• canine
• hemolysis
• hemolytic anemia

• Humans
• Dogs
• Animals
• Zinc
• Retrospective Studies
• Acute Disease
• Pancreatitis/veterinary
• Anemia, Hemolytic/chemically induced
• Anemia, Hemolytic/veterinary
• Foreign Bodies/complications
• Foreign Bodies/veterinary
• Acute Kidney Injury/complications
• Acute Kidney Injury/veterinary
• Disease Progression
• Dog Diseases/chemically induced
• Dog Diseases/diagnosis

• canine
• pancreas
• perfusion computed tomography

• Dogs
• Animals
• Humans
• Pancreatitis/diagnostic imaging
• Pancreatitis/veterinary
• Case-Control Studies
• Prospective Studies
• Acute Disease
• Dog Diseases/diagnostic imaging
• Pancreas/diagnostic imaging
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed/veterinary
• Perfusion/veterinary
• Lipase

• T32 OD010437 NIH HHS
• Resident Research Grant from the American College of Veterinary Radiology's Veterinary CT/MRI Society

• CT
• Exotic pets
• Horses
• MRI
• Nuclear Medicine
• Small animals
• Veterinary radiology
• Wild animals

• Hypoechoic pancreas
• pancreatic
• pancreatitis
• prognosis
• ultrasound

• Animals
• Cats
• Retrospective Studies
• Ultrasonography/standards
• Pancreatitis/diagnostic imaging
• Pancreatitis/veterinary
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Pancreas/diagnostic imaging
• Cat Diseases/diagnostic imaging

In the last 20 years, the diagnosis of pancreatitis has become more frequent as a result of improved diagnostic modalities such as abdominal ultrasound examination, advanced imaging, and immunoassays for the measurement of pancreatic lipase. Our aim is to provide a state‐of‐the‐art overview of the clinical diagnosis of acute pancreatitis (AP) in dogs with a particular focus on pancreatic lipase assay validation and clinical performance, in addition to advanced imaging modalities. We also discuss the potential indications for cytology and histopathology in dogs with suspected AP.

• CTA
• DGGR
• acute pancreatitis
• catalytic
• cytology
• immunologic
• lipase

• Animals
• Contrast Media
• Dogs
• Female
• Humans
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Perfusion/veterinary
• Reproducibility of Results
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed

• companion animals
• gastroenterology
• internal medicine
• organ of nausea
• pancreatitis

• canine
• mesentery
• pancreas
• portal vein thrombosis

• canine
• cholecystolithiasis
• gallbladder mineral
• sludge

• anticoagulant
• antiplatelet agent
• cats
• dogs
• thromboprophylaxis

• IMHA
• PLN
• cardiomyopathy
• thromboembolism
• thrombosis

Acute pancreatitis in dogs is an under‐diagnosed disease. Current diagnostic methods are insufficient at identifying sequelae and lack prognostic capability. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) is accurate for diagnosis and prognostication of pancreatitis in humans.

In comparison to ultrasound (US), CTA will (1) better diagnose more severe pancreatitis and sequelae and (2) provide assessment of patient outcome by identification of pancreatic contrast enhancement patterns.

Twenty‐six client‐owned dogs suspected to have acute pancreatitis.

US and CTA examinations performed at time of admission were compared to determine the detection of pancreatic changes and sequelae. CTA findings also were compared to outcome indicators for prognosis of dogs with acute pancreatitis. Specific canine pancreatic lipase (cPL) samples were obtained and compared with CTA findings.

Ten of 26 dogs had heterogeneous contrast enhancement of the pancreas. Compared to US, CTA better identified portal vein thrombosis (P = .003). Patients with heterogeneous contrast enhancement had longer hospitalization (P = .01), including hospital stays for >5 days (P = .02), had more relapses, and were more likely to have portal vein thrombosis (P = .002). Patients with heterogeneous contrast enhancement had increased spec cPL (P = .006).

In comparison to US, CTA better identified dogs with more severe acute pancreatitis and those with portal vein thrombosis, factors that may predict longer hospitalization and increased risk of relapse. The presence of heterogeneous contrast enhancement and portal vein thrombosis may change therapy for patients with acute pancreatitis.

• portal vein thrombosis
• ultrasound

• attenuation
• contrast
• feline
• iohexol
• normal
• volume

The present study aimed to determine whether circulating serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH) D] differed between healthy dogs and dogs with acute pancreatitis (AP). Twenty-two healthy dogs and twenty client-owned dogs with AP were enrolled in the study. Serum concentrations of 25-(OH) D, blood ionized calcium (iCa), and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Concentrations of serum 25-(OH) D and blood iCa in dogs with AP were significantly lower than those of healthy dogs, and serum concentrations of CRP in dogs with AP were significantly higher than those of healthy dogs. A significant difference in 25-(OH) D serum concentrations was observed between survivor and non-survivor dogs with AP. After resolution of clinical signs, concentrations of serum 25-(OH) D, blood iCa, and serum CRP did not differ compared to those before treatment. This study shows that dogs with AP exhibit decreased 25-(OH) D levels, which might be associated with calcium imbalances and mortality rate in canine AP.

• C-reactive protein
• canine
• hypocalcemia
• inflammation
• vitamin D

• Biliary
• CT
• Computed tomography
• Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
• Elastography
• Liver
• MRI
• Magnetic resonance imaging

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs and is routinely associated with concurrent pancreatic injury.

The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of pancreatic injury in dogs with DKA based on measurement of pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity in serum (PLI); compare demographic, clinicopathologic, and ultrasonographic findings in dogs with and without evidence of concurrent pancreatic injury; determine the impact of pancreatic injury on duration of hospitalization and short‐term outcome.

One hundred and nineteen dogs with DKA with or without concurrent pancreatic injury.

Retrospective study. Dogs with DKA were divided into three groups on the basis of PLI results: positive for pancreatic injury (PLI_pos), negative for pancreatic injury (PLI_neg), and not tested (PLI_na). Demographics, clinicopathologic test results, findings on abdominal ultrasonography (AUS), duration of hospitalization, and short‐term outcome were compared between the three groups.

Based on serum PLI activity, 45 dogs (73%) with DKA had evidence of concurrent pancreatic injury. Median total carbon dioxide was significantly lower in the PLI_pos dogs compared to the PLI_neg dogs. There was fair agreement (κ = 0.26) between serum PLI activity and AUS. Evidence of pancreatic injury was not associated with significantly longer periods of hospitalization (PLI_pos median 6 days, range 4–7 days, PLI_neg median 4 days, range 3–6 days) and did not influence short‐term outcome (PLI_pos failure to survive to discharge 11/45, 24%, PLI_neg failure to survive to discharge 2/17, 12%).

Concurrent pancreatic injury is common in dogs with DKA, but did not affect prognosis in this population of dogs.

• Canine
• Diabetes mellitus
• Outcome
• Pancreatitis

• Biliary system
• Computed tomography
• Liver
• MRI
• Pancreas

To establish a protocol for a multi-phase computed tomography (CT) of the canine pancreas using the bolus-tracking technique, dynamic scan and multi-phase CT were performed in six normal beagle dogs. The dynamic scan was performed for 60 sec at 1-sec intervals after the injection (4 ml/sec) of a contrast medium, and intervals from aortic enhancement appearance to aortic, pancreatic parenchymal and portal vein peaks were measured. The multi-phase CT with 3 phases was performed three times using a bolus-tracking technique. Scan delays were 0, 15 and 30 in first multi-phase scan; 5, 20 and 35 in second multi-phase scan; and 10, 25 and 40 sec in third multi-phase scan, respectively. Attenuation values and contrast enhancement pattern were analyzed from the aorta, pancreas and portal vein. The intervals from aortic enhancement appearance to aortic, pancreatic parenchymal and portal vein peaks were 3.8 ± 0.7, 8.7 ± 0.9 and 13.3 ± 1.5 sec, respectively. The maximum attenuation values of the aorta, pancreatic parenchyma and portal vein were present at scan sections with no scan delay, a 5-sec delay and a 10-sec delay, respectively. When a multi-phase CT of the canine pancreas is triggered at aortic enhancement appearance using a bolus-tracking technique, the recommended optimal delay times of the arterial and pancreatic parenchymal phases are no scan delay and 5 sec, respectively.