• enteric neurons
• gut–brain axis
• intestinal nutrient sensing
• obesity
• type 2 diabetes

• Humans
• Enteric Nervous System/physiology
• Animals
• Brain/physiology
• Nutrients/metabolism
• Gastrointestinal Tract/physiology
• Gastrointestinal Tract/innervation
• Neurons/physiology
• Brain-Gut Axis/physiology
• Vagus Nerve/physiology

• CCOM Michael Walczak Research Award for Treatment of Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Stroke

• Glomerular filtration rate
• High-protein diet
• Strength training

• Animals
• Whey Proteins/pharmacology
• Whey Proteins/administration & dosage
• Rats, Wistar
• Rats
• Male
• Diet, High-Protein/methods
• Resistance Training
• Hypertrophy/prevention & control
• Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
• Triglycerides/blood
• Kidney/drug effects
• Kidney/pathology
• Physical Conditioning, Animal
• Kidney Glomerulus/pathology
• Kidney Glomerulus/drug effects
• Liver/metabolism
• Liver/drug effects
• Organ Size/drug effects
• Urea/blood

• bone histomorphometry, bone marrow adipocytes
• caloric restriction
• high-protein diet
• microcomputed tomography
• osteoclastogenesis

• Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
• Fundação de Apoio ao Ensino Pesquisa e Assistência HCFMRP-USP

• Humans
• Diet, High-Protein
• Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/physiopathology
• Athletes
• Weight Lifting/physiology
• Glomerular Filtration Rate
• Body Composition
• Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage
• Resistance Training

• Bckdk
• branch chain amino acid
• cancer cachexia
• metabolism
• skeletal muscle

• Animals
• Cachexia/metabolism
• Cachexia/etiology
• Muscular Atrophy/metabolism
• Muscular Atrophy/etiology
• Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/metabolism
• Mice, Knockout
• Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
• Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
• Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/complications
• Mice
• Ubiquitination
• 3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)/metabolism
• 3-Methyl-2-Oxobutanoate Dehydrogenase (Lipoamide)/genetics
• Male
• Muscle Proteins/metabolism
• Muscle Proteins/genetics
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Metabolic Reprogramming
• Protein Kinases

• 82272925 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 82274151 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 81872494 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 82074063 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 81873042 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 21PJ1411900 Shanghai Pujiang Talent Project
• CPA-Z05-ZC-2022-03 Academy Program

• High-protein diet
• Insulin resistance
• Intermittent feeding
• Ketogenic diet
• Leptin

• Child
• Rats
• Humans
• Animals
• Leptin
• Insulin Resistance
• Diet, Ketogenic
• Obesity/metabolism
• Body Weight
• Insulin
• Body Composition
• Blood Glucose/metabolism
• Lipoproteins, LDL

• dietary fats
• dietary patterns
• dietary protein
• gut microbiome
• obesity

• beef cattle
• by-products
• circular economy
• cortisol
• growth
• olive cake
• thyroid hormones

• 08SR1091000150 P.O. FESR SICILIA 2014/2020 - Project BIOTRAK

• Biological sciences
• Endocrinology
• Human metabolism
• Mathematical biosciences
• Physiology

• Mediterranean diet
• bacterial metabolites
• fibers
• gut health
• intestinal immune system
• microbiota
• mucus layer
• western diet

• Diet, High-Fat
• Dietary Fiber
• Ecosystem
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Mucus
• Sugars

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a high protein diet comprising breast meat from commercial broiler (BR), Thai native (PD), and commercial broiler × Thai native crossbred (KKU-ONE) chicken on serum uric acid, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant activities in rats. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups. The control group received a standard chow diet, and the other three groups were fed a high protein diet (70% standard diet + 30% BR, PD, or KKU-ONE chicken breast) for five weeks. The PD- and KKU-ONE-fed rats had lower plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels than the control rats. A decrease in HDL-c was also observed in rats fed a diet containing BR. Liver weight, liver enzyme, plasma ALP, xanthine oxidase activity, serum uric acid, creatinine, superoxide production, and plasma malondialdehyde levels increased in BR-fed rats. The findings of this study might provide evidence to support the use of Thai native and Thai native crossbred chicken breast meat as functional foods.

• liver
• meat protein
• oxidative stress
• superoxide dismutase
• total antioxidant capacity

• Animals
• Antioxidants/metabolism
• Caseins/metabolism
• Cattle
• Chickens/metabolism
• Malondialdehyde
• Meat Proteins
• Rats
• Rats, Sprague-Dawley
• Reactive Oxygen Species
• Red Meat
• Soybean Proteins
• Glycine max/metabolism
• Superoxide Dismutase

• Ten Thousand Talent Project (Ministry of Science and Technology)
• BK20170146 the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province

Dietary macronutrient composition influences both hepatic function and aging. Previous work suggested that longevity and hepatic gene expression levels were highly responsive to dietary protein, but almost unaffected by other macronutrients. In contrast, we found expression of 4005, 4232, and 4292 genes in the livers of mice were significantly associated with changes in dietary protein (5%–30%), fat (20%–60%), and carbohydrate (10%–75%), respectively. More genes in aging‐related pathways (notably mTOR, IGF‐1, and NF‐kappaB) had significant correlations with dietary fat intake than protein and carbohydrate intake, and the pattern of gene expression changes in relation to dietary fat intake was in the opposite direction to the effect of graded levels of caloric restriction consistent with dietary fat having a negative impact on aging. We found 732, 808, and 995 serum metabolites were significantly correlated with dietary protein (5%–30%), fat (8.3%–80%), and carbohydrate (10%–80%) contents, respectively. Metabolomics pathway analysis revealed sphingosine‐1‐phosphate signaling was the significantly affected pathway by dietary fat content which has also been identified as significant changed metabolic pathway in the previous caloric restriction study. Our results suggest dietary fat has major impact on aging‐related gene and metabolic pathways compared with other macronutrients.

• aging
• carbohydrate
• fat
• metabolome
• protein
• transcriptome

The increasing prevalence of worldwide obesity and growing awareness of its negative consequences are forcing scientists to take a new view of nutrition and search for new diets. Therefore, to find some new relationships between diet and metabolism, we analyzed the effects of the long-term (60 and 120 days) use of a high-protein diet (HPD) and of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the metabolic and endocrine functions of fat tissue and on biochemical indices in rat blood in the present study. This research helped us to understand the roles of diet in the metabolic and endocrine functioning of adipocytes. Our study indicated that an HFD has a negative effect on fat tissue function, whereas the HPD showed positive results, such as increased insulin sensitivity and improved glucose and lipid metabolism in isolated adipocytes in vitro.

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity and the rising awareness of their negative consequences are forcing researchers to take a new view of nutrition and its consequences for the metabolism of whole organisms as well as the metabolism of their individual systems and cells. Despite studies on nutrition having been carried out for a few decades, not many of them have focused on the impacts of these diets on changes in the metabolism and endocrine functions of isolated adipocytes. Therefore, we decided to investigate the effects of the long-term use (60 and 120 days) of a high-fat diet (HFD) and of a high-protein diet (HPD) on basic metabolic processes in fat cells—lipogenesis, lipolysis, and glucose uptake—and endocrine function, which was determined according to the secretion of adipokines into the incubation medium. Our results proved that the HPD diet improved insulin sensitivity, increased the intracellular uptake of glucose (p < 0.01) and its incorporation into lipids (p < 0.01) and modulated the endocrine function of these cells (decreasing leptin secretion; p < 0.01). The levels of biochemical parameters in the serum blood also changed in the HPD-fed rats. The effects of the HFD were inverse, as expected. We observed a decrease in adiponectin secretion and a diminished rate of lipogenesis (p < 0.01). Simultaneously, the secretion of leptin and resistin (p < 0.01) from isolated adipocytes increased. In conclusion, we noted that the long-term use of HPD and HFD diets modulates the metabolism and endocrine functions of isolated rat adipocytes. We summarize that an HFD had a negative effect on fat tissue functioning, whereas an HPD had positive results, such as increased insulin sensitivity and an improved metabolism of glucose and lipids in fat tissue. Moreover, we noticed that negative metabolic changes are reflected more rapidly in isolated cells than in the metabolism of the whole organism.

• adipokines
• glucose uptake
• high-fat diet
• high-protein diet
• isolated adipocytes
• lipogenesis
• lipolysis

• diet
• gut microbiota
• intestinal epithelium
• nutrient transporters
• obesity

The gastrointestinal tract maintains energy and glucose homeostasis, in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent signaling to the brain and other tissues. In this review, we highlight the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in metabolic homeostasis, and link high-fat feeding, obesity, and diabetes with perturbations in these gut-brain signaling pathways. We identify how lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, initiate gut peptide release from the enteroendocrine cells through small intestinal sensing pathways, and how these peptides regulate food intake, glucose tolerance, and hepatic glucose production. Lastly, we highlight how the gut microbiota impact small intestinal nutrient-sensing in normal physiology, and in disease, pharmacological and surgical settings. Emerging evidence indicates that the molecular mechanisms of small intestinal nutrient sensing in metabolic homeostasis have physiological and pathological impact as well as therapeutic potential in obesity and diabetes.

The gastrointestinal tract participates in maintaining metabolic homeostasis in part through nutrient-sensing and subsequent gut-brain signalling. Here the authors review the role of small intestinal nutrient-sensing in regulation of energy intake and systemic glucose metabolism, and link high-fat diet, obesity and diabetes with perturbations in these pathways.

• adipose tissue
• adipose tissue browning
• adipose tissue immunology
• adipose tissue inflammation-definition of metabolic syndrome-insulin resistance-myokines-systemic inflammation
• immunometabolism

• fertility
• gestation
• low protein diet
• males
• meta-analysis
• rats
• systematic review

• carbohydrate intake
• dietary lipids
• energy
• protein

• gestation
• high- and low-protein diet
• meta-analysis
• rats
• reproduction
• systematic review

• feeding behavior
• food choice
• homeostasis
• macronutrient
• nutrient sensing
• protein

• Animals
• Brain/physiology
• Dietary Carbohydrates
• Dietary Proteins
• Feeding Behavior
• Fibroblast Growth Factors/physiology
• Homeostasis
• Nutrients

• P30 DK072476 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R01 DK105032 NIDDK NIH HHS
• U54 GM104940 NIGMS NIH HHS
• R01 DK047348 NIDDK NIH HHS
• F32 DK115137 NIDDK NIH HHS

• N-nitrosodiethylamine
• biliary excretion
• dietary proteins
• nitrite
• toxicokinetics

• GLUT-2
• GLUT-4
• Low-carbohydrate diet
• SGLT-1
• insulin sensitivity

• High-protein diet
• High-sucrose diet
• Metabolic syndrome
• Withdrawal of sucrose

Probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota (LcS) is a potential decontaminating agent of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁). However, few studies have investigated the influence of diet, especially a high protein (HP) diet, on the binding of AFB₁ by probiotics. This research was conducted to determine the effect of HP diet on the ability of LcS to bind AFB₁ and reduce aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁) in AFB₁-induced rats. Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: A (HP only), B (HP + 10⁸ CFU LcS + 25 μg AFB1/kg BW), and C (HP + 25 μg AFB1/kg BW). Levels of AST and ALP were higher in all groups but other liver function's biomarkers were in the normal range, and the liver's histology showed no structural changes. The urea level of rats in group B (10.02 ± 0.73 mmol/l) was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of rats in group A (10.82 ± 0.26 mmol/l). The presence of carcinoma in the small intestine and colon was more obvious in group C than in group B. Moreover, rats in group B had significantly (p < 0.05) lower AFM₁ concentration (0.39 ± 0.01 ng/ml) than rats in group C (5.22 ± 0.28 ng/ml). Through these findings, LcS supplementation with HP diet alleviated the adverse effects of AFB₁ by preventing AFB₁ absorption in the small intestine and reducing urinary AFM₁.

Undigestible food ingredients are converted by the microbiota into a large range of metabolites, predominated by short chain fatty acids (SCFA). These microbial metabolites are subsequently available for absorption by the host mucosa and can serve as an energy source. Amino acids fermentation by the microbiota expands the spectrum of fermentation end-products beyond acetate, propionate and butyrate, to include in particular branched-SCFA. Here the long-term effects of high protein-diets on microbial community composition and functionality in mice were analyzed. Determinations of the microbiota composition using phylogenetic microarray (MITChip) technology were complemented with metatranscriptome and SCFA analyses to obtain insight in in situ expression of protein fermentation pathways and the phylogenetic groups involved. High protein diets led to increased luminal concentrations of branched-SCFA, in accordance with protein fermentation in the gut. Bacteria dominantly participating in protein catabolism belonged to the Lachnospiraceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Clostridiaceae families in both normal- and high- protein diet regimes. This study identifies the microbial groups involved in protein catabolism in the intestine and underpins the value of in situ metatranscriptome analyses as an approach to decipher locally active metabolic networks and pathways as a function of the dietary regime, as well as the phylogeny of the microorganisms executing them.

High protein feeding improves glucose homeostasis in rodents and humans with diabetes, but the mechanisms that underlie this improvement remain elusive. Here we show that acute administration of casein hydrolysate directly into the upper small intestine increases glucose tolerance and inhibits glucose production in rats, independently of changes in plasma amino acids, insulin levels, and food intake. Inhibition of upper small intestinal peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), the primary oligopeptide transporter in the small intestine, reverses the preabsorptive ability of upper small intestinal casein infusion to increase glucose tolerance and suppress glucose production. The glucoregulatory role of PepT1 in the upper small intestine of healthy rats is further demonstrated by glucose homeostasis disruption following high protein feeding when PepT1 is inhibited. PepT1-mediated protein-sensing mechanisms also improve glucose homeostasis in models of early-onset insulin resistance and obesity. We demonstrate that preabsorptive upper small intestinal protein-sensing mechanisms mediated by PepT1 have beneficial effects on whole-body glucose homeostasis.

High protein diets are known to improve metabolic parameters including adiposity and glucose homeostasis. Here the authors demonstrate that preabsorptive upper small intestinal protein-sensing mechanisms mediated by peptide transporter 1 improve glucose homeostasis by inhibiting hepatic glucose production.

• diet
• dietary fats
• dietary proteins
• gut microbiota
• metabolism
• mouse models
• obesity
• protein source

• appetite and energy intake
• high-protein diet
• metabolic hormones
• metabolism and energy expenditure
• respirometry and calorimetry

• Animal Feed/analysis
• Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
• Animals
• Body Composition/drug effects
• Body Weight/drug effects
• Diet
• Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage
• Drinking
• Drug Administration Schedule
• Eating
• Energy Metabolism
• Glucagon/blood
• Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/blood
• Leptin/blood
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C57BL

• I01 RX000194 RRD VA
• P30 DK041301 NIDDK NIH HHS

• Protein
• carbohydrate
• kidney
• liver
• rats
• vegan diet

Broiler chickens are compulsive feeders that become obese as juveniles and are thus a unique model for metabolic disorders in humans. However, little is known about the relationship between dietary composition, fasting and refeeding and adipose tissue physiology in chicks. Our objective was to determine how dietary macronutrient composition and fasting and refeeding affect chick adipose physiology during the early post-hatch period.

Chicks were fed one of three isocaloric diets after hatch: high-carbohydrate (HC; control), high-fat (HF; 30% of ME from soybean oil) or high-protein (HP; 25% vs. 22% crude protein). At 4 days post-hatch, chicks were fed (continuous ad libitum access to food), fasted (3 h food withdrawal), or refed (fasted for 3 h and refed for 1 h). Subcutaneous, clavicular, and abdominal adipose tissue was collected for histological analysis and to measure gene expression, and plasma to measure non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations (n = 6–10 per group).

Adipose tissue weights were reduced in chicks that were fed the HP diet and adipocyte diameter was greater in the adipose tissue of chicks that ate the HF diet. Consumption of diets differing in protein and fat content also affected gene expression; mRNAs encoding fatty acid binding protein 4 and a lipolytic enzyme, monoglyceride lipase, were greater in chicks fed the HC and HF than HP diet in all three adipose tissue depots. Fasting influenced gene expression in a depot-dependent manner, where most fasting and refeeding-induced changes were observed in the clavicular fat of chicks that consumed the HC diet. Fasting increased plasma NEFA concentrations in chicks fed the HC and HP diets.

The decreased adipose tissue deposition in chicks fed the HP diet is likely explained by decreased rates of adipogenesis. Consumption of the HF diet was associated with greater adipose tissue deposition and larger adipocytes, likely as a result of greater rates of adipocyte hypertrophy. The depot-dependent effects of diet and fasting on gene expression may help explain mechanisms underlying metabolic distinctions among subcutaneous and visceral fat depots in humans.

• Adipose tissue
• Chicks
• Dietary macronutrients
• Fasting
• mRNA abundance

• FGF21
• Fatty acid synthesis
• High-protein diet
• NFκB
• PCK1
• Sex differences

Obesity is an increasing major public health concern asking for dietary strategies to limit weight gain and associated comorbidities. In this review, we present animal models, particularly rats and mice, which have been extensively used by scientists to understand the consequences of diet quality on weight gain and health. Notably, modulation of dietary protein quantity and/or quality has been shown to exert huge effects on body composition homeostasis through the modulation of food intake, energy expenditure, and metabolic pathways. Interestingly, the perinatal window appears to represent a critical period during which the protein intake of the dam can impact the offspring’s weight gain and feeding behavior. Animal models are also widely used to understand the processes and mechanisms that contribute to obesity at different physiological and pathophysiological stages. An interesting example of such aspect is the situation of decreased estrogen level occurring at menopause, which is linked to weight gain and decreased energy expenditure. To study metabolic disorders associated with such situation, estrogen withdrawal in ovariectomized animal models to mimic menopause are frequently used. According to many studies, clear species-specific differences exist between rats and mice that need to be taken into account when results are extrapolated to humans.

• animal models
• body composition
• dietary protein
• energy expenditure
• estrogen deficiency
• food intake
• obesity

• Aquatic jump training
• Dietary management
• High-protein diet
• Resistance training
• Tissue morphology

• apport riche en protéines
• fibrose
• fibrosis
• high protein diet
• hypertrophie rénale
• kidney health
• lésion rénale
• obesity
• obésité
• protein source
• renal damage
• renal hypertrophy
• santé rénale
• sources protéiques

• Animals
• Biomarkers/blood
• Biomarkers/metabolism
• Biomarkers/urine
• Caseins/administration & dosage
• Caseins/adverse effects
• Chemokine CCL2/blood
• Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage
• Dietary Proteins/adverse effects
• Dietary Proteins/therapeutic use
• Energy Intake
• Fibrosis
• Hypertension, Renal/etiology
• Hypertension, Renal/physiopathology
• Hypertension, Renal/prevention & control
• Kidney/metabolism
• Kidney/pathology
• Kidney/physiopathology
• Kidney Glomerulus/metabolism
• Kidney Glomerulus/pathology
• Kidney Glomerulus/physiopathology
• Male
• Obesity/metabolism
• Obesity/pathology
• Obesity/physiopathology
• Obesity/urine
• Organ Size
• Proteinuria/etiology
• Random Allocation
• Rats, Zucker
• Renal Insufficiency/etiology
• Renal Insufficiency/physiopathology
• Renal Insufficiency/prevention & control
• Severity of Illness Index
• Soybean Proteins/administration & dosage
• Soybean Proteins/adverse effects
• Soybean Proteins/therapeutic use
• Weight Gain

• deamination
• dietary amino acids
• glycogen
• oxidation
• stable isotopes

AIM: To determine whether high-protein, high-fat, and low-carbohydrate diets can cause lesions in rat livers.

METHODS: We randomly divided 20 female Wistar rats into a control diet group and an experimental diet group. Animals in the control group received an AIN-93M diet, and animals in the experimental group received an Atkins-based diet (59.46% protein, 31.77% fat, and 8.77% carbohydrate). After 8 wk, the rats were anesthetized and exsanguinated for transaminases analysis, and their livers were removed for flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry, and light microscopy studies. We expressed the data as mean ± standard deviation (SD) assuming unpaired and parametric data; we analyzed differences using the Student’s t-test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

RESULTS: We found that plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. According to flow cytometry, the percentages of nonviable cells were 11.67% ± 1.12% for early apoptosis, 12.07% ± 1.11% for late apoptosis, and 7.11% ± 0.44% for non-apoptotic death in the experimental diet group and 3.73% ± 0.50% for early apoptosis, 5.67% ± 0.72% for late apoptosis, and 3.82% ± 0.28% for non-apoptotic death in the control diet group. The mean percentage of early apoptosis was higher in the experimental diet group than in the control diet group. Immunohistochemistry for autophagy was negative in both groups. Sinusoidal dilation around the central vein and small hepatocytes was only observed in the experimental diet group, and fibrosis was not identified by hematoxylin-eosin or Trichrome Masson staining in either group.

CONCLUSION: Eight weeks of an experimental diet resulted in cellular and histopathological lesions in rat livers. Apoptosis was our principal finding; elevated plasma transaminases demonstrate hepatic lesions.

• Apoptosis
• Liver injury
• High-protein diet
• High-fat diet
• Low-carbohydrate diet

• Alanine Transaminase/blood
• Animals
• Apoptosis
• Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood
• Biomarkers/blood
• Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted/adverse effects
• Dietary Proteins/toxicity
• Female
• Flow Cytometry
• Immunohistochemistry
• Liver/enzymology
• Liver/pathology
• Liver Diseases/blood
• Liver Diseases/etiology
• Liver Diseases/pathology
• Rats, Wistar
• Time Factors

Sexual selection may cause dietary requirements for reproduction to diverge across the sexes and promote the evolution of different foraging strategies in males and females. However, our understanding of how the sexes regulate their nutrition and the effects that this has on sex‐specific fitness is limited. We quantified how protein (P) and carbohydrate (C) intakes affect reproductive traits in male (pheromone expression) and female (clutch size and gestation time) cockroaches (Nauphoeta cinerea). We then determined how the sexes regulate their intake of nutrients when restricted to a single diet and when given dietary choice and how this affected expression of these important reproductive traits. Pheromone levels that improve male attractiveness, female clutch size and gestation time all peaked at a high daily intake of P:C in a 1:8 ratio. This is surprising because female insects typically require more P than males to maximize reproduction. The relatively low P requirement of females may reflect the action of cockroach endosymbionts that help recycle stored nitrogen for protein synthesis. When constrained to a single diet, both sexes prioritized regulating their daily intake of P over C, although this prioritization was stronger in females than males. When given the choice between diets, both sexes actively regulated their intake of nutrients at a 1:4.8 P:C ratio. The P:C ratio did not overlap exactly with the intake of nutrients that optimized reproductive trait expression. Despite this, cockroaches of both sexes that were given dietary choice generally improved the mean and reduced the variance in all reproductive traits we measured relative to animals fed a single diet from the diet choice pair. This pattern was not as strong when compared to the single best diet in our geometric array, suggesting that the relationship between nutrient balancing and reproduction is complex in this species.

• Geometric framework of nutrition
• optimal foraging
• pheromones
• sexual selection

• adiposity
• animal models
• brown adipose tissue
• diet
• protein sources

• gestation
• high-protein diet
• lactation
• programming
• rat model

• Adipocytes/cytology
• Adipose Tissue/drug effects
• Animals
• Body Weight/drug effects
• Chromium/metabolism
• Dietary Fats/pharmacology
• Dietary Proteins/pharmacology
• Energy Intake/drug effects
• Fatty Liver/metabolism
• Glucose/metabolism
• Glucose Intolerance/metabolism
• Glucose Tolerance Test
• Glucose Transporter Type 4/biosynthesis
• Homeostasis/drug effects
• Insulin/metabolism
• Insulin Resistance
• Male
• Mice
• Sirolimus/pharmacology