners' ability to engage in a simulation activity or debriefing session, as well as their ability to retain knowledge and skills learned during the session. Building on existing guidance for simulation educators seeking to optimize the learning state/readiness in learners, this paper explores the theory and research that underpins the practical application of how to recognize and support learners' emotions during simulation sessions. Specifically, we describe the impact of various emotions on the cognitive processes involved in learning and performance, to inform practical guidance for simulation practitioners: (1) how to recognize and identify emotions experienced by others, (2) how to determine whether those emotional reactions are problematic or helpful for a given situation, and (3) how to mitigate unhelpful emotional reactions and leverage those that are beneficial in achieving the goals of a simulation session.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vicki R LeBlanc
- Department of Innovation in Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 850 Peter Morand Crescent, Room 102A, Ottawa, ON, K1G 5Z3, Canada.
| | - Victoria Brazil
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Glenn D Posner
- University of Ottawa Skills & Simulation Centre, The Ottawa Hospital, Civic Campus, Loeb Research Building, 1st floor, 725 Parkdale Ave., Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4E9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Dogaru I, Furnham A, McClelland A. Understanding how the presence of music in advertisements influences consumer behaviour. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 248:104333. [PMID: 39032271 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how consumer behaviour is influenced by music's emotional valence (sad vs. happy) in advertisements. Female participants (N = 134) watched the same four advertisements with either happy or sad background music. The advertisements were split into two advertising breaks which were embedded in a television programme. Participants were tested on their recognition and recall of the advertised material, as well as their intentions to buy the advertised products. As predicted, the results revealed that brand recognition was higher with sad background music in the advertisements, while buying intention was higher when the advertisements were paired with happy background music. Although overall advertisement free recall was found to be better for sad than happy music, musical valence was not found to affect product recall. The findings are discussed in terms of the power of emotions and the possible effects of brand attitudes and music congruity. Limitations and suggestions for future research are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Dogaru
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London (UCL), 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Furnham
- Norwegian Business School (BI), Nydalsveien 37, 0484 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Alastair McClelland
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London (UCL), 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Vaughan-Johnston TI, Guyer JJ, Fabrigar LR, Lamprinakos G, Briñol P. Falling Vocal Intonation Signals Speaker Confidence and Conditionally Boosts Persuasion. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2024:1461672241262180. [PMID: 39078018 DOI: 10.1177/01461672241262180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
People are often advised to project confidence with their bodies and voices to convince others. Prior research has focused on the high and low thinking processes through which vocal confidence signals (e.g., fast speed, falling intonation, low pitch) can influence attitude change. In contrast, this research examines how the vocal confidence of speakers operates under more moderate elaboration levels, revealing that falling intonation only benefits persuasion under certain circumstances. In three experiments, we show that falling (vs. rising) vocal intonation at the ends of sentences can signal speaker confidence. Under moderate elaboration conditions, falling (vs. rising) vocal intonation increased message processing, bolstering the benefit of strong over weak messages, increasing the proportion of message-relevant thoughts, and increasing thought-attitude correspondence. In sum, the present work examined an unstudied role of vocal confidence in guiding persuasion, revealing new processes by which vocal signals increase or fail to increase persuasion.
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Di Rosa E, Masina F, Pastorino A, Galletti E, Gambarota F, Altoè G, Edelstyn N, Mapelli D. Mood moderates the effects of prefrontal tDCS on executive functions: A meta-analysis testing the affective state-dependency hypothesis. J Affect Disord 2024; 351:920-930. [PMID: 38341155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, numerous studies have investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on cognitive functioning. However, results of these studies frequently display inconsistency and pose challenges regarding replicability. The present work aimed at testing the hypothesis of mood as potential moderator of prefrontal tDCS effects on executive functions (EF). This hypothesis refers to the relationship between mood and EF, as well as to the association of mood with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of 11 articles where the dlPFC was stimulated with anodal tDCS, EF were measured, and mood was assessed prior to the stimulation. We then conducted a meta-regression to examine whether mood moderated the tDCS effects on EF. RESULTS While no significant effect of tDCS on EF emerged from the meta-analysis, the meta-regression indicated that mood plays a significant role as moderator, with greater tDCS effects on EF in individuals with higher depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS The limited number of studies included, the heterogeneous samples considered, and the limited generalizability to other non-invasive brain stimulation techniques and affective states. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that evaluating mood prior to stimulation could increase the sensitivity and specificity of tDCS application, and provide the first meta-analytic evidence in favor of the affective state-dependency hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Di Rosa
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Filippo Gambarota
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology - University of Padova, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Altoè
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology - University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Mapelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Ghantasala RP, Albers N, Penfornis KM, van Vliet MHM, Brinkman WP. Feasibility of generating structured motivational messages for tailored physical activity coaching. Front Digit Health 2023; 5:1215187. [PMID: 37771819 PMCID: PMC10523307 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2023.1215187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tailored motivational messages are helpful to motivate people in eHealth applications for increasing physical activity, but it is not sufficiently clear how such messages can be effectively generated in advance. We, therefore, put forward a theory-driven approach to generating tailored motivational messages for eHealth applications for behavior change, and we examine its feasibility by assessing how motivating the resulting messages are perceived. For this, we designed motivational messages with a specific structure that was based on an adaptation of an existing ontology for tailoring motivational messages in the context of physical activity. To obtain tailored messages, experts in health psychology and coaching successfully wrote messages with this structure for personas in scenarios that differed with regard to the persona's mood, self-efficacy, and progress. Based on an experiment in which 60 participants each rated the perceived motivational impact of six generic and six tailored messages based on scenarios, we found credible support for our hypothesis that messages tailored to mood, self-efficacy, and progress are perceived as more motivating. A thematic analysis of people's free-text responses about what they found motivating and demotivating about motivational messages further supports the use of tailored messages, as well as messages that are encouraging and empathetic, give feedback about people's progress, and mention the benefits of physical activity. To aid future work on motivational messages, we make our motivational messages and corresponding scenarios publicly available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramya P. Ghantasala
- Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Nele Albers
- Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Kristell M. Penfornis
- Unit Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Milon H. M. van Vliet
- Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- National eHealth Living Lab, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Willem-Paul Brinkman
- Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Walle EA, Dukes D. We (Still!) Need to Talk About Valence: Contemporary Issues and Recommendations for Affective Science. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:463-469. [PMID: 37744985 PMCID: PMC10514250 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-023-00217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Valence is central to the experience of emotion. However, to the detriment of affective science, it is often ill-defined and poorly operationalized. Being more precise about what is meant by valence would make for more readily comparable emotion stimuli, methodologies, and results, and would promote consideration of the diversity, complexity, and function of discrete emotions. This brief review uses prior literature and an informal survey of affective scientists to illustrate disagreements in conceptualizing valence. Next, we describe issues of valence in affective science, particularly as they pertain to the emotion process, the functions of emotion, and precision in empirical research. We conclude by providing recommendations for the future of valence in affective science.
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Alashoor T, Keil M, Smith HJ, McConnell AR. Too Tired and in Too Good of a Mood to Worry About Privacy: Explaining the Privacy Paradox Through the Lens of Effort Level in Information Processing. INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1287/isre.2022.1182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Policy-oriented Abstract Data privacy is one of the most pressing issues today. The world is thirsty for novel, effective, and efficient policies to strike an appropriate balance between protecting individuals’ privacy and creating economic value from their personal information. Whereas governmental efforts, such as the enaction of General Data Protection Regulation, California Consumer Privacy Act, and other privacy regulations, have been pushing boundaries to strike this balance, the effects of these types of initiatives on individuals’ privacy awareness and behavior are uncertain, likely to be nuanced, and will take time to sort out. In this paper, we explain the privacy paradox, a phenomenon with important implications that apply to policymakers, industry professionals, and individuals. The privacy paradox refers to a mismatch between individuals’ stated privacy concerns and their actual disclosure behaviors. In three behavioral experiments, we show how the paradox is revealed when individuals are cognitively tired especially when they are in a good mood. These findings do not indicate that individuals do not care about privacy because they do when they are not cognitively tired especially when they are in a bad mood. By explaining the privacy paradox, we inform existing and future privacy policies to strike that balance we all strive for.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Keil
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Albers N, Neerincx MA, Brinkman WP. Addressing people's current and future states in a reinforcement learning algorithm for persuading to quit smoking and to be physically active. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277295. [PMID: 36454782 PMCID: PMC9714722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavior change applications often assign their users activities such as tracking the number of smoked cigarettes or planning a running route. To help a user complete these activities, an application can persuade them in many ways. For example, it may help the user create a plan or mention the experience of peers. Intuitively, the application should thereby pick the message that is most likely to be motivating. In the simplest case, this could be the message that has been most effective in the past. However, one could consider several other elements in an algorithm to choose a message. Possible elements include the user's current state (e.g., self-efficacy), the user's future state after reading a message, and the user's similarity to the users on which data has been gathered. To test the added value of subsequently incorporating these elements into an algorithm that selects persuasive messages, we conducted an experiment in which more than 500 people in four conditions interacted with a text-based virtual coach. The experiment consisted of five sessions, in each of which participants were suggested a preparatory activity for quitting smoking or increasing physical activity together with a persuasive message. Our findings suggest that adding more elements to the algorithm is effective, especially in later sessions and for people who thought the activities were useful. Moreover, while we found some support for transferring knowledge between the two activity types, there was rather low agreement between the optimal policies computed separately for the two activity types. This suggests limited policy generalizability between activities for quitting smoking and those for increasing physical activity. We see our results as supporting the idea of constructing more complex persuasion algorithms. Our dataset on 2,366 persuasive messages sent to 671 people is published together with this article for researchers to build on our algorithm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nele Albers
- Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A. Neerincx
- Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek (TNO), Soesterberg, The Netherlands
| | - Willem-Paul Brinkman
- Department of Intelligent Systems, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Mantel SP, Montag-Smit T, Kardes FR, Barchetti A. The influence of positive affect on sensitivity to important omissions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:992489. [PMID: 36425831 PMCID: PMC9680845 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.992489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is surprisingly difficult to notice when important information is missing (omission neglect) and yet, social media, advertisements, and other forms of communication typically only include one-sided information or positive attributes and omit opposing views or negative attributes. Even though it is surprisingly difficult to overcome this natural tendency, there are circumstances when decision makers are more sensitive to omissions. Understanding how and when decision makers can overcome this omission neglect tendency can be helpful to improve decision making in many situations. This paper investigates positive affect as a potential factor that can elicit sensitivity to omissions and alert decision makers to the need for additional information when important information is, in fact, missing. Four experiments use a consumer product choice situation to show that when decision makers are making an important decision, positive affect increases the likelihood that they will report a greater desire for additional product information (experiments 3 and 4) and temper their purchase interest in the target product. These results are shown using inference (experiments 1, 2, and 3) and by explicitly comparing a product choice with full and partial information (experiment 4). The results are discussed in terms of omission neglect literature as well as implications of the results for understanding the role of positive affect in information processing, judgment, and decision-making. These findings have implications for policy makers, marketers and others who are interested in message processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan P. Mantel
- Marketing Department, Carl H. Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Tamara Montag-Smit
- Management Department, Manning School of Business, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Frank R. Kardes
- Marketing Department, Carl H. Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Alberto Barchetti
- Marketing Department, Carl H. Lindner College of Business, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Emotion, analytic thinking and susceptibility to misinformation during the COVID-19 outbreak. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022; 133:107295. [PMID: 35431427 PMCID: PMC8991995 DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Misinformation has become prevalent since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. To understand why people believe and share misinformation, we conducted a nationwide survey during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. We found the indirect effects of COVID-19 risk on people's information accuracy judgment and associated information sharing intention through people's emotional states. People faced with a higher level of COVID-19 risk (measured by a 7-day moving average of daily new deaths or new cases) experienced weaker positive and stronger negative emotions, and heightened emotionality (both the positive and negative emotions) was associated with increased belief in and greater likelihood to share the COVID-19 information regardless of veracity. We also found that only the negative emotion mediated the relation between the COVID-19 risk and the truth discernment regarding accuracy judgment. However, the mediating effect of negative emotion disappeared among people with high analytic thinking ability. These findings suggest that the analytic thinking ability could moderate the destructive relationship between negative emotion and accuracy discernment. Based on a large sample, our findings provide actionable insights for the policymakers to respond to the spread of misinformation appropriately and promptly during the pandemic.
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Lei F, Lei L. How Does the Optimism of Students Learning a Foreign Language Affect Their Creative Self-Efficacy? The Mediating Effects of Hope and Empathy. Front Psychol 2022; 13:831593. [PMID: 35369131 PMCID: PMC8966132 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Creative self-efficacy (CSE) is a core influencer of creative behavior and has a positive impact on well-being and development. However, the positive psychological processes that help to promote CSE in foreign-language learning (FLL) remain under-studied. Focusing specifically on FLL students, the present study examined the associations among optimism, hope, empathy, and CSE and investigated the possible mediating roles of hope and empathy in the relationship between optimism and CSE. A sample of 330 FLL students from two Chinese universities participated in this study. The results showed that (i) optimism, hope, and empathy were all positively related to CSE and that (ii) optimism did not directly predict CSE but indirectly and positively predicted CSE through hope and empathy. These findings suggest that optimism, empathy, and hope potentially play positive roles in facilitating CSE in FLL students. Based on the present results, some practical approaches are discussed that could help improve the CSE of FLL students, paying particular attention to the effects that potentially motivate their positivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lei
- School of Foreign Studies, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Language Cognition and Assessment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lei
- School of Management, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
The effect of font readability on the Moses illusion: A replication study. Conscious Cogn 2022; 99:103284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
|
13
|
Ehrig T, Manjaly J, Singh A, Sunder S. Adaptive Rationality in Strategic Interaction: Do Emotions Regulate Thinking About Others? STRATEGY SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1287/stsc.2021.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Forming beliefs or expectations about others’ behavior is fundamental to strategy as it codetermines the outcomes of interactions in and across organizations. In the game-theoretic conception of rationality, agents reason iteratively about each other to form expectations about behavior. According to prior scholarship, actual strategists fall short of this ideal, and attempts to understand the underlying cognitive processes of forming expectations about others are in their infancy. We propose that emotions help regulate iterative reasoning, that is, their tendency to not only reflect on what others think, but also on what others think about their thinking. Drawing on a controlled experiment, we find that a negative emotion (fear) deepens the tendency to engage in iterative reasoning compared with a positive emotion (amusement). Moreover, neutral emotions yield even deeper levels of iterative reasoning. We tentatively interpret these early findings and speculate about the broader link of emotions and expectations in the context of strategic management. Extending the view of emotional regulation as a capability, emotions may be building blocks of rational heuristics for strategic interaction and enable interactive decision making when strategists have little experience with the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timo Ehrig
- Strategy and Innovation, Copenhagen Business School, 2000 Frederiksberg, Capital Region, Denmark
| | - Jaison Manjaly
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Aditya Singh
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Shyam Sunder
- Yale School of Management, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| |
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Lin HC, Wang ST. Message Sidedness in Health Claims: Roles of Mood State, Product Involvement, and Self-Rated Health Status. Front Nutr 2022; 8:729370. [PMID: 34970574 PMCID: PMC8712455 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.729370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the previous studies with respect to message sidedness mainly focus on the effect of message sidedness in advertising on behavior of consumers and it is unknown how consumers respond to different message sidedness when a one-sided or two-sided message in claims shown on the package of a healthy food product. This study explores the underlying mechanisms how consumers respond to different message sidedness in claims. The results indicate that two-sided messages in claims are more persuasive than one-sided messages because they pass the “sufficiency threshold.” In addition, the results of this article show that mood state, product involvement, and self-rated health of individuals moderate the relationship between message sidedness in claims and product evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chou Lin
- Department of Adult and Continuing Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Tse Wang
- Graduate Institute of Bio-Industry Management, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
|
15
|
Pautz N, Durrheim K. Individual Differences in Lexical Repetition Priming. Exp Psychol 2021; 68:189-197. [PMID: 34918541 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The current research investigated whether individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and affective states have differential effects on lexical-semantic repetition priming outcomes based on whether participants were first- or second-language English speakers. Individual differences in priming effects have often been overlooked in the priming literature. Using logistic mixed-effects models to account for within-subject variation, the current paper investigated a three-way interaction between WMC, negative affect (NA) score, and language primacy on lexical-semantic repetition priming outcomes. The results indicate that a statistically significant three-way interaction exists between language primacy, WMC, and NA scores. No significant interaction effect was found for positive affect scores. We present an argument which posits that an individual's primary language and subsequent familiarity with the primed concepts, in conjunction with individual differences in WMC and mood, plays an important role in determining the most effective strategy used to complete a word-stem completion task. The implications of the findings presented highlight that second-language English speakers are more susceptible to priming effects when prime-inducing stimuli are constructed using English lexicon; however, larger WMC and heighted negative affective states help to mitigate these priming effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas Pautz
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.,Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Kevin Durrheim
- Discipline of Psychology, School of Applied Human Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Brownstone LM, Mihas P, M Butler R, Maman S, Peterson CB, Bulik CM, Bardone-Cone AM. Lived experiences of subjective binge eating: An inductive thematic analysis. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:2192-2205. [PMID: 34761418 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Growing evidence suggests that subjective binge eating (SBE; loss of control eating involving subjectively, but not objectively, large quantities of food) is clinically concerning even though it is not currently considered a diagnostic criterion for eating disorders. However, the lived experience of SBEs has not been examined in a systematic, and data-driven way. METHOD The current study used a qualitative, inductive interview approach to further define SBEs as described by individuals who experience them. Participants (N = 14; 11 cisgender women, Mage = 35.29, 12 White/non-Latinx) reported SBEs that occurred at least twice per week over the prior 3 months. We completed semi-structured qualitative phone interviews with participants regarding their most recent SBE and objective binge-eating episode (OBE) if applicable, as well as broader experiences and attitudes regarding non-binge eating. RESULTS Inductive, reflexive, thematic coding yielded descriptive and interpretive codes regarding SBEs. Main themes regarding SBE experience included: (a) SBEs Occur Across Contexts and Food Types, (b) SBEs Are Contrasts to General Over-Control, (c) SBEs Are Distress- and Disconnection-Inducing, Not Relieving, (d) SBEs Are Responses to Hunger and Restriction, and (e) SBEs Can Be "Echoes" of OBEs. DISCUSSION The current study explored the lived experiences of those who report SBEs and provides an important foundation for hypothesis generation for future research on and clinical interventions for SBEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Brownstone
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Morgridge College of Education, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul Mihas
- The Odum Institute for Research in Social Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel M Butler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suzanne Maman
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carol B Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.,Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna M Bardone-Cone
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Awad S, Debatin T, Ziegler A. Embodiment: I sat, I felt, I performed - Posture effects on mood and cognitive performance. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2021; 218:103353. [PMID: 34146977 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous embodiment findings indicate a relationship between physical posture and mood states, suggesting upright postures induce positive mood states. Findings also showed a relationship between moods and cognitive performance. While positive mood states were found to be related to increased processing speed, negative mood states were associated with higher processing accuracy in cognitive task performance. This implies that posture may affect the aforementioned sub-aspects of cognitive performance via mood states. Additionally, most studies on posture effects rely on explicit posture manipulation. With that in mind, our research explores the effects of implicitly manipulated postures on processing speed and accuracy and whether these effects are mediated by general mood. The results revealed that subjects in our sample (N = 82, M = 23.09years) who adopted an upright posture showed a more positive general mood (d = 0.50) and higher processing speed (d = 0.42) compared to those in stooped postures. Surprisingly, no differences in processing accuracy were found. There was no evidence of the proposed mediation in our data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Awad
- Department of Educational Psychology and Research on Excellence, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Tobias Debatin
- Department of Educational Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Albert Ziegler
- Department of Educational Psychology and Research on Excellence, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nuremberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Requero B, Santos D, Cancela A, Briñol P, Petty RE. Promoting Healthy Eating Practices through Persuasion Processes. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2021.1929987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
|
19
|
Yu X, Wojcieszak M, Lee S, Casas A, Azrout R, Gackowski T. The (Null) Effects of Happiness on Affective Polarization, Conspiracy Endorsement, and Deep Fake Recognition: Evidence from Five Survey Experiments in Three Countries. POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 43:1265-1287. [PMID: 34720307 PMCID: PMC8550506 DOI: 10.1007/s11109-021-09701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Affective polarization is a key concern in America and other democracies. Although past evidence suggests some ways to minimize it, there are no easily applicable interventions that have been found to work in the increasingly polarized climate. This project examines whether irrelevant factors, or incidental happiness more specifically, have the power to reduce affective polarization (i.e., misattribution of affect or "carryover effect"). On the flip side, happiness can minimize systematic processing, thus enhancing beliefs in conspiracy theories and impeding individual ability to recognize deep fakes. Three preregistered survey experiments in the US, Poland, and the Netherlands (total N = 3611) induced happiness in three distinct ways. Happiness had no effects on affective polarization toward political outgroups and hostility toward various divisive social groups, and also on endorsement of conspiracy theories and beliefs that a deep fake was real. Two additional studies in the US and Poland (total N = 2220), also induced anger and anxiety, confirming that all these incidental emotions had null effects. These findings, which emerged uniformly in three different countries, among different partisan and ideological groups, and for those for whom the inductions were differently effective, underscore the stability of outgroup attitudes in contemporary America and other countries. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11109-021-09701-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yu
- Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Magdalena Wojcieszak
- Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Seungsu Lee
- Department of Communication, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Andreu Casas
- Department of Communication Science, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachid Azrout
- Department of Communication Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Gackowski
- Department of Social Communication and Public Relations, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
|
20
|
|
|
21
|
Ma J, Mo Z, Gal D. The route to improve the effectiveness of negative PSAs. JOURNAL OF BUSINESS RESEARCH 2021; 123:669-682. [PMID: 33536692 PMCID: PMC7772803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To encourage people to behave in a more socially responsible or healthy way, many public service announcements (PSAs) dramatically illustrate the dire consequences of undesirable social or health behaviors. However, although informative, such negatively-framed PSAs can generate unintended consequences (e.g., a bad mood, low message acceptance). In this research, we investigated two approaches to improve the effectiveness of negatively-framed PSAs: (1) mood elevation and (2) self-affirmation. Using three studies with large samples of consumers, we found that adding mood-elevating or self-affirming elements to a negative PSA can be an effective way to enhance message acceptance. This is especially the case for recipients currently engaging (vs. not engaging) in the undesirable behaviors. Additionally, we designed mood elevation methods that can be implemented in PSAs in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ma
- National School of Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zichuan Mo
- International School of Business and Finance, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - David Gal
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 601 S. Morgan St., Chicago, IL 60607, United States
| |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
The Study of Facial Muscle Movements for Non-Invasive Thermal Discomfort Detection via Bio-Sensing Technology. Part I: Development of the Experimental Design and Description of the Collected Data. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10207315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the time of climate change, as heat waves become a more regular occurrence, indoor thermal comfort is an important factor in day to day life. Due to such circumstances, many researchers have focused their studies on finding an effective solution that will not only enable thermal comfort, but also increase satisfaction within the indoor environment and, as a result, productivity. The fast development of the biometrical field encouraged the study focused on the investigation of how bio-markers, in combination with artificial intelligence algorithms, can be collected within an experimental setting to create a new approach for non-invasive thermal discomfort detection. The developed experimental design provides synergy between automatic facial coding, pulse, and galvanic skin response measurements via iMotions software in a controlled environment. The iMotions software has built-in machine vision algorithms, and with Shimmer sensors and a post-processing tool through Affectiva AFFDEX, is able to collect facial action data through detection of the facial muscle movements and various bio-markers. The Zero Emission Building (ZEB) Test Cell laboratory was used as the control environment and transformed to imitate an office space for the data collection campaign at NTNU in Trondheim. The given experimental design provides an opportunity to create an immense database with bio-markers that are linked to the subcortical level of the brain, indoor parameters, and direct feedback on the comfort level of occupants within an office-like environment. In total, 111 data collection sessions were registered with iMotions. The discomfort button was pressed 240 times and 1080 planned indoor comfort evaluation surveys were held during experiment. The discomfort button was pressed 49 times to indicate that participant felt discomfort due to low temperature and 52 due to high temperature. Collected data revealed a big deviation in the discomfort temperature values for experiment participants with respect to performed temperature ramps. While it is common to use the same predefined temperature range for facility management, it became clear that the complexity of the task is greater and should not be approached on a human computational level. Implementation of AI can potentially provide higher value accuracy within thermal discomfort detection and enable unique personal user experience at the workplace.
Collapse
|
|
23
|
Liu S, Yang JZ. Incorporating Message Framing into Narrative Persuasion to Curb E-Cigarette Use Among College Students. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2020; 40:1677-1690. [PMID: 32390210 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the interaction effect of message format (narrative vs. nonnarrative) and message framing (gain vs. loss) in e-cigarette prevention targeting young adults. Results of a two-way experiment (N = 439) revealed that transportation and discrete emotions mediated message effect on risk perception and behavioral intention. Compared to the gain-framed nonnarrative, the gain-framed narrative reduced feelings of guilt, and guilt was negatively related to risk perception and positively related to behavioral intention. Thus, the gain-framed narrative achieved desirable persuasive outcome through guilt-increasing risk perception and decreasing intention to use e-cigarette. Similarly, the loss-framed narrative evoked greater sadness, which also led to increased risk perception and decreased behavioral intention. Transportation and discrete emotions mediated message effect in a serial order. This research not only contributes to the literature on narrative persuasion and emotion, but also provides insight for health communication designed for e-cigarette prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixiao Liu
- Department of Communication, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Janet Z Yang
- Department of Communication, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
24
|
Huang S, Cui C. Preventing Child Sexual Abuse Using Picture Books: The Effect of Book Character and Message Framing. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2020; 29:448-467. [PMID: 32109197 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2020.1719449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether and how a picture book preventing child sexual abuse can improve children's self-protection skills. The study was conducted in China with Chinese children. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, character in the book (human versus animal) and message framing (gain versus loss) were manipulated. Compared to a baseline group who were not exposed to the prevention book, children in the experimental groups significantly enhanced their ability to recognize a potential abuse situation and refuse an inappropriate touch request. Results suggest that the prevention picture books are more effective when using a human character and a gain-framed message. The explanation for this was that human characters simulated children's perceived norm and gain-framed messages increased children's message recall, perceived self-efficacy and positive attitude toward the message, all of which in turn positively affected children's self-protection skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangruo Huang
- Department of Strategic Communication, College of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Department of Strategic Communication, College of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
25
|
Hall ACG, Evans DG, Higginbotham L, Thompson KS. The effects of mood and retrieval cues on semantic memory and metacognition. Scand J Psychol 2020; 61:333-347. [PMID: 32196673 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether the previously established effect of mood on episodic memory generalizes to semantic memory and whether mood affects metacognitive judgments associated with the retrieval of semantic information. Sixty-eight participants were induced into a happy or sad mood by viewing and describing IAPS images. Following mood induction, participants saw a total of 200 general knowledge trivia items (50 open-ended and 50 multiple-choice after each of two mood inductions) and were asked to provide a metacognitive judgment about their knowledge for each item before providing a response. A sample trivia item is: Author - - To kill a mockingbird. Results indicate that mood affects the retrieval of semantic information, but only when the participant believes they possess the requested semantic information; furthermore, this effect depends upon the presence of retrieval cues. In addition, we found that mood does not affect the likelihood of different metacognitive judgments associated with the retrieval of semantic information, but that, in some cases, having retrieval cues increases accuracy of these metacognitive judgments. Our results suggest that semantic retrieval processes are minimally susceptible to the influence of affective state but does not preclude the possibility that affective state may influence encoding of semantic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C G Hall
- Department of Psychology, Butler University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Daniel G Evans
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
26
|
Dimmock J, Simich D, Budden T, Podlog L, Beauchamp M, Jackson B. Not All Promotion Is Good Promotion: The Pitfalls of Overexaggerated Claims and Controlling Language in Exercise Messaging. JOURNAL OF SPORT & EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 42:1-14. [PMID: 31896074 DOI: 10.1123/jsep.2019-0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Across 2 studies, the authors explored reactance effects to overexaggerated claims and controlling language in exercise messaging. In Study 1, participants received either a message exaggerating the benefits of an upcoming exercise session or no message. They subsequently undertook a mundane exercise session led by an instructor, which was either need supportive or "realistically controlling." Relative to no-message participants, those who had read the message reported less positive evaluations of the session. These results were observed despite participants in the message condition holding more positive presession expectations, and the effect was apparent even for those who received need-supportive instruction. In Study 2, participants read an advertisement that was written in either autonomy-supportive language or controlling language. Despite reporting comparable expectations, participants who received a controlling-language message reported significantly greater anger and freedom threat-factors commonly linked to contrast effects. These studies highlight the operation of message-driven contrast effects in exercise.
Collapse
|
|
27
|
De Luca R, Botelho D. The unconscious perception of smells as a driver of consumer responses: a framework integrating the emotion-cognition approach to scent marketing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13162-019-00154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
|
28
|
Katz SJ, Byrne S. Cognitive Bridging: Using Strategic Communication To Connect Abstract Goals With The Means To Achieve Them. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2019; 34:484-499. [PMID: 29377726 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2018.1428848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three studies test several mechanisms of cognitive bridging, or how a strategic communication message functions to connect the abstract goal of an individual with the specific means to achieve the goal. Across all of the experiments (n = 276, n = 209, n = 145), it was demonstrated that participants who received an induced bridging mechanism were more likely to produce cognitive bridging outputs and report more abstract responses than participants who did not receive a bridging technique. We do not find the same pattern of results among participants who received an integrated bridging technique. Taken together, these studies provide evidence that how abstractly or concretely an individual is thinking can be influenced by abstraction cues planted within a strategic message, providing promise for messaging efforts at the moment of decision. In other words, the level of abstract thinking an individual is carrying into an exposure situation is possible to change using cues within the message itself. This is the first article to juxtapose the induced and integrated mechanisms of cognitive bridging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherri Jean Katz
- a Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication , University of Minnesota
| | - Sahara Byrne
- b Department of Communication , Cornell University
| |
Collapse
|
|
29
|
Liu X, Xu X, Wang H. The effect of emotion on morphosyntactic learning in foreign language learners. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207592. [PMID: 30475844 PMCID: PMC6261014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotions have crucial influence on vocabulary learning and text comprehension. However, whether morphosyntactic learning is influenced by emotional conditions has remained largely unclear. In this study, we investigated how induced positive and negative emotions affect the learning of morphosyntactic rules in a foreign language. It was found that negative emotion increased the accuracy and efficiency of syntactic learning, but had no significant effect on the learning of morphological marking rules. Positive emotion was not found to be significantly associated with learning outcomes. The findings shed light on the effects of affective states on the structural aspects of foreign language learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinmiao Liu
- School of English for Specific Purposes, Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, PRC
- * E-mail: (XML); (HYW)
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, PRC
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Language and Brain Science Center, School of Translation Studies, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao, PRC
- * E-mail: (XML); (HYW)
| |
Collapse
|
|
30
|
Koudenburg N, Greijdanus H, Scheepers D. The polarizing effects of group discussion in a negative normative context: Integrating societal-, group-, and individual-level factors. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 58:150-174. [PMID: 30246420 PMCID: PMC6585756 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we investigate how a negative (or hostile) norm regarding minorities at the societal level can fuel polarization between majority subgroups at the local level. We hypothesize that rapid social change in the form of polarization results from the interplay between small group processes and perceptions of society at large. By employing a novel analytic approach that uses variances to capture non‐linear societal change, we were able to study polarization processes. In three studies among high school and university students (N = 347), we manipulated the majority norm about a minority category (positive vs. negative). Subsequently, participants read about a minority member's ambiguous behaviour and evaluated this target. All studies used a similar paradigm, but they varied in whether or not participants discussed the ambiguous behaviour within local groups. Results showed that the majority norm at the societal level affected perceptions of the minority member's behaviour when people discussed this behaviour in a local majority group but not when they reflected on it individually. Specifically, group discussions led to polarization between local groups within a broader social category, but only in the context of a negative majority norm. This effect was predicted by the a priori perception of the local group norm. Results are discussed in terms of the integration of society‐ and group‐level processes when studying the development of intergroup attitudes and practical implications for the coarsening climate of the societal debate about current societal issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namkje Koudenburg
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hedy Greijdanus
- Department of Social Psychology, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Scheepers
- Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, University of Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Social, Health, and Organizational Psychology, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
|
31
|
Schellenberg BJI, Bailis DS. Passionately motivated reasoning: Biased processing of passion-threatening messages. J Pers 2018; 87:518-531. [PMID: 30069881 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE When facing setbacks and obstacles, the dualistic model of passion outlines that obsessive passion, and not harmonious passion, will predict greater levels of defensiveness. Our aim was to determine whether these passion dimensions predicted defensiveness in the same way when confronted with threatening messages targeting the decision to pursue a passion. METHOD Across four studies with passionate Facebook users, hockey fans, and runners (total N = 763), participants viewed messages giving reasons why their favorite activity should not be pursued. Participants either reported their desire to read the messages (Studies 1 and 2) or evaluated the messages after reading them (Studies 3 and 4). RESULTS Harmonious passion consistently predicted higher levels of avoidance or negative evaluations of the messages. These responses were attenuated for participants who had previously affirmed an important value (Study 1), or who were told that they do not control the passions they pursue (Study 4). CONCLUSIONS Harmonious passion entails a sense of autonomy and control over activity engagement, which usually leads to nondefensive behavior. However, this sense of control may elicit more defensive responses from more harmoniously passionate individuals when the decision itself to pursue an activity is under attack.
Collapse
|
|
32
|
Expanding affective intelligence theory through social viewing: Focusing on the South Korea's 2017 presidential election. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
|
33
|
Stel M, van Dijk E. When do we see that others misrepresent how they feel? detecting deception from emotional faces with direct and indirect measures. SOCIAL INFLUENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15534510.2018.1473290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle Stel
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University , Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Dijk
- Department of Social and Organisational Psychology, Leiden University , The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
|
34
|
Walsh LC, Boehm JK, Lyubomirsky S. Does Happiness Promote Career Success? Revisiting the Evidence. JOURNAL OF CAREER ASSESSMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1069072717751441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Empirical research demonstrates a relationship between happiness and career success. For example, happy people receive higher earnings, exhibit better performance, and obtain more favorable supervisor evaluations than their less happy peers. Researchers have posited that success leads to happiness, but Boehm and Lyubomirsky reviewed the relevant research in 2008 and argued that the alternative hypothesis—that happiness causes success—may be equally plausible. A decade later, we return to the literature to supplement studies we previously cited with new research and to determine whether the results of cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental investigations provide additional support for this hypothesis. We conclude that the evidence continues to persuasively suggest that happiness is correlated with and often precedes career success and that experimentally enhancing positive emotions leads to improved outcomes in the workplace.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Julia K. Boehm
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Lyubomirsky
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
35
|
Service failures in e-retailing: Examining the effects of response time, compensation, and service criticality. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
|
36
|
Zhao N, Ma M, Zhang J. Going beyond the Beauty - Trust Link: the Moderating Role of Mood. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-016-9481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
|
37
|
Francis DB, Hall MG, Noar SM, Ribisl KM, Brewer NT. Systematic Review of Measures Used in Pictorial Cigarette Pack Warning Experiments. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:1127-1137. [PMID: 28431080 PMCID: PMC5896543 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to describe characteristics and psychometric properties of measures used in pictorial cigarette pack warning experiments and provide recommendations for future studies. METHODS Our systematic review identified 68 pictorial cigarette pack warning experiments conducted between 2000 and 2016 in 22 countries. Two independent coders coded all studies on study features, including sample characteristics, theoretical framework, and constructs assessed. We also coded measurement characteristics, including construct, number of items, source, reliability, and validity. RESULTS We identified 278 measures representing 61 constructs. The most commonly assessed construct categories were warning reactions (62% of studies) and perceived effectiveness (60%). The most commonly used outcomes were affective reactions (35%), perceived likelihood of harm (22%), intention to quit smoking (22%), perceptions that warnings motivate people to quit smoking (18%), and credibility (16%). Only 4 studies assessed smoking behavior. More than half (54%) of all measures were single items. For multi-item measures, studies reported reliability data 68% of the time (mean α = 0.88, range α = 0.68-0.98). Studies reported sources of measures only 33% of the time and rarely reported validity data. Of 68 studies, 37 (54%) mentioned a theory as informing the study. CONCLUSIONS Our review found great variability in constructs and measures used to evaluate the impact of cigarette pack pictorial warnings. Many measures were single items with unknown psychometric properties. Recommendations for future studies include a greater emphasis on theoretical models that inform measurement, use of reliable and validated (preferably multi-item) measures, and better reporting of measure sources. IMPLICATIONS Robust and consistent measurement is important for building a strong, cumulative evidence base to support pictorial cigarette pack warning policies. This systematic review of experimental studies of pictorial cigarette warnings demonstrates the need for standardized, theory-based measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane B Francis
- Manship School of Mass Communication, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Marissa G Hall
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Seth M Noar
- School of Media and Journalism, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Noel T Brewer
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC
| |
Collapse
|
|
38
|
Graton A, Ric F. Comprendre le lien culpabilité-réparation : un rôle potentiel de l’attention. ANNEE PSYCHOLOGIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.3917/anpsy.173.0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|
|
39
|
Martinie MA, Almecija Y, Ros C, Gil S. Incidental mood state before dissonance induction affects attitude change. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180531. [PMID: 28708861 PMCID: PMC5510817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The way that incidental affect impacts attitude change brought about by controlled processes has so far been examined when the incidental affective state is generated after dissonance state induction. We therefore investigated attitude change when the incidental mood occurs prior to dissonance state induction. We expected a negative mood to induce systematic processing, and a positive mood to induce heuristic processing. Given that both systematic processing and attitude change are cognitively costly, we expected participants who experienced the dissonance state in a negative mood to have insufficient resources to allocate to attitude change. In our experiment, after mood induction (negative, neutral or positive), participants were divided into low-dissonance and high-dissonance groups. They then wrote a counterattitudinal essay. Analysis of their attitudes towards the essay topic indicated that attitude change did not occur in the negative incidental mood condition. Moreover, written productivity–one indicator of cognitive resource allocation–varied according to the type of incidental mood, and only predicted attitude change in the high-dissonance group. Our results suggest that incidental mood before dissonance induction influences the style of information processing and, by so doing, affects the extent of attitude change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Amélie Martinie
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA - CNRS UMR 7295), Poiters, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Yves Almecija
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA - CNRS UMR 7295), Poiters, France
| | - Christine Ros
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA - CNRS UMR 7295), Poiters, France
| | - Sandrine Gil
- Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l’Apprentissage (CeRCA - CNRS UMR 7295), Poiters, France
| |
Collapse
|
|
40
|
Cai F, Yang Z, Wyer RS, Xu AJ. The interactive effects of bitter flavor and mood on the decision to spend or save money. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
|
41
|
Johnson IR, Petty RE, Briñol P, See YHM. Persuasive message scrutiny as a function of implicit-explicit discrepancies in racial attitudes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
|
42
|
Bless H, Burger AM. Mood and the Regulation of Mental Abstraction. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721417690456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Individuals can apply different processing strategies to deal with situations they encounter. One central question in social-cognition research refers to the factors that determine reliance on different processing strategies. Parting from a functional perspective, which holds that processing strategies need to be adjusted to the requirements of the situation, we argue that individuals’ mood carries information about the benign versus problematic nature of the situation and thus that mood can regulate cognitive processing. Focusing on mental abstraction, we propose that positive mood contributes to a processing style characterized by reliance on prior knowledge in the form of general knowledge structures, whereas negative mood elicits a processing style characterized by attention to details and consideration of new situation-specific information.
Collapse
|
|
43
|
Plant BRC, Irwin JD, Chekaluk E. The effects of anti-speeding advertisements on the simulated driving behaviour of young drivers. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 100:65-74. [PMID: 28119216 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent examinations of road safety communications, including anti-speeding advertisements, have considered the differential effects of positive and negative emotional appeals on driver behaviour. However, empirical evaluations of anti-speeding messages have largely relied on measures of viewers' reported intentions to comply with speed limits and the self-reported driving behaviour of viewers post-exposure, which might not be indicative of the direct effects that these messages have on real-world driving behaviour. The current research constitutes a first empirical evaluation of different real-world anti-speeding advertisements, as measured by their effects on young drivers' speeding behaviour, using a driving simulator. Licensed drivers (N=116) aged 17-25 years completed driving measures prior to, immediately following, and 7-10days after viewing one of four social marketing advertisements. Results indicated that young drivers' average driving speeds were modestly reduced immediately after they viewed an anti-speeding advertisement that depicted social consequences for speeding and employed a positive emotional appeal when compared to an emotion-matched control advertisement; however, this effect was not found for the anti-speeding advertisement depicting a crash. Interestingly, the results based on reported intentions to reduce speeding predicted the opposite pattern of results. However, there was no evidence that the immediate changes to speeding were maintained 7-10days later, and prompts during Phase 2 did not appear to have an effect. The implications of these findings for road safety advertisements targeting young drivers are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernice R C Plant
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Julia D Irwin
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Eugene Chekaluk
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
|
44
|
Gutiérrez-Cobo MJ, Cabello R, Fernández-Berrocal P. The Three Models of Emotional Intelligence and Performance in a Hot and Cool go/no-go Task in Undergraduate Students. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:33. [PMID: 28275343 PMCID: PMC5319994 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional intelligence (EI), or the ability to perceive, use, understand and regulate emotions, appears to be helpful in the performance of "hot" (i.e., emotionally laden) cognitive tasks when using performance-based ability models, but not when using self-report EI models. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between EI (as measured through a performance-based ability test, a self-report mixed test and a self-report ability test) and cognitive control ability during the performance of hot and "cool" (i.e., non-emotionally laden) "go/no-go" tasks. An experimental design was used for this study in which 187 undergraduate students (25% men) with a mean age of 21.93 years (standard deviation [SD] = 3.8) completed the three EI tests of interest (Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test [MSCEIT], Trait Meta-Mood Scale [TMMS] and Emotional Quotient Inventory-Short Form [EQi:S]) as well as go/no-go tasks using faces and geometric figures as stimuli. The results provide evidence for negative associations between the "managing" branch of EI measured through the performance-based ability test of EI and the cognitive control index of the hot go/no-go task, although similar evidence was not found when using the cool task. Further, the present study failed to observe consistent results when using the self-report EI instruments. These findings are discussed in terms of both the validity and implications of the various EI models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J Gutiérrez-Cobo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Rosario Cabello
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada Granada, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
45
|
Hills PJ, Marquardt Z, Young I, Goodenough I. Explaining Sad People's Memory Advantage for Faces. Front Psychol 2017; 8:207. [PMID: 28261138 PMCID: PMC5313490 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sad people recognize faces more accurately than happy people (Hills et al., 2011). We devised four hypotheses for this finding that are tested between in the current study. The four hypotheses are: (1) sad people engage in more expert processing associated with face processing; (2) sad people are motivated to be more accurate than happy people in an attempt to repair their mood; (3) sad people have a defocused attentional strategy that allows more information about a face to be encoded; and (4) sad people scan more of the face than happy people leading to more facial features to be encoded. In Experiment 1, we found that dysphoria (sad mood often associated with depression) was not correlated with the face-inversion effect (a measure of expert processing) nor with response times but was correlated with defocused attention and recognition accuracy. Experiment 2 established that dysphoric participants detected changes made to more facial features than happy participants. In Experiment 3, using eye-tracking we found that sad-induced participants sampled more of the face whilst avoiding the eyes. Experiment 4 showed that sad-induced people demonstrated a smaller own-ethnicity bias. These results indicate that sad people show different attentional allocation to faces than happy and neutral people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hills
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, UK
| | - Zoe Marquardt
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, UK
| | - Isabel Young
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
46
|
Antosz A, Imbir KK. Effects of the emotional properties of words and a manipulation of mindset on performance of an ambiguous task. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2016.1226313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
|
47
|
Ellis W, Zarbatany L, Chen X, Kinal M, Boyko L. Peer Groups as a Context for School Misconduct: The Moderating Role of Group Interactional Style. Child Dev 2017; 89:248-263. [PMID: 28105643 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peer group interactional style was examined as a moderator of the relation between peer group school misconduct and group members' school misconduct. Participants were 705 students (Mage = 11.59 years, SD = 1.37) in 148 peer groups. Children reported on their school misconduct in fall and spring. In the winter, group members were observed in a limited-resource task and a group conversation task, and negative and positive group interactional styles were assessed. Multilevel modeling indicated that membership in groups that were higher on school misconduct predicted greater school misconduct only when the groups were high on negative or low on positive interactional style. Results suggest that negative laughter and a coercive interactional style may intensify group effects on children's misconduct.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Ellis
- King's University College at Western University
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
48
|
Strack F, Bahník Š, Mussweiler T. Anchoring: accessibility as a cause of judgmental assimilation. Curr Opin Psychol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
|
49
|
Palfai TP, Salovey P. The Influence of Depressed and Elated Mood on Deductive and Inductive Reasoning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2190/fyya-gcru-j124-q3b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Depressed and elated mood states may produce distinct information processing styles that can affect performance on deductive and inductive reasoning tasks differentially. Seventy-two undergraduates were asked to view a set of two film clips designed to induce either elated, neutral or depressed moods. One clip preceded each of two reasoning tasks, a deduction task and an induction task. We predicted that subjects in a depressed mood would exhibit impoverished performance relative to the other two conditions on the inductive reasoning problems but enhanced performance on those that involved deductive reasoning. Conversely, we expected subjects in an elated mood to perform worse than those in depressed and neutral moods on the deductive reasoning task, but better on the inductive reasoning task. Response times provided partial support for these hypotheses. Subjects in the elated mood condition performed significantly slower than those in both the neutral and depressed conditions on deductive reasoning problems, whereas subjects in the depressed mood condition performed significantly slower than those in the neutral condition on inductive reasoning problems. Implications for understanding mood-influenced cognitive styles are discussed.
Collapse
|
|
50
|
Kirkøen B, Berstad P, Botteri E, Bernklev L, El-Safadi B, Hoff G, de Lange T, Bernklev T. Psychological effects of colorectal cancer screening: Participants vs individuals not invited. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:9631-9641. [PMID: 27920484 PMCID: PMC5116607 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i43.9631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the possible long-term psychological harm of participating in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening in Norway. METHODS In a prospective, randomized trial, 14294 participants (aged 50-74 years) were invited to either flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) screening, or a faecal immunochemical test (FIT) (1:1). In total, 4422 screening participants (32%) completed the questionnaire, which consisted of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the SF-12, a generic health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measurement, when invited to screening and one year after the invitation. A control group of 7650 individuals was invited to complete the questionnaire only, at baseline and one year after, and 1911 (25%) completed the questionnaires. RESULTS Receiving a positive or negative screening result and participating in the two different screening modalities did not cause clinically relevant mean changes in anxiety, depression or HRQOL after one year. FS screening, but not FIT, was associated with an increased probability of being an anxiety case (score ≥ 8) at the one-year follow-up (5.6% of FS participants transitioned from being not anxious to anxious, while 3.0% experienced the reverse). This increase was moderately significantly different from the changes in the control group (in which the corresponding numbers were 4.8% and 4.5%, respectively), P = 0.06. CONCLUSION Most individuals do not experience psychological effects of CRC screening participation after one year, while FS participation is associated with increased anxiety for a smaller group.
Collapse
|