• Autopsy
• Cardiomyopathy
• Metabolic syndrome
• Obesity
• Obesity cardiomyopathy
• Pathology
• Sudden cardiac death

• Humans
• Male
• Death, Sudden, Cardiac/epidemiology
• Death, Sudden, Cardiac/pathology
• Death, Sudden, Cardiac/etiology
• Female
• Japan/epidemiology
• Retrospective Studies
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Obesity/diagnosis
• Aged
• Fibrosis
• Autopsy
• Risk Factors
• Adult
• Cardiomyopathies/epidemiology
• Cardiomyopathies/pathology
• Cardiomyopathies/mortality
• Myocardium/pathology
• East Asian People

The prevalence of general and central obesity has increased rapidly in China for decades, while little is known on obesity-normal weight-central obesity (NWCO) in China. In this study, we aim to depict the trend of the three kinds of obesity and to explore their associations with hypertension in a cohort study in China. We used data from eight waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, and 2015 for analysis. The Cochran–Armitage test was used for trend of the three kinds of obesity or hypertension. Mixed logistic regression was used to explore their relationship. In this study, we found the prevalence of general obesity increased from 20.81% in 1993 to 50.57% in 2015 in China, which was from 19.23% to 56.15% for central obesity and from 27.20% to 49.07% for NWCO, respectively. Males had the highest increase among all the subgroups. The RR for hypertension and general obesity was 3.71 (95%CI: 3.26–4.22), 3.62 (95%CI 3.19–4.12) for central obesity, and 1.60 (95%CI 1.23–2.06) for NWCO after adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol drinking, marriage status, urbanicity and income. Both prevalence of obesity and hypertension have increased significantly in China for the two decades. The general obesity was most likely to develop hypertension compared to central or NOCWO in this study.

• community‐based
• controlled attenuation parameter
• liver fibrosis
• non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
• transient elastography

• Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University

• China
• Obesity
• Overweight
• Prevalence

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease globally with increasing prevalence and consequently greater burden on the Healthcare system. Traditionally, GERD has been considered a disease of middle-aged and older people. Since risk factors for GERD affect a growing number of the adult population, concerns have been raised that increasingly younger people may develop GERD. We aim to determine if the proportion of younger patients has increased among the GERD population.

The incidence of GERD as well as several variables were evaluated during an 11-year period. Explorys was used to evaluate datasets at a “Universal” and Healthcare system in northern Ohio to determine if trends at a local level reflected those at a universal level. GERD patients were classified into 7 age groups (15–19, 20–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, and ≥70 years).

The proportion of patients with GERD increased in all age groups, except for those who were ≥70 years in the universal dataset (P < 0.001) and those who were ≥60 years in the Healthcare system (P < 0.001). The greatest rise was seen in 30–39 years in both datasets (P < 0.001). Similarly, the proportion of GERD patients who were using proton pump inhibitors increased in all age groups except for those who were ≥70 years in both datasets (P < 0.001), with the greatest increase being the group 30–39 years (P < 0.001).

Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the proportion of younger patients with GERD, especially those within the age range of 30–39 years.

• Age
• Epidemiology
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Proton pump inhibitors

• body mass index
• erosive esophagitis
• non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

• Asian
• body mass index
• cohort studies
• gastrointestinal
• mortality
• obesity
• underweight

To unravel relationships between gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms impairing quality of life (QOL) and clinical profiles of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients.

We enrolled 134 outpatients with type 2 DM. Mean age was 64.7 years, mean body mass index was 24.7 kg/m², mean glycated hemoglobin was 7.1%, and mean DM duration was 13.7 years. GI symptom-related QOL was determined using the Izumo scale, based on five factors, i.e., heartburn, gastralgia, postprandial fullness, constipation and diarrhea. The sum of scores obtained for the three questions in each domain was calculated, and subjects with a score of 5 or higher were considered to be symptomatic with impaired QOL. JMP Clinical version 5.0 was used for all statistical analyses.

Lower abdominal symptoms were found to be more frequent than those affecting the upper abdomen. Diabetic duration and medications showed associations with GI symptoms. We identified differences in peak prevalences of the five symptoms. Gastralgia (P = 0.02 vs 10-14 years) and total GI symptoms (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02 vs 5-9 years and 10-14 years, respectively) peaked at a diabetes duration of 15-19 years. Heartburn (P = 0.004) and postprandial fullness (P = 0.03) tended to increase with disease duration. Constipation and diarrhea showed bimodal peaks, with the first early and the second late (e.g., P = 0.03 at 15-19 years vs 10-14 years for diarrhea) in the disease course. Finally, GI symptoms showed clustering that reflected the region of the GI tract affected, i.e., constipation and diarrhea had similar frequencies (P < 0.0001).

Our study highlights the importance of questioning patients about QOL impairment due to abdominal symptoms, especially in the early and the late periods of diabetes.

• Gastrointestinal symptoms
• Questionnaire survey
• Disease duration
• Type 2 diabetes
• Quality of life
• Gastrointestinal tract regions

• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
• Female
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/blood
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/complications
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/psychology
• Gastrointestinal Tract/physiopathology
• Glycated Hemoglobin/analysis
• Humans
• Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
• Incidence
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prevalence
• Quality of Life
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Factors
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Time Factors

• Endoscopy
• Gastroesophageal reflux
• Pediatrics
• Prevalence
• Risk factors
• gastrointestinal

• Abdominal obesity
• Chinese adults
• Prevalence
• WC

• Adult
• China/epidemiology
• Female
• Global Health/statistics & numerical data
• Health Surveys
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Obesity, Abdominal/epidemiology
• Prevalence
• Young Adult

• R01 HD038700 NICHD NIH HHS
• R01 HD030880 NICHD NIH HHS
• D43 TW009077 FIC NIH HHS
• P30 DK056350 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R24 HD050924 NICHD NIH HHS

• Asian country
• current situation
• endoscopic resection
• esophagogastric junction adenocarcinoma
• time trend

• Barrett's esophagus
• NAFLD
• carcinogenesis and metastasis
• clinical
• esophageal neoplasms
• gastric cancer: epidemiology and surveillance
• hepatocellular carcinoma
• microbial pathogenesis
• pancreatic cancer

• Asia/epidemiology
• Asian People
• Consensus
• Delphi Technique
• Evidence-Based Medicine
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/diagnosis
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/epidemiology
• Gastrointestinal Diseases/microbiology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
• Humans
• Incidence
• Liver Diseases/diagnosis
• Liver Diseases/epidemiology
• Liver Diseases/microbiology
• Obesity/diagnosis
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Obesity/microbiology
• Prevalence
• Prognosis
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Factors

• Alcohol drinking
• Alcoholic fatty liver
• Binge drinking
• Incidence
• Meta-analysis
• Non-alcoholic fatty liver
• Prevalence
• Systematic review

The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been increasing worldwide, with proton pump inhibitor (PPI) administration the current mainstay therapy for affected individuals. However, PPI efficacy is insufficient especially for non-erosive reflux disease. Although it has been reported that prokinetic drugs improve GERD, their effects on esophageal function remain to be clearly investigated. In the present study, we evaluated the direct effects of acotiamide, a novel prokinetic agent for the treatment of functional dyspepsia, on esophageal motor function and gastroesophageal reflux.

Ten adult healthy volunteers (average age 24 years, range 20–36 years; 7 males, 3 females) were enrolled. Esophageal body peristaltic contractions and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure with and without acotiamide administration were recorded using high resolution manometry using a cross-over protocol. Total and acidic reflux levels for 24 h and during the postprandial period were also recorded using a multichannel intraluminal impedance and pH monitoring system. Data were analyzed blind by one observer.

Acotiamide at a standard dose of 300 mg/day did not significantly stimulate esophageal motor function. Although the frequency of swallows with weak contraction tended to decrease with acotiamide administration, the difference as compared to no administration was not statistically significant. In addition, the drug neither decreased total or postprandial gastroesophageal acid/non-acid reflux events nor accelerated esophageal clearance time.

Acotiamide, a novel gastrointestinal motility modulator, at a standard dose did not significantly affect esophageal motor functions or gastroesophageal reflux in healthy adults. Additional investigations with GERD patients are necessary to elucidate its clinical significance.

This study was registered on 1st August 2013 with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) clinical trials registry, as number: UMIN000011260.

• GerdQ
• Izumo Scale
• gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
• obesity
• prevalence

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Age Factors
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Child
• Female
• Gastroesophageal Reflux/epidemiology
• Humans
• Japan/epidemiology
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Obesity/epidemiology
• Prevalence
• Young Adult