• Bleeding esophageal varices
• Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV
• Model for end-stage liver disease
• Mortality
• Nomogram

• Humans
• Esophageal and Gastric Varices/mortality
• Esophageal and Gastric Varices/etiology
• Nomograms
• Male
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/mortality
• Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/etiology
• Retrospective Studies
• Aged
• ROC Curve
• End Stage Liver Disease/mortality
• End Stage Liver Disease/complications
• Prognosis
• Severity of Illness Index
• Logistic Models
• Risk Assessment/methods
• Adult

• Humans
• Liver Transplantation/standards
• Germany
• Gastroenterology/standards
• Practice Guidelines as Topic
• Societies, Medical

• Humans
• Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/blood
• Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/mortality
• Acute-On-Chronic Liver Failure/diagnosis
• Male
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Prognosis
• Severity of Illness Index
• C-Reactive Protein/analysis
• Adult
• Neutrophils
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Case-Control Studies
• Leukocyte Count
• Aged
• Lymphocyte Count
• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes
• Platelet Count
• Liver Cirrhosis/blood
• Liver Cirrhosis/complications
• Liver Cirrhosis/mortality
• Liver Cirrhosis/diagnosis
• Blood Platelets
• Biomarkers/blood
• Time Factors

• abscess
• head and neck
• inflammation
• inflammatory marker
• maxillofacial surgery
• odontogenic
• oral surgery
• phlegmon
• procalcitonin
• wommen

• alcohol
• emergency department
• lactate
• liver cirrhosis
• meld
• mortality
• prognostic factor

• Humans
• Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic/complications
• End Stage Liver Disease/complications
• Retrospective Studies
• Severity of Illness Index
• Liver Cirrhosis/complications
• C-Reactive Protein
• Emergency Service, Hospital
• Lactates
• Prognosis

The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic that took over the world in December 2019 has had everlasting devastating impacts on the lives of people globally. It manifests a huge symptom spectrum ranging from asymptomatic to critically ill patients with an unpredictable outcome. Timely diagnosis and assessment of disease severity is imperative for effective treatment. Possibilities exist that by the time symptoms appear the viral load might increase beyond control. However, it is advisable to get adequately diagnosed as soon as the first symptom appears. There is an immediate requirement of reliable biomarkers of COVID-19 manifesting an early onset for effective clinical management, stratification of high risk patients and ensuring ideal resource allocation. In this review, we attempt to explore and describe important polypeptide inflammatory biomarkers, namely C-reactive protein, Procalcitonin, Ferritin, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Serum amyloid A, Interleukin-6, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and LIGHT used in the detection and management of COVID-19. Viral pathogenesis and the role of these inflammatory biomarkers is highlighted, based on the evidences available till date. An integrative data monitoring along with their correlation with the natural disease progression is of utmost importance in the management of COVID-19. So further research and in-depth analysis of these biomarkers is warranted in the present scenario.

It is not clear whether there are valuable inflammatory markers for prognosis judgment in the intensive care unit (ICU). We therefore conducted a multicenter, prospective, observational study to evaluate the prognostic role of inflammatory markers.

The clinical and laboratory data of patients at admission, including C-reactive protein (CRP), were collected in four general ICUs from September 1, 2018, to August 1, 2019. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with nonsurvival. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) were used to evaluate the effect size of different factors in predicting mortality during ICU stay. 3 -knots were used to assess whether alternative cut points for these biomarkers were more appropriate.

A total of 813 patients were recruited, among whom 121 patients (14.88%) died during the ICU stay. The AUC-ROC values of PCT and CRP for discriminating ICU mortality were 0.696 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.650–0.743) and 0.684 (95% CI, 0.633–0.735), respectively. In the multivariable analysis, only APACHE II score (odds ratio, 1.166; 95% CI, 1.129–1.203; P = 0.000) and CRP concentration > 62.8 mg/L (odds ratio, 2.145; 95% CI, 1.343–3.427; P = 0.001), were significantly associated with an increased risk of ICU mortality. Moreover, the combination of APACHE II score and CRP > 62.8 mg/L significantly improved risk reclassification over the APACHE II score alone, with NRI (0.556) and IDI (0.013). Restricted cubic spline analysis confirmed that CRP concentration > 62.8 mg/L was the optimal cut-off value for differentiating between surviving and nonsurviving patients.

CRP markedly improved risk reclassification for prognosis prediction.

• Biomarker
• C-reactive protein
• Intensive care unit
• Mortality
• Predictor
• Procalcitonin

• C-reactive protein
• application value
• interleukin-6
• procalcitonin
• traumatic shock

Bacterial infection (BI) represents the main cause of decompensation and death in cirrhotic patients. Procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are two widely used biomarkers that may be helpful for early detection of BI especially in the presence of inflammation. Their accuracy for the diagnosis of BI in patients with chronic liver disease has been a subject of debate. In this study, we aimed to learn whether PCT and CRP would be helpful as early markers of BI in patients with cirrhosis and to evaluate their prognostic value in terms of mortality.

We retrospectively included 92 adult patients with decompensated cirrhosis. PCT and CRP plasma levels were obtained within the first 24 hours of admission. Their diagnostic and prognostic values were compared using the appropriate statistical analysis.

Ninety-two patients were included. BI was diagnosed in 60 patients (65%). Mean white blood cell (WBC) count (p = 0.005) and PCT and CRP serum levels (p < 0.001) were higher in the BI group than in the non-BI (NBI) group. The diagnostic accuracy of CRP and PCT for the diagnosis of BI was better than that of WBC. CRP was the most sensitive marker (70%) while PCT was the more specific (96.6%). No one of those biomarkers was predictive of 3-month mortality in patients with BI.

Regarding BI in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, CRP maintains efficiency slightly higher than that of the PCT without being discriminative. However, no prognostic value has been established for these markers.

• Antibiotic stewardship
• acute kidney injury
• cerebral hemorrhage
• cirrhosis
• procalcitonin
• sepsis