The therapeutic benefits of opioids are compromised by the development of analgesic tolerance, which necessitates higher dosing for pain management thereby increasing the liability for drug dependence and addiction. Rodent models indicate opposing roles of the gut microbiota in tolerance: morphine-induced gut dysbiosis exacerbates tolerance, whereas probiotics ameliorate tolerance. Not all individuals develop tolerance, which could be influenced by differences in microbiota, and yet no study design has capitalized upon this natural variation. We leveraged natural behavioral variation in a murine model of voluntary oral morphine self-administration to elucidate the mechanisms by which microbiota influences tolerance. Although all mice shared similar morphine-driven microbiota changes that largely masked informative associations with variability in tolerance, our high-resolution temporal analyses revealed a divergence in the progression of dysbiosis that best explained sustained antinociception. Mice that did not develop tolerance maintained a higher capacity for production of the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate known to bolster intestinal barriers and promote neuronal homeostasis. Both fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) from donor mice that did not develop tolerance and dietary butyrate supplementation significantly reduced the development of tolerance independently of suppression of systemic inflammation. These findings could inform immediate therapies to extend the analgesic efficacy of opioids.

The pathogenesis of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is complex. It is currently believed that the development of HSP involves abnormalities in humoral immunity and cellular immunity. The intestinal microbiota has a powerful regulatory effect on the human immune system and has been shown to serve a significant role in the pathogenesis of various immune-mediated disorders. This study examines changes in intestinal flora and cytokines(IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17) in children with HSP and explores their correlation, offering fresh insights for the prevention and treatment of HSP.

Blood and stool specimens were collected from 25 healthy children (control group) and 27 children with HSP (observation group). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) was used to detect the levels of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-10 in the serum of all the study participants, and the 16S rRNA gene sequencing combined with high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the intestinal flora of the study subjects. Finally, the correlation between serum cytokines and gut microbiota was analyzed in the children with HSP.

1)The serum levels of IL-4 and IL-17 in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, while the levels of IFN-γ and IL-10 were lower than those in the control group. 2) At the level of phylum, the abundance of Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia was higher than that in the control group, while the abundance of Firmicutes was lower than that of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05); At the level of genus, the abundance of Prevotella and Akkermansia were higher than the control group, while the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Blautia, and Clostridium XlVa was lower than that in the control group, and the differences were all statistically significant (P < 0.05); At the species level, the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Prevotella copri, and Subdoligranulum variabile was higher than that of the control group, while the abundance of Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Brautella Weiss, and Bacteroides fragilis was lower than that in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). 3) The abundance of Blautia and Blautia wexlerae in the observation group was positively associated with the IL-10 level (r = 0.522, r = 0.578, P < 0.01).

Disturbances in intestinal flora and changes in serum cytokines IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-17 were present in children with HSP. The abundance of Blautia and Blautia wexlerae in the gut microbiota of children with HSP was positively correlated with serum IL-10 levels.

The gut microbiota is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. However, the characteristics of gut microbiota associated with ovarian tumors remain elusive. In this study, fecal samples were collected from healthy control (HC) group and patients with ovarian tumor (OT) or with other benign tumor (OBT) for 16s rRNA sequencing to determine differential flora in gut microbiota. The composition of gut microbiota in the OT group, including bacterial abundance and diversity, was significantly different form HC and OBT groups. In the OT group, Escherichia_Shigella was markedly higher than in the HC group, while Coprococcus, Fusicatenibacter, Butyricicoccus and Oscillibacter were significantly lower than in HCs. The abundance of Fusicatenibacter, Butyricicoccus, Coprococcus Parasutterella, and Anaerotruncus in the OBT group was distinctly higher than that in the OT group, while the Lachnospiracae_ND3007_group was significantly lower. In addition, in OT patients, ovarian cancer (OC) and benign ovarian tumor (BOT) patients also showed a unique composition of gut microbiota. The random forest model was designed using different bacteria. Compared with HCs, area under curve (AUC) values for BOT and OC groups were 0.77 and 0.86, respectively. These findings suggest that some gut microbiota such as Escherichia_Shigella show a certain ability to distinguish between healthy individuals and patients with OT.

Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with increased hypertension risk. We aimed to explore the mechanism underlying the association between objective short sleep duration and hypertension in patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID) by multi-omics.

CID was defined according to International Classification of Sleep Disorders-3, and objective short sleep duration was based on the median value of total sleep time of the overall subjects during an overnight polysomnography. We used the mean values of measured nighttime and morning systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) for analysis. Serum metabolomics and fecal 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing were used to explore characteristic metabolites and analyze gut microbiota distribution, respectively.

One hundred and three patients with CID and 70 normal sleepers were included. We found 52 objective short sleep duration insomnia phenotype (ISSD)-related serum metabolites. Among the 52 ISSD-related serum metabolites, indoxyl sulfate was positively correlated with BP after adjusting for confounding factors (SBP: β = 0.250, p = .028; DBP: β = 0.256, p = .030) in ISSD. In addition, the level of serum indoxyl sulfate was significantly correlated with the genera Prevotella 9 (r = .378, p = .027), CAG-56 (r = -.359, p = .037), Ruminiclostridium 9 (r = -.340, p = .049), and Ruminococcus 2 (r = -.356, p = .039) in ISSD.

Our study suggests that the ISSD phenotype is associated with significant changes in serum metabolic profile, including high levels of indoxyl sulfate. The latter molecule correlates both with BP and gut microbiota in patients with the ISSD phenotype, suggesting that indoxyl sulfate may be the molecular path resulting in increased hypertension risk in this phenotype.

ObjectivesThe upper respiratory tract flora may influence host immunity and modulate susceptibility to viral respiratory infections. This study aimed to investigate the associations between upper respiratory tract flora and immune cells in severe ILI, identify specific microbial taxa and immune response pathways contributing to disease severity, and elucidate how flora influences ILI progression by modulating immune cell functions.MethodsHeritability of GWAS summary data was estimated using LDSC (v1.0.1). Gene-level genetic associations were analyzed with MAGMA. scRNA-seq data were integrated with genetic association data using scDRS. FUSION was used to construct cell type-specific expression quantitative trait locus models based on genotypes and scRNA-seq data from the onek1k project, which were combined with flora abundance-related GWAS data for a transcriptome-wide association study.ResultsFrom the LDSC analysis, data from 1195 severe ILI-associated GWASs with upper respiratory flora(h2 > 0.1) were included in subsequent analysis. TWAS identified 19 significant association pairs (Padj < 0.05), and 1226 differentially expressed genes between mild and severe ILI patients (Padj < 0.05 and | log2FC|>0.25). Functional enrichment analyses using GO, KEGG, and Reactome databases revealed that immune cells,such as CD4 + T effector memory cells, cDCs, NK cells, were enriched in multiple biological processes or pathways.ConclusionsThis study identified associations between severe ILI-related upper respiratory tract flora and cell type-specific gene expression, potentially explaining how differential flora influences ILI progression. CD16 + monocytes exhibited the most differentially expressed genes, followed by proliferating cells and cDCs, highlighting the significant role of immune cell-enriched pathways in ILI progression.

Chemokine CC motif ligand 20 (CCL20) is a molecule with immunomodulatory properties that is involved in the regulation of diseases such as chronic inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. It operates by binding to its specific receptor, CC chemokine receptor type 6 (CCR6), and activating a complex intracellular signaling network. Building on its established role in inflammatory diseases, recent research has expanded our understanding of CCL20 to encompass its critical contributions to the tumor microenvironment (TME), highlighting its significance in cancer progression. Numerous studies have emphasized its prominent role in regulating immune responses. Consequently, Monoclonal antibodies against CCL20 and inhibitors of CCR6 have been successfully developed to block downstream signaling, making the CCL20-CCR6 axis a promising and critical target in the TME. This offers potential immunotherapeutic strategies for cancers. In this review, we summarize the biological consequences of CCL20-CCR6 mediated signaling, its role and mechanisms in the TME, and its potential applications. We suggest that the CCL20-CCR6 axis may be a novel biomarker for tumor diagnosis and prognosis, as well as a therapeutic target in various cancers.

Seafood processing workers have a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms and occupational asthma, primarily attributed to allergenic protein exposure. However, exposure to airborne microorganisms from raw materials can also contribute to allergic sensitization and other respiratory ailments. This study aimed to assess microbial exposure in shrimp processing plants and identify susceptible work tasks. Full-shift personal air samples were collected from two Norwegian shrimp processing plants across five distinct work processes: thawing, truck driving, cooking-peeling (technician), packing, and flour production. The samples were analyzed for the presence of endotoxin, Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) activation, bacterial and fungal DNA copies, and microbial composition. Endotoxin levels were generally low, with only one sample (98 EU/m3) exceeding the recommended occupational exposure limit (OEL). A significant TLR2 activation was observed among thawers, indicating the presence of microbial ligands capable of triggering an immune response. The median bacterial (75 × 103 DNA copies/m3) and fungal (3,301 × 103 DNA copies/m3) exposure were highest among the flour production workers, while the lowest bacterial and fungal exposure was among packers (1.5 × 103 DNA copies/m3) and technicians (337 DNA copies/m3), respectively. Several bacterial and fungal species were identified, including ten allergenic and sixteen pathogenic species. Sporobolomyces roseus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were the two most frequently identified allergenic fungal species. Among the pathogenic bacterial species, Prevotella nigrescens and Roseomonas gilardii were the two most detected species. While the pathogenic species were identified mainly in the packing, truck driving, and flour production work processes, most of the allergenic species were found in all work processes. Altogether, work processes before the cooking of shrimp (thawing and truck driving) had higher endotoxin, bacterial load, and species richness than after cooking, suggesting that these work tasks are susceptible to bacterial exposure and that the cooking process significantly reduces bacterial exposure. By shedding light on microbial exposure and identifying high-exposure work tasks, this study enables the development of targeted interventions and implementation of measures for the prevention of occupational diseases.

Oral microbiome composition has been linked to onset and progression of several localized and systemic diseases. Associations with allergy in adults have been less explored.

We sought to identify oral microbiota associated with allergy outcomes in adults using high-throughput sequencing data.

We characterized bacterial communities of gingival samples from 453 Norwegian adults (average age, 28 years) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. We examined more than 2200 bacterial taxa in relation to self-reported current asthma, eczema, or rhinitis, and seroatopy (IgE > 0.70 kU/L). We used linear regression to determine whether overall bacterial diversity differed by each allergic outcome and analysis of composition of microbiomes with bias correction (ANCOM-BC2) to identify differentially abundant taxa.

Less diverse oral bacterial communities were observed (P < .05) in individuals with atopy or rhinitis compared with those without. Bacterial diversity did not differ by asthma and eczema status. While no bacterial taxa were differentially abundant by asthma, many were differentially abundant (P < .05 after multiple-testing correction) in relation to atopy, eczema, and rhinitis. These taxa include several from the genera Leptotrichia and Fusobacterium. Some, including Streptococcus, were previously implicated in respiratory health, whereas others were novel. We also found taxa related to nasal medication use in individuals with rhinitis. Notably, microbial network interconnections differed by allergy status.

Bacterial community compositions of oral gingival samples may play a role in allergic outcomes in adults. These findings could contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies.

The study of bacterial diversity in human samples is crucial for developing biomarkers of health and disease. This research characterized the taxonomic and functional diversity of the anorectal bacterial microbiota in men who hae sex with men (MSM) with HIV compared to men from this group without HIV.

In July and August 2023, self-collected anorectal swabs were obtained. DNA was extracted from each sample, and metagenomic sequencing was performed. With the obtained data, alpha and beta diversity, bacterial abundance, differential operational taxonomic units, and functional diversity were determined.

Initially, 90 samples were collected, with 20 discarded due to having less than 200 ng of DNA and 15 due to incomplete sequencing, leaving 55 samples analysed (15 HIV-positive and 40 HIV-negative). No significant differences were found between groups in terms of alpha diversity (Shannon index p = 0.45) and beta diversity (PERMANOVA R = -0.03). Prevotella was identified as the most abundant genus in both groups. Twelve genes were found to be more abundant in the anorectal microbiota of the HIV group, which promote bacterial growth, colonization and survival.

Alterations in the anorectal microbiota could influence the pathogenesis of HIV and its complications in this population, underscoring the need to investigate these mechanisms and explore interventions to improve health. Longitudinal studies are needed to analyse changes in the anorectal microbiota during HIV infection and its response to treatment, integrating metagenomic, clinical, and immunological data to better understand the interactions between HIV, the microbiota and host health.

Areca nut extract (ANE) has a variety of pharmacological effects on animals. Here, we investigated the influence of ANE on the slaughter performance and immune function of Jiaji ducks. One hundred and fifty 42-day-old healthy Jiaji ducks were randomly divided into 2 groups (5 replicates of 15 ducks each), named DCK group (control) and DNT group (treatment), respectively. Ducks in the DCK group were fed a basal diet and ducks in the DNT group were fed a basal food supplemented with 0.08 g ANE per kg of basal diet. Additionally, using proteomics, untargeted metabolomics, and metagenomics, we analyzed the impact of ANE on the protein profile of the spleen, the composition of plasma metabolites, and the structure of the cecal microbiota. The results showed that the dietary inclusion of ANE significantly increased the slaughter rate of Jiaji ducks. Proteomic analysis revealed 78 differentially expressed proteins in the spleens of ANE-treated birds, including 54 proteins up-regulated and 24 proteins down-regulated in the DNT group, mainly enriched in cell adhesion molecules and glutathione metabolic pathways. Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that 117 serum metabolites were differentially regulated between the ANE and DCK groups; meanwhile, KEGG pathway analysis indicated that these metabolites were mainly involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, phospholipase D signaling pathway and eicosanoids. Furthermore, a metagenomic analysis showed that the genus Methanobrevibacter was significantly downregulated in the ANE supplementation group. Combined, the results of the metagenomic and metabolomic analyses showed that the relative abundance of Prevotella was significantly lower in the ANE group than in the DCK group and that Prevotella was negatively correlated with the levels of the anti-inflammatory compound hydrocinnamic acid and the lipid metabolism regulator ganoderic acid A. This study provides a reference for the application of ANE as a supplement in the diet of Jiaji ducks.

Over the past few decades, there has been a surge in global study on the relationship between gut microbiota and human health. Numerous human illnesses have been linked to dysbiosis. Gram-positive firmicutes and Gram-negative bacteroidetes are the two leading bacterial phyla that make up 90% of the gut microbiome. Many symbionts in the gut environment establish intricate relationships with host defense to stop both local and non-native dangerous bacteria from colonizing and invading. Dysbiosis alters the paracellular route and damages the epithelium, enabling them to penetrate the epithelium and come into contact with the immune cells. Impaired intestinal barrier function, immune regulation mediated by metabolites derived from the gut microbiota, posttranslational modification of host proteins such as increased citrullination, regulation of the gut microbiota's effect on immune cells, intestinal epithelial cell autophagy, interaction between the microbiome and human leukocyte antigen alleles, and interaction with microRNAs are some of the mechanisms involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The gut microbiota, Prevotella copri, and Collinsella spp. were shown to be higher in the early/preclinical phases of RA, while Bacteroidetes, Bifidobacteria, and Eubacterium rectale were found to be lower. Probiotic-based early dietary intervention may reduce inflammation and slow the rate of joint deterioration, and such intervention can also aid in the restoration of gut microbiota equilibrium. This review article describes the gut microbial dysbiosis and role of probiotics in RA.

Abnormal component changes of gut microbiota are related to the pathogenesis and progression of coronary heart disease (CHD), and gut microbiota-derived metabolites are key factors in host-microbiome interactions. This study aimed to explore the key gut microbiota and metabolites, as well as their relationships in CHD.

Feces samples and blood samples were collected from CHD patients and healthy controls. Then, the obtained feces samples were sent for 16s rRNA gene sequencing, and the blood samples were submitted for metabolomics analysis. Finally, conjoint analysis of 16s rRNA gene sequencing and metabolomics data was performed.

After sequencing, there were no significant differences in Chao 1, observed species, Simpson, Shannon, Pielou's evenness and Faith's PD between the CHD patients and controls. At phylum level, the dominant phyla were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. At genus level, the abundance of Sphingomonas, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Desulfovibrio, and Shigella was relatively higher in CHD patients; whereas Roseburia, Corprococcus, and Bifidobacterium was relatively lower. Randomforest analysis showed that Sphingomonas was more important for CHD. Through metabolomic analysis, a total of 155 differential metabolites were identified, and were enriched in many signaling pathways. Additionally, the AUC of the conjoint analysis (0.908) was higher than that of gut microbiota species (0.742).

In CHD patients, the intestinal flora was disordered, as well as Sphingomonas and the identified differential metabolites may serve as was candidate biomarkers for CHD occurrence and progression.

Geniposide (GE) has potential efficacy in treating ulcerative colitis (UC). However, its reactivity can be affected by rapid degradation after oral administration. Furthermore, increasing oral doses may lead to hepatotoxicity. Thus, We used enema administration, characterized by smaller dose and higher localized concentration in the lesion, to improve the above situation.

We aimed to confirm that enema administration is a better modality than oral administration for GE against UC and to explore its mechanism.

We established UC mouse model, monitoring Disease Activity Index (DAI), inflammatory cytokines levels, and histopathology. Macrogenomics and bile acid (BAs) metabolomics analysed the major intestinal flora and BAs. Simultaneouslly, we conducted quantitative proteomics analysis and screened core proteins and pathway. In vitro validation was taken by qPCR, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting experiments.

GE via enema alleviate UC by inhibiting inflammatory factor production through downregulating S100A8/S100A9/NF-κB pathway. Analysis of the intestinal flora and BAs revealed that the enhanced abundance of Lachnospiraceae, which improves the ratio of primary to secondary BAs, and the reduced abundance of Provocaceae, which increases intestinal permeability and promotes inflammation, favored the restoration of the intestinal barrier. In addition, in vitro experiments confirmed that the key BA metabolites (mainly UDCA, DCA, and LCA) stimulated TGR5 signal to inhibit the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome and alleviated inflammation.

We firstly confirmed that GE alleviates UC via the enema route in a better manner than the oral route, through enhancing the intestinal barrier, restoring intestinal flora and BAs homeostasis, and inhibiting inflammatory injury. This study initially revealed that GE can alleviate UC through elevating UDCA, DCA, and LCA levels at the colonic site to activate TGR5 receptor for inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome, in addition to downregulating the S100A8/S100A9/-TLR4-NF-κB pathway related inflammatory response directly. The evidences offer a promising strategy and profround meaning for UC treatment.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a well-known, chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) involving demyelination and neurodegeneration. Research previously conducted in the area of the gut microbiome has highlighted it as a critical contributor to MS pathogenesis. Changes in the commensal microbiota, or dysbiosis, have been shown to affect immune homeostasis, leading to elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disruption of the gut-brain axis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of interactions between the gut microbiota and MS, especially focusing on the immunomodulatory actions of microbiota, such as influencing T-cell balance and control of metabolites, e.g., short-chain fatty acids. Various microbial taxa (e.g., Prevotella and Faecalibacterium) were suggested to lay protective roles, whereas Akkermansia muciniphila was associated with disease aggravation. Interventions focusing on microbiota, including probiotics, prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and dietary therapies to normalize gut microbial homeostasis, suppress inflammation and are proven to improve clinical benefits in MS patients. Alterations in gut microbiota represent opportunities for identifying biomarkers for early diagnosis, disease progression and treatment response monitoring. Further studies need to be conducted to potentially address the interplay between genetic predispositions, environmental cues, and microbiota composition to get the precise mechanisms of the gut-brain axis in MS. In conclusion, the gut microbiota plays a central role in MS pathogenesis and offers potential for novel therapeutic approaches, providing a promising avenue for improving clinical outcomes in MS management.

The present study aimed to characterize the salivary microbiota in patients with catathrenia and to longitudinally validate potential biomarkers after treatment with mandibular advancement devices (MAD).

Twenty-two patients with catathrenia (12 M/10 F, median age 28 y) and 22 age-matched control volunteers (8 M/14 F, median age 30 y) were included in the cross-sectional study. Video/audio polysomnography was conducted for diagnosis. All patients received treatment with custom-fit MAD and were followed for one month. Ten patients (6 M/4 F) underwent post-treatment PSG. Salivary samples were collected, and microbial characteristics were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The 10-fold cross-validated XGBoost and nested Random Forest Classifier machine learning algorithms were utilized to identify potential biomarkers.

In the cross-sectional study, patients with catathrenia had lower α-diversity represented by Chao 1, Faith's phylogenetic diversity (pd), and observed species. Beta-diversity based on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarities revealed a significant inter-group separation (p = 0.001). The inter-group microbiota distribution was significantly different on the phylum and family levels. The treatment of MAD did not alter salivary microbiota distribution significantly. Among the most important genera in catathrenia and control classification identified by machine learning algorithms, four genera, Alloprevotella, Peptostreptococcaceae_XI_G1, Actinomyces and Rothia, changed significantly with MAD treatment. Correlation analysis revealed that Alloprevotella was negatively related to the severity of catathrenia (r2= -0.63, p < 0.001).

High-throughput sequencing revealed that the salivary microbiota composition was significantly altered in patients with catathrenia. Some characteristic genera (Alloprevotella, Peptostreptococcaceae_XI_G1, Actinomyces, and Rothia) could be potential biomarkers sensitive to treatment. Future studies are needed to confirm and determine the mechanisms underlying these findings.

Intestinal immunoglobulins (Igs) maintain homeostasis between the microbiome and host. IgA facilitates microbial balance through a variety of increasingly well-described mechanisms. However, IgM and IgG have less defined intestinal functions but have the potential to activate clearance mechanisms such as the complement system and receptor-mediated bacterial killing. Very little is known regarding the role of Igs under microbial dysbiosis. In this review, we explore how Igs sculpt the intestinal microbiome and respond to microbial dysbiosis. We discuss how IgM, IgA, IgG, and complement individually maintain harmony with the microbiome and consider how these mechanisms could work in synergy. Finally, we explore using an opioid-induced microbial dysbiosis as a model to elucidate immediate changes in Ig-bacterial interactions.

Some postmenopausal women suffer from genital and urinary symptoms, while others do not. Therefore, the hypoestrogenic status cannot entirely explain the occurrence of the genitourinary syndrome in menopause (GSM). Differences in the urinary microbiome might play a role in bladder function and vulnerability to urinary symptoms. This study aimed to compare characterization urinary microbiome in postmenopausal women who experienced GSM with urinary symptoms with that in those without urinary symptoms. Forty participants were screened for genital symptoms of GSM and then divided into the urinary symptoms group and the non-urinary symptoms group on the basis of a validated questionnaire. 16 S rRNA gene sequencing was performed to investigate microbial diversity. The alpha diversity was used to evaluate the species richness and evenness, while the beta diversity was used to estimate the differences in the urinary microbiome between the groups. Differential abundance analysis was used to investigate biomarkers in the groups by linear discriminant analysis effect size. The relationship between the urinary microbiome and urinary symptoms was assessed using Spearman's correlation analysis. The characteristics of the participants were not different between the groups. Gardnerella was found in 22.2% (4/18) and 11.1% (2/18) of participants in the urinary symptoms group and in the non-urinary symptoms group, respectively (p > 0.05). Alpha diversity was less in the urinary symptoms group than in the non-urinary symptoms group, but this was not significant. Beta diversity of the urinary microbiome was not significantly different between the two groups. A differential abundance analysis showed that the genus Prevotella was significantly dominant in postmenopausal women with GSM who reported urinary symptoms. Prevotella was marginally correlated with voiding symptoms (r2 = 0.44; p = 0.01). The bladder or urinary microbiome is closely related to urinary symptoms of GSM. Species richness and diversity are not significantly different between postmenopausal women with GSM with and without urinary symptoms. Prevotella is dominant in symptomatic women and slightly correlated with voiding symptoms.

The human microbiota is implicated in the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Given the increased RA burden in women, and well-known correlations between the vaginal microbiota and local inflammation, we seek to understand the vaginal microenvironment in the context of RA pathology.

Self-collected vaginal swabs and questionnaires on dietary and health practices were obtained from 36 RA and 50 demographically-matched control women, 18-63 years of age. Additionally, medication regimen and disease activity and severity were captured for the RA cohort. Vaginal swabs were subjected to full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing, multiplex cytokine analyses, and quantification of rheumatoid factor, c-reactive protein, and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs).

Vaginal microbial richness and genera Peptoniphilus and Prevotella, among other rare taxa, were elevated in RA versus control samples. Vaginal IL-18 and EGF levels were increased in the RA group; IL-18 correlated with multiple microbial features whereas EGF levels were not associated with bacterial composition or other host factors. Within the RA cohort, decreased relative abundance of Streptococcus was associated with joint pathologies, and Lactobacillus gasseri was lower in individuals with serum detection of ACPAs and rheumatoid factor. Vaginal ACPAs were higher in the RA group and positively correlated with Streptococcus and multiple vaginal inflammatory cytokines.

We describe vaginal microbial and immunological differences in women with RA, particularly when accounting for diet and menopausal status, disease activity and severity, and medication use. This work opens a new avenue in the multidisciplinary approach to RA patient care.

Many individuals experience long COVID after SARS-CoV-2 infection. As microbiota can influence health, it may change with COVID-19. This study investigated differences in oral microbiota between COVID-19 patients with and without long COVID.

Based on a prospective follow-up investigation, this nested case-control study evaluated the differences in oral microbiota in individuals with and without long COVID (Symptomatic and Asymptomatic groups), which were assessed by 16S rRNA sequencing on tongue coating samples. A predictive model was established using machine learning based on specific differential microbial communities.

One-hundred-and-eight patients were included (n=54 Symptomatic group). The Symptomatic group had higher Alpha diversity indices (observed_otus, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices), differences in microbial composition (Beta diversity), and microbial dysbiosis with increased diversity and relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria. Marker bacteria (c__Campylobacterota, o__Coriobacteriales, o__Pseudomonadales, and o__Campylobacterales) were associated with long COVID by linear discriminant analysis effect size and receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC 0.821).

There were distinct variations in oral microbiota between COVID-19 patients with and without long COVID. Changes in oral microbiota may indicate long COVID.

Chronic airway inflammatory diseases, which primarily include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, allergic rhinitis, and chronic sinusitis, continue to have a high global prevalence, highlighting their significant public health impact. Concurrently, the use of e-cigarettes (tobacco e-cigarettes) has been rising worldwide, with many users perceiving them as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes. However, accumulating evidence from international studies suggests that e-cigarettes pose substantial health risks. This review aims to explore recent research on the relationship between e-cigarette use and chronic airway inflammatory diseases. The findings indicate that e-cigarette usage increases the risk of developing these conditions. Specifically, studies have shown that e-cigarettes exacerbate airway inflammatory responses, elevate levels of type 2 inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, increase cellular oxidative stress, and impair lung function. These mechanisms may collectively contribute to an increased risk of chronic airway inflammatory diseases potentially associated with e-cigarette use.

Rumen flatulence is a diet-related rumen disease in ruminants. This study induced a rumen flatulence model in Xizang sheep using alfalfa (HRF) and wheatgrass (MRF). The aim was to understand the rumen microbiota diversity in healthy and pathological states, host-microbiota interactions, and the molecular mechanisms of rumen flatulence. Results showed that the pH in the HRF and MRF groups was lower than that in the natural grass group (LRF). SCFA concentrations varied between groups: in HRF, 2-BA and CA increased; in MRF, 4-MVA and 5-MCA rose. Microbial analysis indicated that the alpha- and beta-diversity of HRF and MRF groups were lower than LRF's, with different microbial compositions. Transcriptome analysis revealed many differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Compared to MRF, HRF had 348 upregulated and 511 downregulated DEGs. Versus LRF, MRF had 201 upregulated and 185 downregulated DEGs, while HRF had 128 upregulated and 238 downregulated DEGs. Spearman's correlation analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between Butyrivibrio, Quinella, and specific genes. These findings reveal the potential mechanism of rumen flatulence in Xizang sheep and provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of the disease.IMPORTANCEThe research used a high-protein diet to induce a model to understand the diversity of rumen microbiota and its interaction with the host, as well as exploring the molecular mechanisms of rumen flatulence.

Fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome (FLHS) has become one of the major factors leading to the death of laying hen in caged egg production. FLHS is commonly associated with lipid peroxidation, hepatocyte injury, decreased antioxidant capacity, and inflammation. However, there are limited evidences regarding the preventive effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum on FLHS in laying hens and its mechanisms. Our previous results showed that Lp. plantarum FRT4 alleviated FLHS by regulating lipid metabolism, but did not focus on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions and mechanisms. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the preventive mechanisms of Lp. plantarum FRT4 in alleviating FLHS, with a focus on its role in antioxidant activity and inflammation regulation.

Supplementation with Lp. plantarum FRT4 enhanced the levels of T-AOC, T-SOD, and GSH-Px, while reducing the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, and NLRP3 in the liver and ovary of laying hens. Additionally, Lp. plantarum FRT4 upregulated the mRNA expressions of SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GPX1, downregulated the mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6, and NLRP3, and upregulated the mRNA expressions of anti-inflammatory factors IL-4 and IL-10. Lp. plantarum FRT4 improved the structure and metabolic functions of gut microbiota, and regulated the relative abundances of dominant phyla (Bacteroidetes, Firmicute, and Proteobacteria) and genera (Prevotella and Alistipes). Additionally, it influenced key KEGG pathways, including tryptophan metabolism, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, insulin signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway. Spearman analysis revealed that the abundance of microbiota at different taxonomic levels was closely related to antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory factors. Furthermore, Lp. plantarum FRT4 modulated the mRNA expressions of related factors in the FoxO/TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway by regulating gut microbiota. Moreover, the levels of E2, FSH, and VTG were significantly increased in the ovary after Lp. plantarum FRT4 intervention.

Lp. plantarum FRT4 effectively ameliorates FLHS in laying hens. This efficacy is attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are mediated by modulating the structure and function of gut microbiota, and further intervening in the FoxO/TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway. These actions enhance hepatic and ovarian function and increase estrogen levels. Video Abstract.

Oxidative stress (OS) and gut microbiota are crucial factors influencing human health, each playing a significant role in the development and progression of chronic diseases. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the complex interplay between these two factors, focusing on how an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants leads to OS, disrupting cellular homeostasis and contributing to a range of conditions, including metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, and cancer. The gut microbiota, a diverse community of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, is essential for regulating immune responses, metabolic pathways, and overall health. Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the gut microbiota composition, is closely associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and various diseases. This review highlights how the gut microbiota influences and is influenced by OS, complicating the pathophysiology of many conditions. Furthermore, emerging evidence has identified extracellular vesicles (EVs) as critical facilitators of cellular crosstalk between the OS and gut microbiota. EVs also play a crucial role in signaling between the gut microbiota and host tissues, modulating immune responses, inflammation, and metabolic processes. The signaling function of EVs holds promise for the development of targeted therapies aimed at restoring microbial balance and mitigating OS. Personalized therapeutic approaches, including probiotics, antioxidants, and fecal microbiota transplantation-based strategies, can be used to address OS-related diseases and improve health outcomes. Nonetheless, further research is needed to study the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions and the potential of innovative interventions to offer novel strategies for managing OS-related diseases and enhancing overall human health.

The exposure of occupants to indoor air pollutants has increased in recent decades. The aim of this review is to discuss an overview of new approaches that are used to study fungal aerosols. Thus, this motivation was to compensate the gaps caused by the use of only traditional approaches in the study of fungal exposure.

The search involved various databases such as; Science Direct, PubMed, SAGE, Springer Link, EBCOHOST, MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane library, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library. It was limited to full text research articles that reported the use of non-viable method in assessing bioaerosol, written in English Language, full text publications and published from year 2015-2022.

A total of 15 articles met the inclusion criteria and was included in this review. The use of next-generation sequencing, which is more commonly referred to as high-throughput sequencing (HTS) or molecular methods in microbial studies is based on the detection of genetic material of organisms present in a given sample. Applying these methods to different environments permitted the identification of the microorganisms present, and a better comprehension of the environmental impacts and ecological roles of microbial communities. Based on the reviewed articles, there is evidence that dust samples harbour a high diversity of human-associated bacteria and fungi. Molecular methods such as next generation sequencing are reliable tools for identifying and tracking the bacterial and fungal diversity in dust samples using 18S metagenomics approach.

Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by esophageal dysfunction and eosinophilic inflammation of the esophageal mucosa. In this study, we investigated the bacterial flora in saliva and esophageal mucus in patients with EoE and examined the relationship between EoE disease activity and mucosal cytokine expression, involving patients with active and inactive EoE (A-EoE and I-EoE, respectively). A-EoE was defined as a peak eosinophil count > 15/high-power field, according to the 2025 consensus guidelines. Saliva samples were collected from patients before the endoscopic examination. Brushing samples were collected from the distal esophagus of patients with EoE during endoscopic procedures. The degree of EoE inflammation was assessed using the EoE endoscopic reference score (EREFS). The samples were profiled using the Illumina MiSeq platform. The V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene (460 bp) were amplified using tailed PCR. Fifty-nine patients were enrolled, including eight with I-EoE, seventeen with A-EoE, and twenty-eight non-EoE controls. Major bacterial genera such as Streptococcus, Prevotella, Veillonella, and Haemophilus were detected in both the oral cavity and esophagus. Compared with the control group, the active EoE group had significantly more Prevotella spp. in the saliva and esophageal mucosa. Conversely, significantly fewer Neisseria spp. were found in the saliva and Streptococcus spp. in the esophageal mucosa of patients with active EoE. The EREFS of EoE and Streptococcus were inversely correlated. This study elucidated the characteristics of bacterial flora in the saliva and esophageal mucosa of patients with EoE.

In recent years, the study of gut microbiota has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of medicine, as gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely related to various diseases. Thalassemia, as a hereditary hemoglobinopathy, has a complex pathophysiological mechanism, and traditional treatment methods show limited efficacy. With a deeper understanding of the gut microbiome, researchers have begun to focus on its role in the pathogenesis of thalassemia and its therapeutic effects. This article aims to review the role of gut microbiota in thalassemia and its potential therapeutic prospects, analyze the latest research findings, and explore the impact and mechanisms of gut microbiota on patients with thalassemia, with the goal of providing new ideas and directions for future research and clinical treatment of thalassemia.

Background/Objectives: As probiotics gain prominence in the prevention and treatment of intestinal diseases, their protective effects against pathogens and influence on host health have drawn significant attention. This study investigates the genomic characteristics and functional potential of Pediococcus acidilactici XJ-24 (XJ-24) in the prevention of Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection in mice. Methods/Results: Whole-genome analysis confirmed the safety and probiotic properties of XJ-24, including acid and bile salt tolerance, antimicrobial activity, and safety. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice challenges indicated that XJ-24 significantly reduced LM colonization, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ), alleviated colon and spleen tissue damage, and maintained intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction proteins (Occludin, Claudin-1, ZO-1). Moreover, XJ-24 modulated gut microbiota composition by increasing beneficial taxa while reducing harmful bacteria. Correlation analysis highlighted a positive association between Lachnospiraceae and tight junction proteins. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the potential of XJ-24 as a functional probiotic for preventing LM infection and provide a basis for further clinical exploration.

The oral microbiome has been shown to be associated with the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Research has primarily focused on elucidating the oncogenic mechanisms of specific pathogens by comparing the microbiomes of OSCC and normal tissues. However, the characteristics of the microbiome in the precancerous state remain less understood, as does the influence of metabolic and environmental factors on OSCC-associated microbiomes.

In this study, we analyzed mucosa-associated microbiomes in normal, precancerous, and OSCC lesions from a cohort of 51 patients using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. We investigated compositional changes in the microbiome, including the specific abundances and co-occurrences of OSCC-associated bacteria.

Our findings indicate that the microbiome associated with precancerous lesions is indistinguishable from that of the normal mucosa, whereas the OSCC microbiome significantly differs from both normal and precancerous conditions. Specifically, the OSCC microbiome harbors less Streptococcus, coupled with an increase in amino-acid-degrading anaerobes such as Fusobacterium and Prevotella. The metabolic properties of individual microbes reported suggest that the overrepresentation of OSCC-specific bacteria is a result of metabolic adaptation to tumor microenvironments, although this possibility needs to be experimentally confirmed.

Our results demonstrate oral microbiome patterns across OSCC progression, offering insights into microbial ecological perspectives.

Lichen planus (LP) and oral lichen planus (OLP) share clinical and histological similarities, yet their distinct immunopathological mechanisms make differentiation and management challenging. Clarifying these differences is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to investigate the systemic immune profile of OLP using single-cell transcriptomics, identifying distinct immune cell subsets and signaling pathways contributing to its chronic inflammatory state. Additionally, it sought to compare the inflammatory lesion microenvironments of OLP and LP by analyzing key immune pathways and cellular interactions.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from 16 OLP patients and 5 healthy controls. Single-cell transcriptomic data from PBMCs and lesion tissues of OLP and LP were analyzed to profile immune and inflammatory signatures. Key molecular findings were validated using independent datasets and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS), a pivotal enzyme in prostaglandin metabolism, emerged as a diagnostic marker with elevated expression in NK cells from OLP patients. Additionally, a novel CXCR4 high-TSC22D3 high CD4 cytotoxic T cell subset with enhanced cytotoxicity was identified, potentially contributing to OLP pathogenesis. OLP blood samples also demonstrated significant upregulation of TNF and TLR signaling in NK cells, indicating a heightened chronic inflammatory state. Comparative tissue analysis revealed intensified TNF-driven inflammation and a disrupted HIF1A- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) interactions in OLP, contrasting with LP's robust VEGF-mediated angiogenesis.

These findings highlight distinct immunopathogenic mechanisms between OLP and LP. The upregulation of PTGDS in NK cells and CXCR4 high-TSC22D3 high CD4 cytotoxic T cells in PBMCs indicates systemic immune dysregulation in OLP, while tissue-level differences suggest impaired vascular remodeling and chronic inflammation. These insights underscore the need for targeted immunomodulatory therapies.

This study identifies distinct immune signatures that differentiate OLP from LP, highlighting potential therapeutic targets that require further validation for personalized treatment strategies.

Transmasculine individuals (assigned female at birth, masculine gender identity, TM) may use gender-affirming testosterone therapy, and some TM report adverse genital symptoms during treatment. In cis women, the vaginal microbiota is a key determinant of reproductive and sexual health outcomes; Lactobacillus-dominant communities are considered optimal, while more even, diverse, Lactobacillus-depleted microbiota are considered non-optimal. Prior studies suggest Lactobacillus deficiency in TM vaginal microbiota, but associations with symptoms and immune markers remain unclear. We launched the TransBiota study to characterize the TM vaginal microbiota, soluble mediators of local inflammation (SMI), and self-reported symptoms over three weeks. Fewer than 10% of TM possessed Lactobacillus-dominant microbiota, and most exhibited more diverse, Lactobacillus-depleted microbiota. We identified 11 vaginal microbiota community state types (tmCSTs), with Lactobacillus-dominant tmCSTs unexpectedly linked to abnormal odor and elevated IL-1α. These findings indicate that Lactobacillus dominance may no longer be an optimal state for TM during gender-affirming testosterone therapy and change in clinical management is needed.

Botanical drugs and probiotic supplements present safer alternative options for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis (OP). However, pathological disorders of the gut microbiota and the specific properties of probiotics and traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) significantly limit their therapeutic efficacy. Given the favorable synergistic and complementary effects between probiotics and herbal medicines, a creative combination of these approaches may address the issue of their current limited efficacy. A comprehensive analysis is necessary to provide a detailed review of their potential for combination, the mechanisms behind their synergy, scientific applications, and future developments. There exists a complex relationship between gut microbiota and OP, and the underlying regulatory mechanisms are multidimensional, involving the production of pro-inflammatory metabolites, immune system disruption, and the impairment of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Furthermore, we analyzed the complex mechanisms and potential connections between probiotics, TCM, and their combined applications. We highlighted the principle of complementary gain and the substantial therapeutic potential of their organic combination, which facilitates the release of active substances in TCM, increases the bioavailability of TCM, enhances probiotic delivery efficiency, and exerts synergistic effects. The combined use of probiotics and TCM offers a safe and effective strategy for managing OP and presents an innovative and promising direction for the future development of modern phytomedicine.

The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a complex communication system that plays a crucial role in influencing various aspects of our physical and mental health. The goal of this study was to determine the extent to which individual differences in resting measures of vagally-mediated heart rate variability (HRV) and cortisol levels were associated with psychometric and specific gut microbiota characteristics in seventy-five (38 females) healthy individuals. Participants were assessed for vagally-mediated HRV, daily salivary cortisol levels, psychometric characteristics, and gut microbiota composition. Using a categorical approach based on the median split of HRV and cortisol values, we identified an association between low vagally-mediated HRV, greater depressive symptomatology, and altered gut microbiota (e.g., a higher abundance of Prevotella and a smaller abundance of Faecalibacterium, Alistipes, and Gemmiger). This suggests that vagally-mediated HRV may be a useful biomarker of microbiota-gut brain axis function, and that low vagally-mediated HRV may play an important role in the bidirectional link between gut dysbiosis and depression. On the other hand, daily cortisol parameters (e.g., cortisol awakening response, diurnal cortisol slope) were associated either with higher anxiety and perceived stress, or with a specific gut microbiota profile. Therefore, their utility as biomarkers of microbiota-gut-brain axis function needs further scrutiny.

Breast cancer occurs at a younger age compared to western countries in South Korea. Despite advancements in treatment methods such as targeted therapy and immunotherapy, the increasing number of patients underscores the importance of improving disease-free survival (DFS). In this study, we evaluated the associations between gut microbiota composition, inflammatory cytokine levels, and breast cancer recurrence in preoperative patients. Additionally, we developed a composite prognostic index by integrating these factors with PET/CT indices and clinical prognostic factors. This study showed that Prevotella abundance was significantly higher in the DFS group than in the recurrence group, and higher Prevotella abundance was associated with lower levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. Survival analysis revealed that patients with low Prevotella abundance and high IL-1β levels had a higher risk of breast cancer recurrence. PET markers, such as SUVtumor, SUVVAT, and SUVspleen, were also found to be significant prognostic indicators, with lower values associated with better survival outcomes. An integrated predictive model combining gut microbiota composition, cytokine levels, PET indices, and clinical factors demonstrated superior accuracy (AUC: 0.9025) in predicting breast cancer recurrence compared to individual components.

Gut microbiota disruption during the weaning process is a significant factor of intestinal injury. Our previous studies have suggested that Prevotella may play a critical role in causing intestinal inflammation. This study aimed to clarify the impact of Prevotella copri on intestinal injury and the protecting effect by dihydroquercetin (DHQ) in weaned piglets. A total of 108 healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weaned piglets, aged 21 d, were randomly allocated into 3 groups with 6 replicates and 6 piglets per replicate. The piglets were the following diets for 28 d: 1) a basal diet, 2) basal diet containing 1.0 × 108 CFU/kg P. copri, 3) basal diet supplemented with 1.0 × 108 CFU/kg P. copri and 100 mg/kg DHQ. Results showed that P. copri decreased significantly the average daily gain (ADG) (P < 0.001), which was recovered by supplementation of DHQ with decreased serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-8 but increased total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity and IL-10 in weaned piglets (P < 0.001). Moreover, DHQ increased the expression of tight junction proteins (claudin-2, occludin and tight junction protein zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) and the mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX-4) in ileum (P < 0.001). Intestinal flora analysis showed that P. copri increased the relative abundance of Prevotella (P = 0.026) and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group (P < 0.001), but decreased the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group (P < 0.001), while supplementation of DHQ reduced the relative abundance of Prevotella (P = 0.026). Metabolomics results indicated that P. copri enhanced the content of 12-OH bile acid, but decreased the contents of glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) (P < 0.001), while DHQ reduced the 12-OH bile acid content (P < 0.001) and increased the GDCA content (P = 0.020). In summary, P. copri caused intestinal injury and reduced growth performance in weaned piglets, and DHQ showed a protective effect by modulating gut microbiota and bile acids metabolism.

The detrimental effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) extend beyond metabolic consequences and include systemic chronic inflammation (SCI), immune dysregulation, and gut health disruption.

In this study, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the relationship between HFD, gut microbiota, and SCI.

Genetic variants associated with dietary fat were utilized to explore causal relationships. Genome-wide association study data for the analyses of the gut microbiota, inflammatory cytokines, immune cell characteristics, and serum metabolites were obtained from European individuals. Mediation analysis was used to reveal potential mediating factors. The GMrepo database was used to analyze the bacterial composition in different groups. Transcriptomic and single-cell sequencing analyses explored inflammation and barrier function in colonic tissue.

HFD consumption was linked to changes in the abundance of 3 bacterial families and 11 bacterial genera. Combined with the GMrepo database, the increased abundance of the genus Lachnospiraceae_FCS020group and the decreased abundance of genus Bacteroides and genus Barnesiella are consistent with the MR results. Transcriptomic and single-cell sequencing analyses revealed intestinal inflammation and mucosal barrier dysfunction in HFD-fed mice. MR revealed a link between HFD consumption and increased levels of interleukin (IL)-18 [odds ratio (OR): 3.64, 95%CI: 1.24, 10.69, P = 0.02], MIG (OR = 3.14, 95%CI: 1.17, 8.47, P = 0.02), IL-13 [OR = 3.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08, -9.52, P = 0.04], and IL-2RA (OR = 2.93, 95%CI: 1.01, 8.53, P = 0.049). Twenty-nine immune cell signatures, including altered monocyte and T-cell subsets, were affected by HFD consumption. Twenty-six serum metabolites that are linked to HFD consumption, particularly lipid and amino acid metabolites, were identified. The positive gut microbiota exhibit extensive associations with inflammatory cytokines. In particular, Lachnospiraceae_FCS020 group (OR: 1.93, 95% CI: 1.11, 3.37, P = 0.02) may play a mediating role in HFD-induced increases in IL-2RA concentrations.

Microbial dysbiosis appears to be an important mechanism for HFD-induced SCI. The Lachnospiraceae_FCS020 group may act as a key genus in HFD-mediated elevation of IL-2RA.

Studies have shown that the presence of allergens, including insecticides, significantly increases the risk of occupational allergic diseases among solar greenhouse workers. However, no studies have investigated the relationship between organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) used by solar greenhouse workers and allergic diseases, and the role of nasal flora in this context remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between combined exposure to organophosphorus pesticides and glyphosate (GLY) with changes in total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, as well as to analyze the role of nasal flora in allergic status. We collected demographic data, urine, peripheral blood and nasal swab samples from 284 solar greenhouse workers. Six metabolites in urine were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Total IgE concentration was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then, we evaluated the association between OPs and GLY with total IgE levels using logistic regression analysis. In addition, 66 participants received 16S rDNA sequencing of nasal flora, followed by community diversity and species difference analyses to identify distinct microbial communities between normal and elevated total IgE groups. A total of 284 participants were included in this study, of whom 132 (46.5%) and 152 (53.5%) were male and female, respectively. The median total IgE concentration in this population was 63.52 IU/mL, of which 89 (31.3%) belonged to the elevated total IgE group. Our results suggest that dimethylphosphorodithioate (DMDTP) was a risk factor for total IgE abnormality, and GLY was positively associated with total IgE abnormality. Additionally, 20 differential flora were identified between the elevated and normal IgE groups, of which at least seven were significantly associated with OPs, GLY and their metabolites. In conclusion, there was a positive correlation between exposure to OPs and GLY with total IgE abnormalities, as well as multiple nasal pathogenic flora.