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1
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Co-occurrence of childhood functional constipation and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 74:103302. [PMID: 35145671 PMCID: PMC8818539 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Functional constipation (FC) and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) are common gastrointestinal disorders in children. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between functional constipation and GERD in children. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 82 children aged <16 years who referred to the pediatric gastroenterology clinic of (XXX) and were diagnosed with functional constipation according to ROME III criteria, and gastroesophageal reflux disease according to clinical history and DeMeester Score. Questionnaire was used to obtain the data regarding age, sex, cause of the visit, presence or absence of any symptom was noted, clinical examinations and difficulty in defecation. Results Of the 82 children with FC and GERD, 45 were boys and 37 were girls. Among children with FC and GERD, FC was reported in 50 (61%) cases prior to the onset of GERD, whereas 32 (39%) of the children had reflux before FC. The mean age of participants presented with FC was 5.66 ± 3.52 and that of GERD was 5.24 ± 2.83. The difference in mean age was not statistically significant. Of the children with gastroesophageal reflux disease, there were 13 (40.6%) males and 19 females while 32 (64%) males and 18 females had FC and the gender-based difference was statistically significant between the 2 groups. Conclusion The prevalence of functional constipation in children was higher than gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional constipation should be simultaneously considered for therapeutic interventions and patients with functional digestive diseases should be monitored and followed-up.
FC and GERD are common gastrointestinal disorders in children. The prevalence of functional constipation in children was higher than gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroesophageal reflux and functional constipation should be considered for therapeutic.
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Zaccara G, Lattanzi S, Russo E. Pharmacokinetic drug interactions between antiseizure medications and drugs for comorbid diseases in children with epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:595-610. [PMID: 33709868 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1903429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nearly 80% of children with epilepsy have one or more chronic comorbidities that require specific drug treatments in several cases. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between antiseizure medications (ASMs) and all other drugs (NON-ASMs) used to treat comorbid diseases may have serious consequences.Areas covered: All potential DDIs between 27 ASMs and all NON-ASMs used for oral chronic treatment of those disorders most often comorbid with epilepsy in children were searched for drug compendia. Clinical evidence of the identified DDIs was also searched in the literature. Forty-eight drugs have been identified as potential DDIs with at least one ASM. Most important DDIs are between some ASMs and omeprazole and pantoprazole (drugs for gastrointestinal disorders), ibuprofen and cyclobenzaprine (drugs for musculoskeletal disorders), loratidine, lumacaftor/ivacaftor, montelukast, and theophylline (drugs for respiratory system), levothyroxine, liothyronine and several corticosteroids (systemic hormonal preparations), almotriptan, dihydroergotamine, ergotamine, and several antipsychotics, antidepressants and anxiolytics (drugs for nervous diseases). Clinical evidence of the predicted DDIs was found in a minority of cases.Expert opinion: Treatment of children with epilepsy should be decided considering treatment of both seizures and comorbid diseases and aimed at minimizing the risk of DDIs between ASMs and NON-ASMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Lattanzi
- Neurological Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Helin N, Kolho K, Rintala R, Merras‐Salmio L. Upper endoscopy for non-acute non-specific symptoms is seldom beneficial for children under the age of seven. Acta Paediatr 2020; 109:827-835. [PMID: 31538356 DOI: 10.1111/apa.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study estimated the diagnostic yield of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) in young children with non-acute, non-specific gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms who were treated by a Finnish tertiary level referral centre. METHODS A retrospective chart analysis was performed on 1850 Finnish children under 7 years of age who underwent their first diagnostic OGDs at Helsinki University Hospital during 2006-2016. We noted the endoscopy indications, macroscopic findings, the histology of the mucosal biopsies and the follow-up data. RESULTS After the exclusion criteria were applied, we enrolled 666 patients (57.7% boys) at a median age of 3.5 years. The number of children with non-specific symptoms referred for OGD increased 2.3-fold in 11 years. A routine set of biopsies was obtained in 644/666 (96.7%) of the endoscopies. The OGD was both macroscopically and histologically normal in 519/644 (80.6%) of cases. The most common indication was to rule out gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in 268/666 (40.2%) cases, and the most frequent histological diagnosis was mild to moderate oesophagitis in 57/644 (8.9%) cases. There was no erosive oesophagitis. CONCLUSION The diagnostic yield of macroscopic and histological OGD findings was low in our cohort. Unless there are alarming symptoms, younger children do not need OGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Helin
- Department of Paediatrics Children’s Hospital Paediatric Research Centre University of Helsinki Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Kaija‐Leena Kolho
- Department of Paediatrics Tampere University Hospital University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Risto Rintala
- Department of Paediatric Surgery Paediatric Research Centre Helsinki University Hospital University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Laura Merras‐Salmio
- Department of Paediatrics Children’s Hospital Paediatric Research Centre University of Helsinki Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
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Duncan DR, Larson K, Rosen RL. Clinical Aspects of Thickeners for Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2019; 21:30. [PMID: 31098722 PMCID: PMC9733977 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-019-0697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to discuss current knowledge and recent findings regarding clinical aspects of thickeners for pediatric gastroesophageal reflux and oropharyngeal dysphagia. We review evidence for thickener efficacy, discuss types of thickeners, practical considerations when using various thickeners, and risks and benefits of thickener use in pediatrics. RECENT FINDINGS Thickeners are effective in decreasing regurgitation and improving swallowing mechanics and can often be used empirically for the treatment of infants and young children. Adverse effects have been reported, but with careful consideration of appropriate thickener types, desired thickening consistency, and follow-up in collaboration with feeding specialists, most patients have symptomatic improvements. Thickeners are typically well tolerated and with few side effects, but close follow-up is needed to make sure patients tolerate thickeners and have adequate symptom improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Duncan
- Aerodigestive Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kara Larson
- Aerodigestive Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel L. Rosen
- Aerodigestive Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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Aznar‐Lou I, Reilev M, Lødrup AB, Rubio‐Valera M, Haastrup PF, Pottegård A. Use of proton pump inhibitors among Danish children: A 16‐year register‐based nationwide study. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 124:704-710. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Aznar‐Lou
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Spain
- Epidemiology and Public Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Mette Reilev
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Anders Bergh Lødrup
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus Denmark
- Diagnostic Centre Silkeborg Hospital Silkeborg Denmark
| | - Maria Rubio‐Valera
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona Spain
- Epidemiology and Public Health Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBERESP) Madrid Spain
- School of Pharmacy University of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
| | - Peter Fentz Haastrup
- Research Unit of General Practice, Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Anton Pottegård
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Department of Public Health University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
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Gremse D, Gold BD, Pilmer B, Hunt B, Korczowski B, Perez MC. Dual Delayed-Release Dexlansoprazole for Healing and Maintenance of Healed Erosive Esophagitis: A Safety Study in Adolescents. Dig Dis Sci 2019; 64:493-502. [PMID: 30390234 PMCID: PMC6514063 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), the frequency of heartburn symptoms and erosive esophagitis (EE) increases with age in children and adolescents. Proton pump inhibitor, dexlansoprazole, is approved for healing EE of all grades, maintenance of healed EE, relief of heartburn, and treatment of symptomatic non-erosive GERD in patients ≥ 12 years. AIM To assess safety and efficacy of dexlansoprazole dual delayed-release capsule in healing of EE and maintenance of healed EE in adolescents. METHODS A multicenter, phase 2, 36-week study was conducted in 62 adolescents (12-17 years) with endoscopically confirmed EE. Patients received dexlansoprazole 60 mg once daily (QD) during open-label healing phase. Those with confirmed healing at week 8 were randomized to dexlansoprazole 30 mg QD or placebo during 16-week, double-blind maintenance phase, with subsequent treatment-free follow-up of ≥ 12 weeks. Primary endpoints were treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) in ≥ 5% of patients during treatment. Secondary endpoints included percentages of patients with healing of EE and with maintenance of healed EE. RESULTS 88% of patients achieved EE healing, and 61.3% reported a TEAE [headache (12.9%), oropharyngeal pain (8.1%), diarrhea (6.5%), and nasopharyngitis (6.5%)]. During maintenance phase, healing was maintained in 82% and 58% of dexlansoprazole and placebo groups, respectively. 72.0% of dexlansoprazole-treated patients reported TEAEs, which included headache (24.0%), abdominal pain (12.0%), nasopharyngitis (12.0%), pharyngitis (12.0%), sinusitis (12.0%), bronchitis (8.0%), upper respiratory tract infection (8.0%), and insomnia (8.0%); 61.5% experienced a TEAE with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Dexlansoprazole is safe and efficacious for healing EE and maintenance of healed EE in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gremse
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, 1504 Springhill Avenue, Rm 5309, Mobile, AL 36604 USA
| | | | - Betsy Pilmer
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Deerfield, IL USA
| | - Barbara Hunt
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc, Deerfield, IL USA
| | - Bartosz Korczowski
- Pediatric Department, State Hospital in Rzeszów, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
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Rybak A, Pesce M, Thapar N, Borrelli O. Gastro-Esophageal Reflux in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1671. [PMID: 28763023 PMCID: PMC5578061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastro-esophageal reflux (GER) is common in infants and children and has a varied clinical presentation: from infants with innocent regurgitation to infants and children with severe esophageal and extra-esophageal complications that define pathological gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). Although the pathophysiology is similar to that of adults, symptoms of GERD in infants and children are often distinct from classic ones such as heartburn. The passage of gastric contents into the esophagus is a normal phenomenon occurring many times a day both in adults and children, but, in infants, several factors contribute to exacerbate this phenomenon, including a liquid milk-based diet, recumbent position and both structural and functional immaturity of the gastro-esophageal junction. This article focuses on the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of GERD that occurs in infants and children, based on available and current guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rybak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
| | - Marcella Pesce
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
| | - Osvaldo Borrelli
- Department of Gastroenterology, Division of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
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Mahdi BM, Hasan RM, Salih WH. Human leukocyte antigen HLADRB1 determinants susceptibility to gastroesophageal reflux disease. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2017; 54:41-45. [PMID: 28079238 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.2017v54n1-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is characterized by diverse symptoms. There is an evidence for a genetic component to GERD as supported by familial aggregation of this disease. OBJECTIVE - To investigate whether certain human leucocyte antigen genes HLA-DRB1 are associated with GERD. METHODS - Patients and controls were prospectively recruited from GIT center at Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital (Baghdad-Iraq) between January 2014 and July 2016. Sixty Iraqi Arab Muslims patients with a history of heartburn and dyspepsia compared with 100 Iraqi Arab Muslims controls. All study patients and control groups underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopic examinations and their serums were analyzed for CagA antibodies Immunoglobulin G (IgG) for H. pylori. HLA-DRB1 genotyping were done to both groups. RESULTS - A total of 60 patients with erosive gastritis; GERD (Grade II and III) were evaluated, together with 100 controls. There is a significant increase of H. pylori infection (P=0.0001) in GERD patients than control group. HLA-DRB1* 15:01 was significantly increased in GERD patients in comparison with control group and an increased frequency of HLADRB1*11:01 in control group compared with patients group. CONCLUSION - There is an association between HLA-DRB1 *15:01 in GERD patients with H. pylori positive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batool Mutar Mahdi
- Department of Microbiology, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Iraq
| | - Riyadh Mohamad Hasan
- Department of Surgery, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Wafaa Hazim Salih
- Department of Microbiology, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Iraq
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9
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Allen J, Belafsky PC. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Globus, and Dysphagia. Dysphagia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/174_2017_139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abtahi SH, Kazerooni A, Brejis N, Abdeyazdan Z, Saneian H. Prevalence and characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux in children with otitis media in Isfahan, Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:81. [PMID: 27274496 PMCID: PMC4879853 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.182212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Otitis media (OM) is the most common cause of childhood hearing loss and reason to visit the pediatrician. Furthermore, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) has been associated with a variety of upper aerodigestive tract symptoms or diseases, such as sinusitis, laryngitis, and otits. The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency of GER in children, aged 3 months to 7 years, with OM. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective case-control study was conducted on 50 children with OM and 50 healthy children. Presence of GER as the main variables was diagnosed by clinical examination in all studied children using the questionnaires with 2 age-stratified versions of the pediatric GER disease symptoms for children 2 years old and younger, and children 3-7 years old. RESULTS The prevalence of GER in children with OM and controls was 58% and 22% respectively (P = 0.0005). The frequency of irritability, congestion, and feeding complex in children with OM were significantly more than in control groups. Among children with recurrent acute OM (AOM), and chronic serous OM (CSOM) the prevalence of GER was significantly more than controls (61.1%, vs. 22% for AOM, P = 0.004, and 72.7% vs. 22%, P= 0.003). In children with AOM, regurgitation, vomiting, irritability and congestion were significantly higher than controls included. In children with CSOM, regurgitation, vomiting, and congestion were significantly higher than controls. CONCLUSION Results show a significant association between GER and OM, AOM and CSOM in children with OM compares to healthy children. This shows that looking for GER in children with OM may help improving treatments outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamidreza Abtahi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azadeh Kazerooni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nezamodin Brejis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Abdeyazdan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Saneian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Pharmacokinetics and Acid-suppressive Effects of Esomeprazole in Infants 1-24 Months Old With Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60 Suppl 1:S2-8. [PMID: 26121346 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000469415.50085.f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and acid-suppressive effects of esomeprazole in infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this single-blind, randomized, parallel-group study, 50 infants 1 to 24 months old with symptoms of GERD, and ≥ 5% of time with intraesophageal pH <4 during 24-hour dual pH monitoring, received oral esomeprazole 0.25 mg/kg (n = 26) or 1 mg/kg (n = 24) once daily for 1 week. Intraesophageal and intragastric pH were recorded at 1 week, and blood samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis. RESULTS At baseline, mean percentages of time with intragastric pH > 4 and intraesophageal pH < 4 were 30.5% and 11.6%, respectively, in the esomeprazole 0.25 mg/kg group and 28.6% and 12.5% in the esomeprazole 1 mg/kg group. After 1 week of treatment, times with intragastric pH >4 were 47.9% and 69.3% in the esomeprazole 0.25 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg groups, respectively (P < 0.001 vs baseline), and times with intraesophageal pH < 4 were 8.4% (P < 0.05 vs baseline) and 5.5% (P < 0.001 vs. baseline), respectively. The mean number of acid reflux episodes of > 5 minutes duration decreased from 6 at baseline to 3 and 2 with esomeprazole 0.25 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively. The geometric mean AUC0-t of esomeprazole were 0.24 and 1.79 μmol · h/L for the 0.25 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg dosages of esomeprazole, respectively. Both esomeprazole dosages were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Oral treatment with esomeprazole 0.25 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg was well tolerated and provided dose-related acid suppression, dose-related exposure to esomeprazole, and decreased esophageal acid exposure in infants 1-24 months old with GERD.
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Solana MJ, Sánchez C, López-Herce J, Crespo M, Sánchez A, Urbano J, Botrán M, Bellón JM, Carrillo A. Multichannel intraluminal impedance to study gastroesophageal reflux in mechanically ventilated children in the first 48 h after PICU admission. Nutrition 2013; 29:972-6. [PMID: 23453552 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, characteristics, related factors, and clinical implications of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in critically ill children using esophageal pH monitoring and multichannel intraluminal impedance. METHODS A prospective observational clinical study was performed including 36 non-enterally fed critically ill children with mechanical ventilation, aged 1 mo to 7 y, in the first 48 h after admission in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Esophageal pH monitoring and multichannel intraluminal impedance were used. RESULTS Multichannel intraluminal impedance detected 352 episodes of GER (20.1% acid, 53.8% weak acid, 26% alkaline), whereas pH monitoring detected 171 episodes (100% acid). There were no differences in the type of reflux according to age and no differences in the number or type of reflux according to the administration of inotropic or sedatives drugs or the duration of mechanical ventilation. Patients treated with vecuronium had fewer episodes of GER than those without muscle relaxant drugs. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of GER in non-enterally fed critically ill children with mechanical ventilation is high in the first 48 h after admission to the PICU. Multichannel intraluminal impedance is more sensitive than pH monitoring for establishing the diagnosis of GER because the refluxate is alkaline or weak acid in the majority of episodes. Patients who received muscle relaxants had a lower frequency of GER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Solana
- Pediatric Intensive Care Service, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Gastroesophageal reflux in critically ill children: a review. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013; 2013:824320. [PMID: 23431462 PMCID: PMC3572643 DOI: 10.1155/2013/824320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is very common in children due to immaturity of the antireflux barrier. In critically ill patients there is also a high incidence due to a partial or complete loss of pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter though other factors, such as the use of nasogastric tubes, treatment with adrenergic agonists, bronchodilators, or opiates and mechanical ventilation, can further increase the risk of GER. Vomiting and regurgitation are the most common manifestations in infants and are considered pathological when they have repercussions on the nutritional status. In critically ill children, damage to the esophageal mucosa predisposes to digestive tract hemorrhage and nosocomial pneumonia secondary to repeated microaspiration. GER is mainly alkaline in children, as is also the case in critically ill pediatric patients. pH-metry combined with multichannel intraluminal impedance is therefore the technique of choice for diagnosis. The proton pump inhibitors are the drugs of choice for the treatment of GER because they have a greater effect, longer duration of action, and a good safety profile.
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Abstract
This article reviews the mechanisms responsible for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), available techniques for diagnosis, and current medical management. In addition, it extensively discusses the surgical treatment of GERD, emphasizing the use of minimally invasive techniques.
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Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a common presenting complaint in children and adults, and is a frequent reason for physician consultation. GER disease (GERD), whilst benign in the majority of cases, is frequently a chronic condition that has been shown to result in significantly reduced quality of life in children and adolescents. Furthermore, there is emerging evidence that the prevalence of GERD is rising and may have links to adult obesity and other morbidities. Consequently, accurate diagnosis, appropriate management strategies, and timely referral to specialist services are important principles in the effective management of GERD. Acid-suppressive drugs are effective therapies but are one of the most costly classes of drugs prescribed. Therefore, not only is an accurate diagnosis important to the patient, but it is also of significant interest from a public health and resource utilization standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Carroll
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, British Columbia Childrens Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Globus, and Dysphagia. Dysphagia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/174_2011_340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gunasekaran TS, Dahlberg M. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in adolescents: is there a difference in different racial and ethnic groups? Dis Esophagus 2011; 24:18-24. [PMID: 20626447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2010.01089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study aims to determine if differences exist among racial/ethnic groups in the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in adolescents. A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to a sample of students in four racially and ethnically diverse high schools in suburban Chicago. A total of 2561 questionnaires were analyzed: 33% Hispanics, 30% Caucasians, 22% African Americans, 15% Asians, 54% female, mean age 15.8 (±1.3) years. Thirty-two percent had at least one esophageal and/or respiratory symptom ≥once a week. Caucasians and African Americans had more dysphagia than Hispanics and Asians (7% vs. 4%; P= 0.04). Hispanics had more heartburn (13% vs. 9-11%; P= 0.06) but this was not statistically significant. There was no difference for regurgitation. Hispanic females had more dysphagia (6% vs. 3%; P= 0.02) and heartburn (17% vs. 9%; P= 0.0003) than Hispanic males. African Americans and Caucasians had more respiratory symptoms than Hispanics and Asians (29%, 24% vs. 18%; P= 0.000004). Students with esophageal symptoms were more likely to have respiratory symptoms (46% vs. 17%; P < 0.0005). African Americans and Caucasians with esophageal symptoms had more respiratory symptoms than Hispanics and Asians with esophageal symptoms (55%, 49% vs. 42%, 34%; P= 0.0003). Asians and Hispanics were less likely to treat symptoms than African Americans and Caucasians (26%, 33% vs. 47%, 49%; P= 0.001). We found that differences exist among the racial/ethnic groups with esophageal and respiratory symptoms; esophageal symptoms are a risk factor for respiratory symptoms, and Asians and Hispanics seek less medical help. Future research should focus on whether the differences found continue and reasons for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Gunasekaran
- Esophageal Center & Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Advocate Lutheran General Children's Hospital, Park Ridge, Illinois, USA.
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Al-Adnani M, Cohen MC, Scheimberg I. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and sudden infant death: mechanisms behind an under-recognized association. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2011; 14:53-6. [PMID: 20429661 DOI: 10.2350/09-11-0748-cr.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present 4 cases of sudden infant death in which we believe that gastroesophageal reflux (GOR) was a contributory, if not a causative, factor. Two of our patients had documented GOR reflux disease during life, and all 4 cases showed histologic evidence of GOR. No other cause of death was identified in any of the patients. Gastroesophageal reflux can cause sudden death in a vulnerable infant during a critical period of development through failure of "autoresuscitation" mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudher Al-Adnani
- Department of Histopathology, Sheffield Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TH, United Kingdom.
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Canadian Digestive Health Foundation Public Impact Series: gastroesophageal reflux disease in Canada: incidence, prevalence, and direct and indirect economic impact. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2010; 24:431-4. [PMID: 20652158 DOI: 10.1155/2010/296584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Canadian Digestive Health Foundation initiated a scientific program to assess the incidence, prevalence, mortality and economic impact of digestive disorders across Canada. The current article presents the updated findings from the study concerning gastroesophageal reflux disease - a condition that develops when the reflux of stomach contents causes troublesome symptoms and/or complications (Montreal definition).
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20
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Ruigómez A, Wallander MA, Lundborg P, Johansson S, Rodriguez LAG. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in children and adolescents in primary care. Scand J Gastroenterol 2010; 45:139-46. [PMID: 19961345 DOI: 10.3109/00365520903428606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and incidence of a diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children and adolescents in UK primary care, and to assess comorbidities that are associated with a diagnosis of GERD. MATERIAL AND METHODS Incident GERD cases during 2000-05 were identified from The Health Improvement Network (THIN) UK primary care database via a computer search for diagnostic codes for GERD, followed by manual review of the patient records. RESULTS We identified 1700 children with a first diagnosis of GERD during 2000-05. The incidence of GERD was 0.84 per 1000 person-years. The incidence decreased with age from 1.48 per 1000 person-years among 1-year-old children until the age of 12 years, whereupon it increased to a maximum at 16-17 years of 2.26 per 1000 person-years for girls and 1.75 per 1000 person-years for boys. Pregnant adolescents were not included in the study. In addition to typical GERD symptoms (epigastric pain, heartburn, reflux, regurgitation), 21.2% of children reported nausea or vomiting. Children with neurological disorders were at increased risk of a GERD diagnosis. Hiatus hernia and congenital esophageal disorders were also associated with a diagnosis of GERD. Children and adolescents using antiepileptics, oral/inhaled steroids, beta-agonists and paracetamol had an increased risk of a GERD diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of a GERD diagnosis was age-dependent and was highest among very young children and older female adolescents. Children with neurological impairments and other comorbidities were at increased risk of a GERD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ruigómez
- Spanish Centre for Pharmacoepidemiological Research (CEIFE), Madrid, Spain.
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Marlais M, Fishman JR, Köglmeier J, Fell JME, Rawat DJ. Reduced quality of life in children with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Acta Paediatr 2010; 99:418-21. [PMID: 19930192 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01613.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess self-reported Quality of life (QoL) in children with Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) aged 5-18 and compare this with both disease and healthy control children in a prospective consecutive sample. METHODS All children attending a tertiary paediatric gastroenterology clinic from February 2009 to May 2009 with GORD, chronic constipation and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were asked to complete the validated PedsQL generic QoL assessment (self-report) at their clinic appointment. The PedsQL considers physical, emotional, social and school domains and is scored from 0 to 100. Healthy children were also recruited from the same site. Groups were compared using the independent samples Student's t-test. RESULTS A total of 184 children completed the assessment [103 (56%) male, mean age 10.7 years +/- 3.3] including 40 children with GORD, 44 with chronic constipation, 59 with IBD and 41 healthy children. QoL was significantly lower in the GORD group compared with both children with IBD (74 vs. 82) and healthy children (74 vs. 84), and was comparable to that of children with chronic constipation (74 vs. 74). CONCLUSIONS Self-reported QoL in children with GORD attending a tertiary paediatric gastroenterology clinic is significantly reduced compared with both healthy children and children with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marlais
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK.
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22
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Indrio F, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Cavallo L, Francavilla R. Regurgitation in healthy and non healthy infants. Ital J Pediatr 2009; 35:39. [PMID: 20003194 PMCID: PMC2796655 DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-35-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncomplicate regurgitation in otherwise healthy infants is not a disease. It consists of milk flow from mouth during or after feeding. Common causes include overfeeding, air swallowed during feeding, crying or coughing; physical exam is normal and weight gain is adequate. History and physical exam are diagnostic, and conservative therapy is recommended. Pathologic gastroesophageal reflux or gastroesophageal reflux disease refers to infants with regurgitation and vomiting associated with poor weight gain, respiratory symptoms, esophagitis. Reflux episodes occur most often during transient relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter unaccompanied by swallowing, which permit gastric content to flow into the esophagus. A minor proportion of reflux episodes occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter fails to increase pressure during a sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure or when lower esophageal sphincter resting pressure is chronically reduced. Alterations in several protective mechanisms allow physiologic reflux to become gastroesophageal reflux disease; diagnostic approach is both clinical and instrumental: radiological series are useful to exclude anatomic abnormalities; pH-testing evaluates the quantity, frequency and duration of the acid reflux episodes; endoscopy and biopsy are performed in the case of esophagitis. Therapy with H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Indrio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bari Policlinico Piazza G.Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Riezzo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, National Institute for Digestive Diseases, I.R.C.C.S. "Saverio de Bellis" Via Turi, 14, 70013 Castellana Grotte (Bari), Italy
| | - Francesco Raimondi
- Department of Pediatrics, University Federico II Policlinico Via S Pansini, 12, 80100 Naples, Italy
| | - Luciano Cavallo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bari Policlinico Piazza G.Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Bari Policlinico Piazza G.Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy
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Graudins LV. Variation in Paediatric Omeprazole Dosing. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2055-2335.2008.tb00390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda V Graudins
- Medicines Safety and QUM Pharmacist, Paediatric Therapeutics Program, Sydney Children's Hospital, and Conjoint lecturer, School of Women's and Children's Health; University of NSW; Sydney New South Wales
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Pratt CA, Demain JG, Rathkopf MM. Food allergy and eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders: guiding our diagnosis and treatment. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2008; 38:170-88. [PMID: 18522855 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Allan Pratt
- Pediatric Gastroenterology of Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
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Untersmayr E, Jensen-Jarolim E. The role of protein digestibility and antacids on food allergy outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 121:1301-8; quiz 1309-10. [PMID: 18539189 PMCID: PMC2999748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Digestion assays with simulated gastric fluid have been introduced for characterization of food proteins to imitate the effect of stomach proteolysis on dietary compounds in vitro. By using these tests, dietary proteins can be categorized as digestion-resistant class 1 (true allergens triggering direct oral sensitization) or as labile class 2 allergens (nonsensitizing elicitors). Thus the results of these digestion assays mirror situations of intact gastric proteolysis. Alterations in the gastric milieu are frequently experienced during a lifetime either physiologically in the very young and the elderly or as a result of gastrointestinal pathologies. Additionally, acid-suppression medications are frequently used for treatment of dyspeptic disorders. By increasing the gastric pH, they interfere substantially with the digestive function of the stomach, leading to persistence of labile food protein during gastric transit. Indeed, both murine and human studies reveal that antiulcer medication increases the risk of food allergy induction. Gastric digestion substantially decreases the potential of food proteins to bind IgE, which increases the threshold dose of allergens required to elicit symptoms in patients with food allergy. Thus antiulcer agents impeding gastric protein digestion have a major effect on the sensitization and effector phase of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Untersmayr
- Department of Pathophysiology, Center of Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Pharmacokinetics and acid-suppressive effects of esomeprazole in infants 1-24 months old with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45:530-7. [PMID: 18030229 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e31812e012f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and acid-suppressive effects of esomeprazole in infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). PATIENTS AND METHODS In this single-blind, randomized, parallel-group study, 50 infants 1 to 24 months old with symptoms of GERD, and >or=5% of time with intraesophageal pH <4 during 24-hour dual pH monitoring, received oral esomeprazole 0.25 mg/kg (n = 26) or 1 mg/kg (n = 24) once daily for 1 week. Intraesophageal and intragastric pH were recorded at 1 week, and blood samples were taken for pharmacokinetic analysis. RESULTS At baseline, mean percentages of time with intragastric pH >4 and intraesophageal pH <4 were 30.5% and 11.6%, respectively, in the esomeprazole 0.25 mg/kg group and 28.6% and 12.5% in the esomeprazole 1 mg/kg group. After 1 week of treatment, times with intragastric pH >4 were 47.9% and 69.3% in the esomeprazole 0.25 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg groups, respectively (P < 0.001 vs baseline), and times with intraesophageal pH <4 were 8.4% (P < 0.05 vs baseline) and 5.5% (P < 0.001 vs. baseline), respectively. The mean number of acid reflux episodes of >5 minutes duration decreased from 6 at baseline to 3 and 2 with esomeprazole 0.25 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively. The geometric mean AUC0-t of esomeprazole were 0.24 and 1.79 micromol x h/L for the 0.25 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg dosages of esomeprazole, respectively. Both esomeprazole dosages were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Oral treatment with esomeprazole 0.25 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg was well tolerated and provided dose-related acid suppression, dose-related exposure to esomeprazole, and decreased esophageal acid exposure in infants 1-24 months old with GERD.
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Safety and symptom improvement with esomeprazole in adolescents with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007; 45:520-9. [PMID: 18030228 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0b013e318148c17c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to assess the safety of esomeprazole 20 or 40 mg once daily in adolescents with clinically diagnosed gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A secondary aim was to assess changes in GERD symptoms after esomeprazole therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind study, adolescents ages 12 to 17 years inclusive received esomeprazole 20 or 40 mg once daily for 8 weeks. Adverse events and changes in clinical parameters (eg, physical examination, laboratory measurements) were evaluated to assess safety. Patients or their parents or guardians scored symptom severity daily, and investigators scored overall GERD symptom severity every 2 weeks using a 4-point scale. RESULTS In the 148 adolescents with safety data, treatment-related and non-treatment-related adverse events were reported by 75% and 78% of patients in the esomeprazole 20- and 40-mg groups, respectively. Twenty-two patients (14.9%) experienced adverse events that were considered related to treatment; the most common were headache (8%, 12/148), abdominal pain (3%, 4/148), nausea (2%, 3/148), and diarrhea (2%, 3/148). No serious adverse events or clinically important findings in other safety assessments were observed. At baseline, 68% (100/147) had heartburn, 63% (93/147) had epigastric pain, 57% (84/147) had acid regurgitation, and 15% (22/147) had vomiting symptoms. Symptom scores decreased significantly in both the esomeprazole 20-mg and 40-mg groups by the final study week (P < 0.0001). Investigators rated 63.1% (94/149) of the patients as having moderate or severe symptoms at baseline; at the final visit, this percentage decreased significantly to 9.3% (13/140; P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS In adolescent patients with GERD, esomeprazole 20 or 40 mg daily for 8 weeks was well tolerated, and GERD-related symptoms were significantly reduced from baseline values in both groups.
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Ehsani MJ, Maleki I, Mohammadzadeh F, Mashayekh A. Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Tehran, Iran. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:1419-22. [PMID: 17716346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Epidemiological studies have indicated an increase in the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Western countries; however, there is a lack of information about its prevalence in Iran. The aim of this study was to measure gastroesophageal reflux disease prevalence in a representative sample of the Tehran population in 1999. METHODS In a cross-sectional study, 700 people, with a male : female ratio of 1:1, were selected by stratified randomization based on the probability of 20% prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and 3% error. They were divided equally into seven age groups. Heartburn and acid regurgitation were considered as the most common symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The severity and frequency of heartburn and the role of personal habits in the appearance of this symptom were determined. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in samples was measured, and its actual prevalence in society was estimated. RESULTS Of 700 people, 350 were male and 350 were female. The major symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease were observed in 278 (39.7%) people. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease of smokers was twice that of non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a serious and unresolved problem in Western countries, and its increasing prevalence correlates with an increasing prevalence of adenocarcinoma of distal esophagus. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease appears to be increasing in Iran also; therefore, it is recommended that major attention be paid to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad J Ehsani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taleghani Hospital, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Communicative Rationality in the Clinic? Exploring the Parental Role in the Management of Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux in Children. SOCIAL THEORY & HEALTH 2007. [DOI: 10.1057/palgrave.sth.8700093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
The significant inhibitory capacity of gastric acid secretion of PPIs makes them the drugs of choice for treating acid-related diseases. The considerable prevalence of these diseases and the need for maintaining the administration of the drug during considerably long periods results in this therapeutic group being one of the most widely used. However, in spite of their extensive use, there continue to emerge concerns about their potential toxicity; concerns surrounding the specificity of their mechanism of action and a consequential suspicion that something so potent must involve harmful effects. PPIs act selectively on the final stage of the process of gastric acid secretion, namely the H+/K+-ATPase or proton pump. This enzyme represents an essential step in the process of secretion of H+, and PPIs exert a very specific action on the parietal cell, as they need an environment with very low pH levels, which only exist in this cell. In the present article, the adverse effects of PPIs are reviewed, with special emphasis on those related to their continued administration and on the special circumstances of patients, as in the case of the elderly, those with liver failure, pregnant and breastfeeding mothers and children. All the PPIs on the market share a common chemical basis and there are no great differences in their potential adverse effects, the possibility of them promoting opportunist infections or their capacity to generate pharmacokinetic interactions with other drugs, which, if occur, are generally insignificant. After two decades of use, PPIs have proved to be very effective and safe drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan V Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultat de Medicina i Odontologia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, España.
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Kleinman L, Revicki DA, Flood E. Validation issues in questionnaires for diagnosis and monitoring of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2006; 8:230-6. [PMID: 16764789 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-006-0080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common in infants and children; diagnosis is often based on symptom presentation. This paper reviews psychometric characteristics and approaches to validation of currently available pediatric GERD questionnaires. Patient-reported outcomes allow disease and treatment to be characterized in meaningful ways to patients and clinicians. Outcome measures must demonstrate reliability and validity for use in practice and in clinical trials. Reliability assesses the consistency of measures, whereas validity examines whether the instrument measures what it is purported to measure. Development of questionnaires for use with children also requires consideration regarding the respondent. Measures of pediatric GERD symptoms include the GERQ, GERQ-R, and GSQ. These measures have advantages and disadvantages with regard to feasibility, reliability, and validity. Questionnaires are lacking for children older than 4 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Kleinman
- United BioSource Corporation, Center for Health Outcomes Research, Seattle, WA 98121, USA.
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Tolia V, Bishop PR, Tsou VM, Gremse D, Soffer EF, Comer GM. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind study comparing 10, 20 and 40 mg pantoprazole in children (5-11 years) with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42:384-91. [PMID: 16641576 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000214160.37574.d3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate symptom improvement in 53 children (aged 5-11 years) with endoscopically proven gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) treated with pantoprazole (10, 20 and 40 mg) using the GERD Assessment of Symptoms in Pediatrics Questionnaire. METHODS The GERD Assessment of Symptoms in Pediatrics Questionnaire was used to measure the frequency and severity over the previous 7 days of abdominal/belly pain, chest pain/heartburn, difficulty swallowing, nausea, vomiting/regurgitation, burping/belching, choking when eating and pain after eating. Individual symptom scores were based on the product of the frequency and usual severity of each symptom. The sum of the individual symptom score values made up the composite symptom score (CSS). The primary end point was the change in the mean CSS from baseline to week 8. RESULTS Mean frequency and severity of each symptom significantly decreased (from P < 0.006 to P < 0.001) over time. Similar significant decreases in CSS at week 8 versus baseline (P < 0.001) were seen in all groups. Significant decreases from baseline in CSS were noted from weeks 1 to 8 in the 20-mg (P < 0.003) and 40-mg (P < 0.001) groups. The 20- and 40-mg doses were significantly (P < 0.05) more effective than the 10-mg dose in improving GERD symptoms at week 1. Adverse events were similar among the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Pantoprazole (20 and 40 mg) is effective in reducing endoscopically proven GERD symptoms in children. Both 20 and 40 mg pantoprazole significantly reduced symptoms as early as 1 week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasundhara Tolia
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
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Condino AA, Sondheimer J, Pan Z, Gralla J, Perry D, O'Connor JA. Evaluation of infantile acid and nonacid gastroesophageal reflux using combined pH monitoring and impedance measurement. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42:16-21. [PMID: 16385248 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000188008.66752.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Characterize the proportion of acid and nonacid esophageal reflux events in young infants with suspected gastroesophageal reflux (GER) using combined pH-multichannel intraluminal impedance (MII) monitoring. Determine the symptom index correlation with nonacid reflux and acid reflux events. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study of children, aged 2 weeks to 1 year, referred to The Children's Hospital of Denver Gastroenterology Clinic for evaluation of GER. Exclusion criteria were congenital anomalies or syndromes, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and pulmonary or cardiac disease. The children were admitted to The Children's Hospital General Clinical Research Center for a 20 hour pH-MII study. Acid suppression was either never used or discontinued 2 weeks before testing. RESULTS Thirty-four infants were enrolled from February 2004 to February 2005. Ages ranged from 2 months to 11 months, median = 7 (20 females/14 males). One thousand eight hundred ninety reflux events were detected by MII, and 588 reflux events were detected by pH probe alone. The percent of reflux that was acid was 47% (888 events) versus 53% of (1,002 events) nonacid reflux events. The proportion of nonacid reflux decreased with age (P < 0.0001 by Pearson chi test) and with increasing time elapsed from last meal. There were 958 total symptoms evaluated. The most frequently reported symptom was fussiness/pain, which correlated with nonacid reflux events 24.6% and acid reflux 25.2%. The proximal height of a reflux was predictive for symptoms of fussiness/pain, arching, and burping. CONCLUSION MII detects more reflux events than pH monitoring alone. The proportion of nonacid reflux to acid reflux events in infants is more similar to adults than previously reported. Combined pH-MII esophageal monitoring identifies more reflux events and improves clinical correlation with symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria A Condino
- Department of Pediatrics and Nursing, The Children's Hospital, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Deal L, Gold BD, Gremse DA, Winter HS, Peters SB, Fraga PD, Mack ME, Gaylord SM, Tolia V, Fitzgerald JF. Age-specific questionnaires distinguish GERD symptom frequency and severity in infants and young children: development and initial validation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 41:178-85. [PMID: 16056096 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000172885.77795.0f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptom questionnaires were developed and tested prospectively in a pilot study conducted in infants (1 through 11 months) and young children (1 through 4 years) with and without a clinical diagnosis of GERD. A pediatric gastroenterologist made the clinical diagnosis of GERD. Parents or guardians at 4 study sites completed the questionnaires, providing information on the frequency and severity of symptoms appropriate to the 2 age cohorts. In infants, symptoms assessed were back arching, choking or gagging, hiccups, irritability, refusal to feed and vomiting or regurgitation. In young children, symptoms assessed were abdominal pain, burping or belching, choking when eating, difficulty swallowing, refusal to eat and vomiting or regurgitation. Respondents were asked to describe additional symptoms. Symptom frequency was the number of occurrences of each symptom in the 7 days before completion of the questionnaire. Symptom severity was rated from 1 (not at all severe) to 7 (most severe). An individual symptom score was calculated as the product of symptom frequency and severity scores. The composite symptom score was the sum of the individual symptom scores. The mean composite symptom and individual symptom scores were higher in infants (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively) and young children (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively) with GERD than controls. Vomiting/regurgitation was particularly prevalent in infants with GERD (90%). Both groups with GERD were more likely to experience greater severity of symptoms. We found the GERD Symptom Questionnaire useful in distinguishing infants and young children with symptomatic GERD from healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Deal
- Wyeth Research, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426-3930, USA.
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Fiedorek S, Tolia V, Gold BD, Huang B, Stolle J, Lee C, Gremse D. Efficacy and safety of lansoprazole in adolescents with symptomatic erosive and non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2005; 40:319-27. [PMID: 15735486 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000155369.54464.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of lansoprazole in the treatment of adolescents with symptomatic, endoscopically proven, non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease and erosive esophagitis. METHODS Adolescents between 12 and 17 years of age with esophagitis were enrolled in this open-label trial and treated with lansoprazole 15 mg (non-erosive) or 30 mg (erosive) once daily for 8 weeks. If unhealed at week 8, those with erosive esophagitis were treated with an additional 4 weeks of lansoprazole 30 mg once daily. RESULTS Lansoprazole produced a significant reduction from baseline in the median percentage of days with reflux symptoms (91 to 43% in the 64 adolescents with non-erosive disease and 85 to 16% in the 23 adolescents with erosive esophagitis, P < or = 0.001 for each comparison). At week 8, mucosal healing had occurred in 95% (21 of 22) of those with erosive esophagitis. Treatment-related adverse events were reported by 19% of patients with non-erosive and 4% of patients with erosive esophagitis. Headache (7%), abdominal pain (5%), nausea (3%) and dizziness (3%) were the most frequently reported adverse events. One patient discontinued treatment early because of dizziness and vomiting. An elevation in mean serum gastrin from baseline (59 pg/mL at pretreatment to 80 pg/mL at final visit) was observed. CONCLUSION Lansoprazole 15 mg or 30 mg once daily reduced symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in adolescents with non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease and erosive esophagitis, respectively. Lansoprazole 30 mg once daily for 8 weeks was effective in healing erosive esophagitis. Both treatment regimens were considered safe.
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Hegar B, Boediarso A, Firmansyah A, Vandenplas Y. Investigation of regurgitation and other symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in Indonesian infants. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:1795-7. [PMID: 15188508 PMCID: PMC4572271 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i12.1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the incidence of regurgitation and other symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux in Indonesian infants.
METHODS: In a cross-sectional study at the University Outpatient Clinic for vaccination in Jakarta, 138 mothers of healthy infants less than 12-mo old were prospectively asked to report the frequency of regurgitation.
RESULTS: Whatever the age was, some infants did not regurgitate (from 10% during the first month of life to 67% in 1-year-old infants). Regurgitation of at least once a day was reported in 77% of infants younger than 3 mo. Daily regurgitation decreased to 12% in the 9-12 mo old group. Reported peak prevalence was 81% (26/32) during the first month of life. Regurgitation decreased sharply between the 4-6 and 7-9 mo old groups (from 44% to 9%). The longer the regurgitation persisted, the more frequently the mother perceived regurgitation as a problem. Volume and frequency of regurgitation, back arching, irritability, crying and refusal of feeding were the symptoms causing maternal anxiety. The longer the regurgitation persisted, the more frequently the mothers viewed it as a health problem.
CONCLUSION: Regurgitation occurs frequently in Indonesian infants, and is a frequent cause of concern to mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badriul Hegar
- Department of Pediatrics, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, University of Indonesia, Jakarta
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