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Wang Y, Tang M, Deng H, Hong Z, Liang Z, Huang Y, Zeng C, Yang K. Ampelopsin attenuates Staphylococcus aureus Alpha-Toxin-Induced Lung Injury. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106316. [PMID: 37634577 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a prevalent cause of lung infections in hospitals and communities, and can cause a wide spectrum of human infections. Due to the bottleneck caused by antibiotic resistance and substantial increases in morbidity and mortality, targeting the virulence factors released by S. aureus as an alternative prevention and treatment method has become a promising approach. Ampelopsin, a component of vine tea, has promising potential for treating S. aureus-induced acute lung injury. In this study, the effects of ampelopsin were investigated on a mouse model of acute lung injury established using S. aureus 8325-4 and the α-hemolysin (hla) silent strain DU1090. The hla silent strain did not cause mortality in mice, whereas lethal and sublethal concentrations of S. aureus 8325-4 caused high mortality. Notably, ampelopsin treatment protected against mortality stemming from S. aureus infection. Ampelopsin yielded enhancements in lung barrier function, decreased total protein leakage in the alveolar lavage fluid, and modulated inflammatory signaling pathway-related proteins, thereby reducing the release of pro-inflammatory factors and improving respiratory dysfunction. Moreover, ampelopsin prevented the upregulation of ADAM10 activity, leading to E-cadherin mucin cleavage. In conclusion, our findings establish the key role of alpha -toxin in infectious lung injury in S. aureus and provide support for ampelopsin as an effective therapeutic approach to improve lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Mulan Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Haojian Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Zhengshan Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Zhi Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Yumei Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Chunhui Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China.
| | - Ke Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China.
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2
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Zhao B, Wang J, Wang L, Wang Z, Lu A. Discovery of Flavone Derivatives Containing Carboxamide Fragments as Novel Antiviral Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:2179. [PMID: 36903426 PMCID: PMC10004232 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant virus diseases seriously affect the yield and quality of agricultural products, and their prevention and control are difficult. It is urgent to develop new and efficient antiviral agents. In this work, a series of flavone derivatives containing carboxamide fragments were designed, synthesized, and systematically evaluated for their antiviral activities against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) on the basis of a structural-diversity-derivation strategy. All the target compounds were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS techniques. Most of these derivatives displayed excellent in vivo antiviral activities against TMV, especially 4m (inactivation inhibitory effect, 58%; curative inhibitory effect, 57%; and protection inhibitory effect, 59%), which displayed similar activity to ningnanmycin (inactivation inhibitory effect, 61%; curative inhibitory effect, 57%; and protection inhibitory effect, 58%) at 500 μg mL-1; thus, it emerged as a new lead compound for antiviral research against TMV. Antiviral mechanism research by molecular docking demonstrated that compounds 4m, 5a, and 6b could interact with TMV CP and disturb virus assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Jiali Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Ziwen Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Aidang Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
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3
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Li J, Feng B, Yu P, Fu W, Wang W, Lin J, Qin Y, Li H, Chen T, Xu C, Tao L, Wu Z, Fu G. Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins Confer Cold Tolerance in Rice through Maintaining Energy Homeostasis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010079. [PMID: 36670941 PMCID: PMC9854629 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPCs) are abundant polyphenols found in foods and botanicals that benefit human health, but our understanding of the functions of OPCs in rice plants is limited, particularly under cold stress. Two rice genotypes, named Zhongzao39 (ZZ39) and its recombinant inbred line RIL82, were subjected to cold stress. More damage was caused to RIL82 by cold stress than to ZZ39 plants. Transcriptome analysis suggested that OPCs were involved in regulating cold tolerance in the two genotypes. A greater increase in OPCs content was detected in ZZ39 than in RIL82 plants under cold stress compared to their respective controls. Exogenous OPCs alleviated cold damage of rice plants by increasing antioxidant capacity. ATPase activity was higher and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity was lower under cold stress in ZZ39 than in RIL82 plants. Importantly, improvements in cold tolerance were observed in plants treated with the OPCs and 3-aminobenzamide (PARP inhibitor, 3ab) combination compared to the seedling plants treated with H2O, OPCs, or 3ab alone. Therefore, OPCs increased ATPase activity and inhibited PARP activity to provide sufficient energy for rice seedling plants to develop antioxidant capacity against cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncai Li
- Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Baohua Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Pinghui Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Weimeng Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Wenting Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yebo Qin
- Zhejiang Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Hubo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Chunmei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Longxing Tao
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (G.F.)
| | - Guanfu Fu
- Agronomy College, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
- Correspondence: (Z.W.); (G.F.)
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4
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Shokrollahi N, Ho CL, Mohd Zainudin NAI, Abdul Wahab MAB, Wong MY. Plant Defense Inducers and Antioxidant Metabolites Produced During Oil Palm-Ganoderma boninense Interaction In Vitro. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Meng F, Yan Z, Lu Y, Wang X. Design, synthesis, and antifungal activity of flavonoid derivatives containing thiazole moiety. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02522-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Exogenous proanthocyanidins improve tolerance of Cu-toxicity by amelioration of oxidative damage and re-programming of gene expression in Medicago sativa. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259100. [PMID: 34699560 PMCID: PMC8547628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess copper (Cu) in soil due to industrial and agricultural practices can result in reduced plant growth. Excess Cu resulted in severely retarded root growth with severe discoloration of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and Medicago truncatula. Growth in the presence of hydrogen peroxide resulted in similar symptoms that could be partially recovered by the addition of the reductant ascorbic acid revealing damage was likely due to oxidative stress. The addition of proanthocyanidins (PAs) in the presence of Cu prevented much of the damage, including plant growth and restoration of lignin synthesis which was inhibited in the presence of excess Cu. Transcriptome analyses of the impact of excess Cu and the amelioration after PAs treatment revealed that changes were enriched in functions associated with the cell wall and extracellular processes, indicating that inhibition of cell wall synthesis was likely the reason for retarded growth. Excess Cu appeared to induce a strong defense response, along with alterations in the expression of a number of genes encoding transcription factors, notably related to ethylene signaling. The addition of PAs greatly reduced this response, and also induced novel genes that likely help ameliorate the effects of excess Cu. These included induction of genes involved in the last step of ascorbic acid biosynthesis and of enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis. Combined, these results show that excess Cu causes severe oxidative stress damage and inhibition of cell wall synthesis, which can be relieved by the addition of PAs.
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Qi Y, Chen S, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Wang S, Chen N, Shen M, Chen F, Chen M, Quan Y, Yang L, Xu Y, Su Y, Hu M, Wang J. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced hematopoietic stem progenitor cell injury by regulating Foxo1 in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:144-156. [PMID: 34389464 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important contributor of the injury of hematopoietic system. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) is a new type of antioxidant, whereas whether it could ameliorate IR-induced hematopoietic injury remains unclear. Here, we show that GSPE treatment improves the survival of irradiated mice and alleviates IR-induced myelosuppression. Meanwhile, the hematopoietic reconstituting ability of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in mice following irradiation exposure is significantly increased after GSPE treatment. Furthermore, GSPE treatment can reduce IR-induced ROS production and relieve DNA damage and apoptosis in hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs). Interestingly, we find that a critical antioxidant-associated gene fokhead box transcription factor O1 (Foxo1) is significantly decreased in HSPCs after irradiation. Consistently, hematopoietic specific deletion of Foxo1 increases the radiosensitivity of mice. Further investigations reveal that GSPE treatment specifically upregulates the expression of Foxo1, as well as its target genes superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and catalase (CAT). Importantly, Foxo1 deficiency largely abolishes the radioprotection of GSPE on HSPCs. Collectively, our data demonstrate that GSPE plays an important role in ameliorating IR-induced HSPC injury via the Foxo1-mediated pathway. Therefore, GSPE may be used as a promising radioprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shilei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yukai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Song Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Naicheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mingqiang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yong Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lijing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yongping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mengjia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Junping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Institute of Combined Injury, Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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8
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Née G, Châtel-Innocenti G, Meimoun P, Leymarie J, Montrichard F, Satour P, Bailly C, Issakidis-Bourguet E. A New Role for Plastid Thioredoxins in Seed Physiology in Relation to Hormone Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10395. [PMID: 34638735 PMCID: PMC8508614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In Arabidopsis seeds, ROS have been shown to be enabling actors of cellular signaling pathways promoting germination, but their accumulation under stress conditions or during aging leads to a decrease in the ability to germinate. Previous biochemical work revealed that a specific class of plastid thioredoxins (Trxs), the y-type Trxs, can fulfill antioxidant functions. Among the ten plastidial Trx isoforms identified in Arabidopsis, Trx y1 mRNA is the most abundant in dry seeds. We hypothesized that Trx y1 and Trx y2 would play an important role in seed physiology as antioxidants. Using reverse genetics, we found important changes in the corresponding Arabidopsis mutant seeds. They display remarkable traits such as increased longevity and higher and faster germination in conditions of reduced water availability or oxidative stress. These phenotypes suggest that Trxs y do not play an antioxidant role in seeds, as further evidenced by no changes in global ROS contents and protein redox status found in the corresponding mutant seeds. Instead, we provide evidence that marker genes of ABA and GAs pathways are perturbed in mutant seeds, together with their sensitivity to specific hormone inhibitors. Altogether, our results suggest that Trxs y function in Arabidopsis seeds is not linked to their previously identified antioxidant roles and reveal a new role for plastid Trxs linked to hormone regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Née
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France; (G.N.); (G.C.-I.)
| | - Gilles Châtel-Innocenti
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France; (G.N.); (G.C.-I.)
| | - Patrice Meimoun
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France; (P.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Juliette Leymarie
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France; (P.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Françoise Montrichard
- IRHS-UMR1345, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Université d’Angers, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France; (F.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Pascale Satour
- IRHS-UMR1345, INRAE, Institut Agro, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Université d’Angers, F-49071 Beaucouzé, France; (F.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Christophe Bailly
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Sorbonne Université, F-75005 Paris, France; (P.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Emmanuelle Issakidis-Bourguet
- CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405 Orsay, France; (G.N.); (G.C.-I.)
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9
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Proanthocyanidins and Where to Find Them: A Meta-Analytic Approach to Investigate Their Chemistry, Biosynthesis, Distribution, and Effect on Human Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081229. [PMID: 34439477 PMCID: PMC8389005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are a class of polyphenolic compounds that are attracting considerable interest in the nutraceutical field due to their potential health benefits. However, knowledge about the chemistry, biosynthesis, and distribution of PACs is limited. This review summarizes the main chemical characteristics and biosynthetic pathways and the main analytical methods aimed at their identification and quantification in raw plant matrices. Furthermore, meta-analytic approaches were used to identify the main plant sources in which PACs were contained and to investigate their potential effect on human health. In particular, a cluster analysis identified PACs in 35 different plant families and 60 different plant parts normally consumed in the human diet. On the other hand, a literature search, coupled with forest plot analyses, highlighted how PACs can be actively involved in both local and systemic effects. Finally, the potential mechanisms of action through which PACs may impact human health were investigated, focusing on their systemic hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects and their local anti-inflammatory actions on the intestinal epithelium. Overall, this review may be considered a complete report in which chemical, biosynthetic, ecological, and pharmacological aspects of PACs are discussed.
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10
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Enriched-GWAS and Transcriptome Analysis to Refine and Characterize a Major QTL for Anaerobic Germination Tolerance in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094445. [PMID: 33923150 PMCID: PMC8123023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerance of anaerobic germination (AG) is a key trait in the development of direct seeded rice. Through rapid and sustained coleoptile elongation, AG tolerance enables robust seedling establishment under flooded conditions. Previous attempts to fine map and characterize AG2 (qAG7.1), a major centromere-spanning AG tolerance QTL, derived from the indica variety Ma-Zhan Red, have failed. Here, a novel approach of “enriched haplotype” genome-wide association study based on the Ma-Zhan Red haplotype in the AG2 region was successfully used to narrow down AG2 from more than 7 Mb to less than 0.7 Mb. The AG2 peak region contained 27 genes, including the Rc gene, responsible for red pericarp development in pigmented rice. Through comparative variant and transcriptome analysis between AG tolerant donors and susceptible accessions several candidate genes potentially controlling AG2 were identified, among them several regulatory genes. Genome-wide comparative transcriptome analysis suggested differential regulation of sugar metabolism, particularly trehalose metabolism, as well as differential regulation of cell wall modification and chloroplast development to be implicated in AG tolerance mechanisms.
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Kubra G, Khan M, Hussain S, Iqbal T, Muhammad J, Ali H, Gul A, Munir F, Amir R. Molecular characterization of Leucoanthocyanidin reductase and Flavonol synthase gene in Arachis hypogaea. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2301-2315. [PMID: 33911945 PMCID: PMC8071922 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachis hypogaea (peanut) is a potential source of bioactive compounds including flavonols and proanthocyanidins, which have gained particular interest of metabolic engineering owing to their significance in the growth, development and defense responses in plants. To gain insight of proanthocyanidins and flavonols production in A. hypogaea, Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (AhLAR) and Flavonol synthase (AhFLS) enzymes responsible for their production, have been structurally, transcriptionally and functionally characterized. Structural and functional analysis of putative protein sequence of AhFLS indicated two functional motifs 2OG-FeII_Oxy and DIOX_N, while six functional motifs belonging to the families of NAD-dependent dehydratase, 3, β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and NmrA-like family were observed in case of AhLAR. Promoter sequence analysis unraveled several promoter elements related to the development regulation, environmental stress responses and hormonal signaling. Furthermore, the expression analysis of AhFLS and AhLAR and accumulation pattern analysis of proanthocyanidins and flavonols in three selected cultivars of A. hypogaea under saline environment confirmed their role against salinity in genotype-dependent and stress level-dependent manner. Correlation studies revealed that AhFLS and AhLAR expression is not directly dependent on the antioxidant enzymes activity, biochemical and growth parameters but higher Pearson r value depicted some level of dependency. This detailed study of AhLAR and AhFLS can assist in the metabolic engineering of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway to produce stress tolerant varieties and production of proanthocyanidins and flavonols at an industrial scale.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- APX, ascorbate peroxidase
- Ab, absorbance
- AhFLS, Flavonol synthase
- AhLAR, Leucoanthocyanidin reductase
- Arachis hypogaea
- CAT, catalase
- CDD, Conserved Domain Database
- CDS, coding sequences
- CHI, Chalcone isomerase
- CHS, Chalcone synthase
- Characterization
- EC, extinction coefficient
- Flavonoids
- Flavonol synthase
- Leucoanthocyanidin reductase
- ORF, open reading frame
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SDR, short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Kubra
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Khan
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Hussain
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tooba Iqbal
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Jan Muhammad
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Hina Ali
- National Institute for Lasers and Optronics (NILOP), Lehtrar Road, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Alvina Gul
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Munir
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Amir
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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12
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Zhu Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Xu Y, Li J, Zhao S, Wang D, Ma Z, Yan F, Liu Y. Combined Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Role of Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis Pathway in the Salt Tolerance Process of Sophora alopecuroides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052399. [PMID: 33673678 PMCID: PMC7957753 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is the main abiotic stress that limits crop yield and agricultural development. Therefore, it is imperative to study the effects of salt stress on plants and the mechanisms through which plants respond to salt stress. In this study, we used transcriptomics and metabolomics to explore the effects of salt stress on Sophora alopecuroides. We found that salt stress incurred significant gene expression and metabolite changes at 0, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h. The integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites (DMs) obtained in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway were significantly correlated under salt stress. Of these, 28 DEGs and seven DMs were involved in lignin synthesis and 23 DEGs and seven DMs were involved in flavonoid synthesis. Under salt stress, the expression of genes and metabolites related to lignin and flavonoid synthesis changed significantly. Lignin and flavonoids may participate in the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the root tissue of S. alopecuroides and reduced the damage caused under salt stress. Our research provides new ideas and genetic resources to study the mechanism of plant responses to salt stress and further improve the salt tolerance of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fan Yan
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (Y.L.)
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Fan W, Liu C, Cao B, Ma S, Hu J, Xiang Z, Zhao A. A meta-analysis of transcriptomic profiles reveals molecular pathways response to cadmium stress of Gramineae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111816. [PMID: 33360213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a non-essential heavy metal, cadmium (Cd) is toxic to plants. In the last 15 years, over 70 transcriptome studies have been published to decipher the molecular response mechanism against Cd stress in different plants. To extract generalization results from transcriptomic data across different plants and obtain some hub genes that respond to Cd stress, we carried out a meta-analysis of 32 published datasets. Cluster analysis revealed that plant species played a more decisive role than the media used and exposure time in the transcriptome patterns of plant roots response to Cd. The datasets from a Gramineae-like (GL) group were closer in clustering. 838 DEGs were commonly Cd-regulated in at least nine of 18 GL datasets. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analyses revealed that oxidative stress-related terms and lignin synthesis-related terms were significantly enriched. Mapman analysis revealed that these common DEGs were mainly involved in regulation, cellular response, secondary metabolism, transport, cell wall and lipid metabolism. In Oryza sativa, 15 DEGs were up-regulated in at least four of five HM (As, Cr, Cd, Hg and Pb) groups, such as Os10g0517500 (methionine gamma-lyase) and Os01g0159800 (bHLH107). Moreover, our datasets can be used to retrieve log2FC value of specific genes across 29 studies (48 datasets), which provides data reference for the subsequent selection of HM-related genes. Our results provide the basis for further understanding of Cd tolerance mechanisms in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - ChangYing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Boning Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shuyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Jie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Aichun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China.
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14
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Wang F, Chen L, Chen S, Chen H, Liu Y. Microbial biotransformation of Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR) by Aspergillus niger and effects on antioxidant activity. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:855-865. [PMID: 33598169 PMCID: PMC7866601 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae (PCR), the mature fruit peel of Citrus reticulata Blanco and its different cultivars, is an important citrus by-product with beneficial health and nutritive properties. However, due to the lack of value-added methods for its development and utilization, a large amount of PCR is discarded or wasted. To explore a possibly more effective method to utilize PCR, we compared the chemical and biological differences before (CK) and after (CP) microbial transformation of PCR by Aspergillus niger. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS, HPLC, and LC-MS methods were used to compare the chemical profiles of CK and CP. The results demonstrated that microbial biotransformation by A. niger could transform flavonoid compounds by utilizing the carbohydrate and amino acid nutrients in PCR. This could also promote the accumulation of polyhydroxyflavones compounds in CP. The antioxidant assay demonstrated that CP had significantly greater free radical-scavenging activity than CK. The higher antioxidant activity of CP may result from the high level of flavonoids with associated phenolic hydroxyl groups. Microbial biotransformation is an effective method for improving the antioxidant capacity of PCR and may be effective and useful in other natural product situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Wang
- Department of PharmacyStandardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu University of TCMChengduChina
- Food & Drugs Authority of NanchongNanchongChina
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of PharmacyStandardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu University of TCMChengduChina
| | - Shiwei Chen
- Food & Drugs Authority of NanchongNanchongChina
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of PharmacyStandardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu University of TCMChengduChina
| | - Youping Liu
- Department of PharmacyStandardization Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu University of TCMChengduChina
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15
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Li Z, Ali I, Qiu J, Zhao H, Ma W, Bai A, Wang D, Li J. Eco-Friendly and Facile Synthesis of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anticancer Dihydromyricetin-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:481-492. [PMID: 33500618 PMCID: PMC7826068 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s283677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dihydromyricetin (DMY), a natural flavonoid, has reportedly antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer and other properties. In the present study, DMY was used as a reducing agent and stabilizer to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and the optimal conditions for its synthesis were studied. The DMY-AgNPs were investigated for their DPPH scavenging properties and their potential against human pathogenic and food-borne bacteria viz. Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella. In addition, DMY-AgNPs also showed excellent inhibitory effects on cancer Hela, HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Methods The dihydromyricetin-mediated AgNPs (DMY-AgNPs) were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer (UV-Vis spectra), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Antioxidant activity of DMY-AgNPs was determined by 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging. The antibacterial activity was determined by 96-well plate (AGAR) gradient dilution, while anticancer potential was determined by MTT assay. Results The results showed that the dispersion of AgNPs had the maximum UV-visible absorption at about 410 nm. The synthesized nanoparticles were almost spherical. FTIR was used to identify functional groups that may lead to the transformation of metal ions into nanoparticles. The results showed that the prepared AgNPs were coated with biological molecules in the extraction solution. The biosynthesized DMY-AgNPs exhibited good antioxidant properties, at various concentrations (0.01-0.1mg/mL), the free radical scavenging rate was about 56-92%. Furthermore, DMY-AgNPs possessed good antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (E. coli), and Salmonella at room temperature. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were 10-6 g/L, and 10-4 g/L, respectively. The bioactivity of DMY-mediated AgNPs was studied using MTT assay against Hela, HepG2 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines, and all showed good inhibitory effects. Conclusion The present study provides a green approach for the synthesis of DMY-AgNPs which exhibited stronger antioxidant, antibacterial and anticancer properties compared to the dihydromyricetin. DMY-AgNPs can serve as an economical, efficient, and effective antimicrobial material for its applications in food and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit 15100, Pakistan
| | - Jiying Qiu
- Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanzhu Zhao
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenya Ma
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China.,College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiying Bai
- Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250001, People's Republic of China
| | - Daijie Wang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchao Li
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, People's Republic of China
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16
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Wang W, Zhang S, Wang J, Wu F, Wang T, Xu G. Bioactivity-Guided Synthesis Accelerates the Discovery of 3-(Iso)quinolinyl-4-chromenones as Potent Fungicide Candidates. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:491-500. [PMID: 33382606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fungal infections could cause tremendous decreases in crop yield and quality. Natural products, including flavonoids and (iso)quinolines, have always been an important source for lead discovery in medicinal and agricultural chemistry. To promote the discovery and development of new fungicides, a series of 3-(iso)quinolinyl-4-chromenone derivatives was designed and synthesized by the active substructure splicing principle and evaluated for their antifungal activities. The lead optimization was guided by bioactivity. The bioassay data revealed that the 3-quinolinyl-4-chromenone 13 showed significant in vitro activities against S. sclerotiorum, V. mali, and B. cinerea with EC50 values of 3.65, 2.61, and 2.32 mg/L, respectively. The 3-isoquinolinyl-4-chromenone 25 exhibited excellent in vitro activity against S. sclerotiorum with an EC50 value of 1.94 mg/L, close to that of commercial fungicide chlorothalonil (EC50 = 1.57 mg/L) but lower than that of boscalid (EC50 = 0.67 mg/L). For V. mali and B. cinerea, 3-isoquinolinyl-4-chromenone 25 (EC50 = 1.56, 1.54 mg/L) showed significantly higher activities than chlorothalonil (EC50 = 11.24, 2.92 mg/L). In addition, in vivo experiments proved that compounds 13 and 25 have excellent protective fungicidal activities with inhibitory rates of 88.24 and 94.12%, respectively, against B. cinerea at 50 mg/L, while the positive controls chlorothalonil and boscalid showed inhibitory rates of 76.47 and 97.06%, respectively. Physiological and biochemical studies showed that the primary action of mechanism of compounds 13 and 25 on S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea may involve changing mycelial morphology and increasing cell membrane permeability. In addition, compound 13 may also affect the respiratory metabolism of B. cinerea. This study revealed that compounds 13 and 25 could be promising candidates for the development of novel fungicides in crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, 710119 Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Furan Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 West Chang'an Avenue, Xi'an, 710119 Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gong Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Road, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Botanical Pesticide R&D in Shaanxi Province, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
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Zhao L, Song Z, Wang B, Gao Y, Shi J, Sui X, Chen X, Zhang Y, Li Y. R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor NtMYB330 Regulates Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis and Seed Germination in Tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:819247. [PMID: 35111187 PMCID: PMC8801704 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.819247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are important phenolic compounds and PA biosynthesis is regulated by a ternary MBW complex consisting of a R2R3-MYB regulator, a bHLH factor and a WDR protein. In this study, a tobacco R2R3-MYB factor NtMYB330 was characterized as the PA-specific regulator in which the PA biosynthesis was promoted in the flowers of NtMYB330-overexpressing lines while decreased in the flowers of ntmyb330 mutants. NtMYB330 can interact with flavonoid-related bHLH partner NtAn1b and WDR protein NtAn11-1, and the NtMYB330-NtAn1b complex is required to achieve strong transcriptional activation of the PA-related structural genes NtDFR1, NtANS1, NtLAR1 and NtANR1. Our data reveal that NtMYB330 regulates PA biosynthesis in seeds and affects seed germination, in which NtMYB330-overexpressing lines showed higher PA accumulations in seed coats and inhibited germination, while ntmyb330 mutants had reduced seed coat PAs and improved germination. NtMYB330 affects seed germination possibly through two mechanisms: modulating seed coat PAs to affect coat-imposed dormancy. In addition, NtMYB330 regulates the expressions of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin acid (GA) signaling-related genes, affecting ABA-GA crosstalk and seed germination. This study reveals that NtMYB330 specifically regulates PA biosynthesis via formation of the MBW complex in tobacco flowers and affects germination through adjustment of PA concentrations and ABA/GA signaling in tobacco seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Zhao,
| | - Zhongbang Song
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Bingwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Junli Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xueyi Sui
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yihan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yongping Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biotechnological Breeding, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- National Tobacco Genetic Engineering Research Center, Yunnan Academy of Tobacco Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Yongping Li,
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Sohail MN, Blomstedt CK, Gleadow RM. Allocation of Resources to Cyanogenic Glucosides Does Not Incur a Growth Sacrifice in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1791. [PMID: 33348715 PMCID: PMC7766812 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In plants, the production of secondary metabolites is considered to be at the expense of primary growth. Sorghum produces a cyanogenic glycoside (dhurrin) that is believed to act as its chemical defence. Studies have shown that acyanogenic plants are smaller in size compared to the wildtype. This study aimed to investigate whether the small plant size is due to delayed germination or due to the lack of dhurrin derived nitrogen. A novel plant system consisting of totally cyanide deficient class 1 (tcd1) and adult cyanide deficient 1 (acdc1) mutant lines was employed. The data for germination, plant height and developmental stage during seedling development and final plant reproductive fitness was recorded. The possible role of phytohormones in recovering the wildtype phenotype, especially in developmentally acyanogenic acdc1 line, was also investigated. The data on plant growth have shown that the lack of dhurrin is disadvantageous to growth, but only at the early developmental stage. The tcd1 plants also took longer to mature probably due to delayed flowering. None of the tested hormones were able to recover the wildtype phenotype. We conclude that the generation of dhurrin is advantageous for plant growth, especially at critical growth stages like germinating seed by providing a ready source of reduced nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad N. Sohail
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.N.S.); (C.K.B.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Cecilia K. Blomstedt
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.N.S.); (C.K.B.)
| | - Roslyn M. Gleadow
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (M.N.S.); (C.K.B.)
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Zhang YF, Shu ZD, Liu QM, Zhou Y, Zhang J, Liu H, Cao MJ, Yang XW, Gu W, Liu GM. Nevadensin relieves food allergic responses and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in mice through inhibiting the expression of c-Kit receptors. Food Funct 2020; 11:10375-10385. [PMID: 33226057 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02398a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nevadensin (NEV), a natural flavonoid compound derived from Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim, has numerous biological activities. However, few researchers have examined its potential impact on alleviating allergies. In the present study, NEV was found to upregulate rectal temperature, suppress the development of diarrhea, and decrease the levels of serum specific immunoglobulin E, histamine and mouse MC protease-1 in ovalbumin-allergic mice. Moreover, NEV also alleviated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reactions and inhibited the release of β-hexosaminidase and histamine in bone marrow-derived mast cells. Furthermore, we provide the first demonstration that NEV decreases the expression of c-Kit and suppresses the proliferation of bone marrow-derived mast cells and accelerates their apoptosis. These findings indicated that L. pauciflorus-derived NEV might have the potential to alleviate food hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fen Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional Food, Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, P.R. China.
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Advances in Biosynthesis and Biological Functions of Proanthocyanidins in Horticultural Plants. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121774. [PMID: 33265960 PMCID: PMC7759826 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins are colorless flavonoid polymers condensed from flavan-3-ol units. They are essential secondary plant metabolites that contribute to the nutritional value and sensory quality of many fruits and the related processed products. Mounting evidence has shown that the accumulation of proanthocyanidins is associated with the resistance of plants against a broad spectrum of abiotic and biotic stress conditions. The biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins has been examined extensively, allowing for identifying and characterizing the key regulators controlling the biosynthetic pathway in many plants. New findings revealed that these specific regulators were involved in the proanthocyanidins biosynthetic network in response to various environmental conditions. This paper reviews the current knowledge regarding the control of key regulators in the underlying proanthocyanidins biosynthetic and molecular mechanisms in response to environmental stress. Furthermore, it discusses the directions for future research on the metabolic engineering of proanthocyanidins production to improve food and fruit crop quality.
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21
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Cheng QC, Fan J, Deng XW, Liu HC, Ding HR, Fang X, Wang JW, Chen CH, Zhang WG. Dihydromyricetin ameliorates chronic liver injury by reducing pyroptosis. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6346-6360. [PMID: 33244197 PMCID: PMC7656208 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i41.6346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic liver injury (CLI) is now a worldwide disease. However, there is no effective treatment. Pyroptosis plays an essential role in CLI. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) resists oxidation and protects the liver. We hypothesize that the beneficial effect of DHM on CLI is related to its effect on the expression of pyroptosis-related molecules. Therefore, we studied the influence of DHM on CLI and pyroptosis.
AIM To study the role of pyroptosis in the pathogenesis of CLI and the therapeutic mechanism of DHM.
METHODS Thirty-two mice were randomly divided into four groups: The control group was injected with olive oil, the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) group was injected with CCl4, the vehicle group was injected with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin while injecting CCl4 and the DHM group was injected with DHM while injecting CCl4. After four weeks of treatment, liver tissues from the mice were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and oil red O. Blood was collected from the angular vein for serological analysis. The severity of CLI was estimated. Some liver tissue was sampled for immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and quantitative reverse transcription PCR to observe the changes in pyroptosis-related molecules.
RESULTS Serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the CCl4 group were higher than those in the control group, and serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, AST and ALT in the DHM group were lower than those in the vehicle group. Hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O staining showed that there were more lipid droplets in the CCl4 group than in the control group, and there were fewer lipid droplets in the DHM group than in the vehicle group. Western blotting showed that the expression of the pyroptosis-related molecules caspase-1, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and gasdermin D (GSDMD)-N in the CCl4 group was higher than that in the control group, while expression of these proteins in the DHM group was lower than that in the vehicle group. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR results showed that the expression of the pyroptosis-related genes caspase-1, NLRP3, GSDMD and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the CCl4 group was higher than that in the control group, while there was no significant change in NLRP3 and caspase-1 expression in the DHM group compared with that in the vehicle group, and the expression of GSDMD and IL-1β was decreased.
CONCLUSION DHM improves CCl4-induced CLI and regulates the pyroptosis pathway in hepatocytes. DHM may be a potential therapeutic agent for CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Cheng Cheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 202155, China
| | - Xin-Wei Deng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Huai-Cun Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui-Ru Ding
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuan Fang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chun-Hua Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei-Guang Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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Li SF, Allen PJ, Napoli RS, Browne RG, Pham H, Parish RW. MYB-bHLH-TTG1 Regulates Arabidopsis Seed Coat Biosynthesis Pathways Directly and Indirectly via Multiple Tiers of Transcription Factors. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1005-1018. [PMID: 32154880 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) transcription factor (TF) complexes regulate Arabidopsis seed coat development including mucilage and tannin biosynthesis. The R2R3 MYBs MYB5, MYB23 and TRANSPARENT TESTA2 (TT2) participate in the MBW complexes with the WD-repeat protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1). These complexes regulate GLABRA2 (GL2) and TTG2 expression in developing seeds. Microarray transcriptome analysis of ttg1-1- and wild-type (Ler) developing seeds identified 246 TTG1-regulated genes, which include all known metabolic genes of the tannin biosynthetic pathway. The first detailed TTG1-dependent metabolic pathways could be proposed for the biosynthesis of mucilage, jasmonic acid (JA) and cuticle including wax ester in developing seeds. We also assigned many known and previously uncharacterized genes to the activation/inactivation of hormones, plant immunity and nutrient transport. The promoters of six cuticle pathway genes were active in developing seeds. Expression of 11 genes was determined in the developing seeds of the combinatorial mutants of MYB5, MYB23 and TT2, and in the combinatorial mutants of GL2, HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS2 (HDG2) and TTG2. These six TFs positively co-regulated the expression of four repressor genes while three of the six TFs repressed the wax biosynthesis genes examined, suggesting that the three TFs upregulate the expression of these repressor genes, which, in turn, repress the wax biosynthesis genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis identified 21 genes directly regulated by MYB5 including GL2, HDG2, TTG2, four repressor genes and various metabolic genes. We propose a multi-tiered regulatory mechanism by which MBWs regulate tannin, mucilage, JA and cuticle biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Feng Li
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick J Allen
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Ross S Napoli
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Richard G Browne
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Hanh Pham
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Roger W Parish
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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Chen F, Zhou W, Yin H, Luo X, Chen W, Liu X, Wang X, Meng Y, Feng L, Qin Y, Zhang C, Yang F, Yong T, Wang X, Liu J, Du J, Liu W, Yang W, Shu K. Shading of the mother plant during seed development promotes subsequent seed germination in soybean. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2072-2084. [PMID: 31925954 PMCID: PMC7242070 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of shading during seed development on subsequent germination remains largely unknown. In this study, two soybean (Glycine max) seed production systems, monocropping (MC) and maize-soybean intercropping (IC), were employed to examine the effects of shading of the mother plant on subsequent seed germination. Compared to the MC soybean seeds, which received light, the developing IC seeds were exposed to shade resulting from the taller neighboring maize plants. The IC seeds germinated faster than the MC seeds, although there was no significant difference in the thickness of the seed coat. The concentration of soluble pro-anthocyanidin in the IC seed coat was significantly lower than that in the MC seed coat. Changes in the concentrations of several types of fatty acids in IC seeds were also observed, the nature of which were consistent with the effect on germination. The expression levels of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis were down-regulated in IC seeds, while the transcription levels of the genes related to gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis were up-regulated. This was consistently reflected in decreased ABA concentrations and increased active GA4 concentrations in IC seeds, resulting in an increased GA4/ABA ratio. Our results thus indicated that shading of the mother plant during seed development in soybean promoted subsequent germination by mediating the biosynthesis of pro-anthocyanidins, fatty acids, and phytohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenguan Zhou
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Yin
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofeng Luo
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Xingcai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongjie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- Wuhan Metware Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | | | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Yong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junbo Du
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Shu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
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Zhang Y, Ye J, Liu C, Xu Q, Long L, Deng X. Citrus PH4-Noemi regulatory complex is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis via a positive feedback loop. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1306-1321. [PMID: 31728522 PMCID: PMC7031078 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs; or condensed tannins) are a major class of flavonoids that contribute to citrus fruit quality. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for PA biosynthesis and accumulation in citrus remains unclear. Here, we identify a PH4-Noemi regulatory complex that regulates proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in citrus. Overexpression of PH4 or Noemi in citrus calli activated the expression of PA biosynthetic genes and significantly increased the PA content. Interestingly, Noemi was also shown to be up-regulated in CsPH4-overexpressing lines compared with wild-type calli. Simultaneously, CsPH4 partially complemented the PA-deficient phenotype of the Arabidopsis tt2 mutant and promoted PA accumulation in the wild-type. Further analysis revealed that CsPH4 interacted with Noemi, and together these proteins synergistically activated the expression of PA biosynthetic genes by directly binding to the MYB-recognizing elements (MRE) of the promoters of these genes. Moreover, CsPH4 could directly bind to the promoter of Noemi and up-regulate the expression of this gene. These findings explain how the CsPH4-Noemi regulatory complex contributes to the activation of PA biosynthetic genes via a positive feedback loop and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying PA biosynthesis, which can be effectively employed for metabolic engineering to improve citrus fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lichang Long
- Agriculture Bureau of Hongjiang City, Hongjiang, Hunan, China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence:
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Pi E, Xu J, Li H, Fan W, Zhu C, Zhang T, Jiang J, He L, Lu H, Wang H, Poovaiah BW, Du L. Enhanced Salt Tolerance of Rhizobia-inoculated Soybean Correlates with Decreased Phosphorylation of the Transcription Factor GmMYB183 and Altered Flavonoid Biosynthesis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:2225-2243. [PMID: 31467032 PMCID: PMC6823849 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is an important component of the human diet and animal feed, but soybean production is limited by abiotic stresses especially salinity. We recently found that rhizobia inoculation enhances soybean tolerance to salt stress, but the underlying mechanisms are unaddressed. Here, we used quantitative phosphoproteomic and metabonomic approaches to identify changes in phosphoproteins and metabolites in soybean roots treated with rhizobia inoculation and salt. Results revealed differential regulation of 800 phosphopeptides, at least 32 of these phosphoproteins or their homologous were reported be involved in flavonoid synthesis or trafficking, and 27 out of 32 are transcription factors. We surveyed the functional impacts of all these 27 transcription factors by expressing their phospho-mimetic/ablative mutants in the roots of composite soybean plants and found that phosphorylation of GmMYB183 could affect the salt tolerance of the transgenic roots. Using data mining, ChIP and EMSA, we found that GmMYB183 binds to the promoter of the soybean GmCYP81E11 gene encoding for a Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase which contributes to the accumulation of ononin, a monohydroxy B-ring flavonoid that negatively regulates soybean tolerance to salinity. Phosphorylation of GmMYB183 was inhibited by rhizobia inoculation; overexpression of GmMYB183 enhanced the expression of GmCYP81E11 and rendered salt sensitivity to the transgenic roots; plants deficient in GmMYB183 function are more tolerant to salt stress as compared with wild-type soybean plants, these results correlate with the transcriptional induction of GmCYP81E11 by GmMYB183 and the subsequent accumulation of ononin. Our findings provide molecular insights into how rhizobia enhance salt tolerance of soybean plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erxu Pi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants.
| | - Jia Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Huihui Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Wei Fan
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Chengmin Zhu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Tongyao Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Jiachen Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Litao He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Hongfei Lu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, PR China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - B W Poovaiah
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6414
| | - Liqun Du
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants.
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26
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Furlan CM, Anselmo-Moreira F, Teixeira-Costa L, Ceccantini G, Salminen JP. Does Phoradendron perrottetii (mistletoe) alter polyphenols levels of Tapirira guianensis (host plant)? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 136:222-229. [PMID: 30703634 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the reciprocal effects of Phoradendron perrottetii (mistletoe) and T. guianensis (host plant) regarding their polyphenol composition. Taking into account that tannins are important molecules in plant defense and their biosynthesis tends to be enhanced when a species is exposed to stress, we address the following questions: (1) Are the tannins found in our model species important in the interaction between host and mistletoe? (2) Does the presence of mistletoe induce changes in the content of tannins and other polyphenols in the host plant? (3) Do we find differences between the tannin sub-groups in the responses of the host plant to mistletoe? (4) Could the observed differences reflect the relative importance of one tannin group over another as chemical defense against the mistletoe? Using a polyphenol and tannin group-specific MRM methods we quantified four different tannin sub-groups together with flavonoid and quinic acid derivatives by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry together with the oxidative and protein precipitation activities of leaves and branches of Tapirira guianensis and Phoradendron perrottetii. We selected leaves and branches of six non-parasitized trees of T. guianensis. Leaves and branches of nine individuals of T. guianensis parasitized by P. perrottetii were also sampled. For each parasitized tree, we sampled an infested branch and its leaves, as well as a non-infested branch and its leaves. Infested branches were divided into three groups: gall (the host-parasite interface), proximal, and distal region. Both proanthocyanidins and ellagitanins seem to be important for plant-plant parasitism interaction: host infested tissues (gall and surrounding regions) have clearly less tannin contents than healthy tissues. Mistletoe showed high levels of quinic acid derivatives and flavonoids that could be important during hastorium formation and intrusion on host tissues, suggesting a defense mechanism that could promote oxidative stress together with an inhibition of mistletoe seed germination, consequently avoiding secondary infestations. Polyphenol detected in T. guianensis-P. perrottetii interaction could play different role as plant-mistletoe strategies of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Maria Furlan
- Department of Botany, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Anselmo-Moreira
- Department of Botany, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luíza Teixeira-Costa
- Department of Botany, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gregório Ceccantini
- Department of Botany, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo, Rua do Matão, 277, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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27
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Gourlay G, Constabel CP. Condensed tannins are inducible antioxidants and protect hybrid poplar against oxidative stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:345-355. [PMID: 30917196 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Condensed tannins (CTs) have been studied extensively as potential defenses against pests and pathogens, and for their beneficial effects on human health. They are known to possess high in vitro antioxidant capacity, but whether they can function as in planta antioxidants for protection against oxidative stress has not been previously tested. Here, we show that stress induction of CTs in poplar (Populus) is matched closely by an increase in antioxidant activity under both high light and nitrogen deficiency. We also investigate the effects of CTs as in vivo antioxidants directly, using transgenic poplar plants which overexpress poplar MYB transcription factors that regulate the CT pathway. These transgenics have 50-fold higher CT concentrations than controls, and and also have dramatically higher antioxidant activity. High-CT and control poplar leaves were exposed to methyl viologen for 24 h. Chlorophyll fluorescence was used to measure maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II photochemistry (Fv/Fm), and leaf discs were stained with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) to assess hydrogen peroxide and superoxide levels. After methyl viologen exposure, high-CT transgenics retained higher Fv/Fm ratios and accumulated less hydrogen peroxide and superoxide than the controls. Our findings indicate that high-CT concentrations protect poplar against methyl viologen-induced oxidative stress and suggest a broader function of CTs than previously supposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Gourlay
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - C Peter Constabel
- Centre for Forest Biology & Department of Biology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, Canada
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28
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Zhang YF, Liu QM, Liu B, Shu ZD, Han J, Liu H, Cao MJ, Yang XW, Gu W, Liu GM. Dihydromyricetin inhibited ovalbumin-induced mice allergic responses by suppressing the activation of mast cells. Food Funct 2019; 10:7131-7141. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01557d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Dihydromyricetin (DMY) is a natural flavonoid compound derived from Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim and has been found to possess therapeutic potential for allergic disease induced by food allergens.
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29
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Li T, Li Q, Wu W, Li Y, Hou DX, Xu H, Zheng B, Zeng S, Shan Y, Lu X, Deng F, Qin S. Lotus seed skin proanthocyanidin extract exhibits potent antioxidant property via activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:31-40. [PMID: 30544155 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lotus seed is well known as traditional food and medicine, but its skin is usually discarded. Recent studies have shown that lotus seed skin contains a high concentration of proanthocyanidins that have multi-functions, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and anti-cancer effects. In the present study, we aimed to isolate and purify the proanthocyanidins from lotus seed skin by acetone extraction and rotary evaporation, identify their chemical structures by HPLC-MS-MS and NMR, and further investigate the antioxidant properties of the extract purified by macroporous resin (PMR) from lotus seed skin both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that PMR mainly contained oligomeric proanthocyanidins, especially dimeric procyanidin B1 (PB1), procyanidin B2 and procyanidin B4. Although it had limited ability to directly scavenge radicals in vitro, PMR could significantly enhance the expressions of antioxidant proteins via activation of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in HepG2 cells. Molecular data revealed that PB1, a major component in PMR, stabilized Nrf2 by inhibiting the ubiquitination of Nrf2, which led to subsequent activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway, including the enhancements of Nrf2 nuclear translocation, Nrf2-ARE binding and ARE transcriptional activity. Moreover, the in vivo results in high fat diet-induced mice further verified the powerful antioxidant property of PMR. These results revealed that lotus seed skin is a promising resource for functional food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Core Research Program 1515, Key Laboratory for Food Science and Biotechnology of Hunan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qili Li
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Weiguo Wu
- Core Research Program 1515, Key Laboratory for Food Science and Biotechnology of Hunan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Li
- Core Research Program 1515, Key Laboratory for Food Science and Biotechnology of Hunan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - De-xing Hou
- Core Research Program 1515, Key Laboratory for Food Science and Biotechnology of Hunan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Baodong Zheng
- Department of Food Safety, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaoxiao Zeng
- Department of Food Safety, College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Shan
- Hunan Agricultural Product Processing Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangyang Lu
- Core Research Program 1515, Key Laboratory for Food Science and Biotechnology of Hunan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Fangming Deng
- Core Research Program 1515, Key Laboratory for Food Science and Biotechnology of Hunan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Si Qin
- Core Research Program 1515, Key Laboratory for Food Science and Biotechnology of Hunan Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children’s Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
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30
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Watanabe S, Sato M, Sawada Y, Tanaka M, Matsui A, Kanno Y, Hirai MY, Seki M, Sakamoto A, Seo M. Arabidopsis molybdenum cofactor sulfurase ABA3 contributes to anthocyanin accumulation and oxidative stress tolerance in ABA-dependent and independent ways. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16592. [PMID: 30413758 PMCID: PMC6226459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis ABA3 is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of the sulfurated form of the molybdenum (Mo) cofactor (MoCo), which is required for the enzymatic activity of so-called Mo enzymes such as aldehyde oxidase (AO) and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). It has been reported that AO and XDH are essential for the biosynthesis of the bioactive compounds, ABA and allantoin, respectively. However, aba3 mutants often exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes that are not explained by defects in ABA and/or allantoin biosynthesis, leading us to hypothesize that ABA3 regulates additional metabolic pathways. To reveal the currently unidentified functions of ABA3 we compared transcriptome and metabolome of the Arabidopsis aba3 mutant with those of wild type and a typical ABA-deficient mutant aba2. We found that endogenous levels of anthocyanins, members of the flavonoid group, were significantly lower in the aba3 mutant than in the wild type or the aba2 mutant under oxidative stress. In contrast, mutants defective in the AO and XDH holoenzymes accumulated significantly higher levels of anthocyanins when compared with aba3 mutant under the same conditions. Our findings shed light on a key role of ABA3 in the ABA- and allantoin-independent accumulation of anthocyanins during stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Muneo Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuji Sawada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Maho Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsui
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- Department of Mathematics and Life Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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Zhang J, Chen Y, Luo H, Sun L, Xu M, Yu J, Zhou Q, Meng G, Yang S. Recent Update on the Pharmacological Effects and Mechanisms of Dihydromyricetin. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1204. [PMID: 30410442 PMCID: PMC6209623 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant natural flavonoid in rattan tea, dihydromyricetin (DMY) has shown a wide range of pharmacological effects. In addition to the general characteristics of flavonoids, DMY has the effects of cardioprotection, anti-diabetes, hepatoprotection, neuroprotection, anti-tumor, and dermatoprotection. DMY was also applied for the treatment of bacterial infection, osteoporosis, asthma, kidney injury, nephrotoxicity and so on. These effects to some extent enrich the understanding about the role of DMY in disease prevention and therapy. However, to date, we still have no outlined knowledge about the detailed mechanism of DMY, which might be related to anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation. And the detailed mechanisms may be associated with several different molecules involved in cellular apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation, such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase B (Akt), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) and so on. Here, we summarized the current pharmacological developments of DMY as well as possible mechanisms, aiming to push the understanding about the protective role of DMY as well as its preclinical assessment of novel application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Huiqin Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Mengting Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target of Jiangsu Province, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qigang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoliang Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shengju Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Pi E, Zhu C, Fan W, Huang Y, Qu L, Li Y, Zhao Q, Ding F, Qiu L, Wang H, Poovaiah BW, Du L. Quantitative Phosphoproteomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal GmMYB173 Optimizes Flavonoid Metabolism in Soybean under Salt Stress. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:1209-1224. [PMID: 29496908 PMCID: PMC5986248 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity causes osmotic stress to crops and limits their productivity. To understand the mechanism underlying soybean salt tolerance, proteomics approach was used to identify phosphoproteins altered by NaCl treatment. Results revealed that 412 of the 4698 quantitatively analyzed phosphopeptides were significantly up-regulated on salt treatment, including a phosphopeptide covering the serine 59 in the transcription factor GmMYB173. Our data showed that GmMYB173 is one of the three MYB proteins differentially phosphorylated on salt treatment, and a substrate of the casein kinase-II. MYB recognition sites exist in the promoter of flavonoid synthase gene GmCHS5 and one was found to mediate its recognition by GmMYB173, an event facilitated by phosphorylation. Because GmCHS5 catalyzes the synthesis of chalcone, flavonoids derived from chalcone were monitored using metabolomics approach. Results revealed that 24 flavonoids of 6745 metabolites were significantly up-regulated after salt treatment. We further compared the salt tolerance and flavonoid accumulation in soybean transgenic roots expressing the 35S promoter driven cds and RNAi constructs of GmMYB173 and GmCHS5, as well as phospho-mimic (GmMYB173S59D ) and phospho-ablative (GmMYB173S59A ) mutants of GmMYB173 Overexpression of GmMYB173S59D and GmCHS5 resulted in the highest increase in salt tolerance and accumulation of cyaniding-3-arabinoside chloride, a dihydroxy B-ring flavonoid. The dihydroxy B-ring flavonoids are more effective as anti-oxidative agents when compared with monohydroxy B-ring flavonoids, such as formononetin. Hence the salt-triggered phosphorylation of GmMYB173, subsequent increase in its affinity to GmCHS5 promoter and the elevated transcription of GmCHS5 likely contribute to soybean salt tolerance by enhancing the accumulation of dihydroxy B-ring flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erxu Pi
- From the ‡College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants;
| | - Chengmin Zhu
- From the ‡College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Wei Fan
- §Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Yingying Huang
- From the ‡College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Liqun Qu
- From the ‡College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Yangyang Li
- From the ‡College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Qinyi Zhao
- From the ‡College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Feng Ding
- From the ‡College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- ¶The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI), Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Huizhong Wang
- From the ‡College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants;
| | - B W Poovaiah
- ‖Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6414
| | - Liqun Du
- From the ‡College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310036, PR China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants;
- ‖Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6414
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Shah FA, Ni J, Chen J, Wang Q, Liu W, Chen X, Tang C, Fu S, Wu L. Proanthocyanidins in seed coat tegmen and endospermic cap inhibit seed germination in Sapium sebiferum. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4690. [PMID: 29713566 PMCID: PMC5924686 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapium sebiferum, an ornamental and bio-energetic plant, is propagated by seed. Its seed coat contains germination inhibitors and takes a long time to stratify for germination. In this study, we discovered that the S. sebiferum seed coat (especially the tegmen) and endospermic cap (ESC) contained high levels of proanthocyanidins (PAs). Seed coat and ESC removal induced seed germination, whereas exogenous application with seed coat extract (SCE) or PAs significantly inhibited this process, suggesting that PAs in the seed coat played a major role in regulating seed germination in S. sebiferum. We further investigated how SCE affected the expression of the seed-germination-related genes. The results showed that treatment with SCE upregulated the transcription level of the dormancy-related gene, gibberellins (GAs) suppressing genes, abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signalling genes. SCE decreased the transcript levels of ABA catabolic genes, GAs biosynthesis genes, reactive oxygen species genes and nitrates-signalling genes. Exogenous application of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, gibberellic acid, hydrogen peroxide and potassium nitrate recovered seed germination in seed-coat-extract supplemented medium. In this study, we highlighted the role of PAs, and their interactions with the other germination regulators, in the regulation of seed dormancy in S. sebiferum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Afzal Shah
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jun Ni
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qiaojian Wang
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Caiguo Tang
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Songling Fu
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agriculture University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Lifang Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Xu Z, Mahmood K, Rothstein SJ. ROS Induces Anthocyanin Production Via Late Biosynthetic Genes and Anthocyanin Deficiency Confers the Hypersensitivity to ROS-Generating Stresses in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1364-1377. [PMID: 28586465 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are known to have antioxidant activities. Their accumulation can be triggered by many chemical and environmental factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the mechanism of ROS-induced anthocyanin accumulation and the role of anthocyanins in the response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to different stresses are largely unknown. Here, we study the cross-regulation between ROS and anthocyanin production. Ten Arabidopsis mutants covering the main anthocyanin regulatory and biosynthetic genes are systematically analyzed under ROS-generating stresses. We find that ROS triggers anthocyanin accumulation by up-regulating the anthocyanin late biosynthetic and the corresponding regulatory genes. The anthocyanin-deficient mutants have more endogenous ROS and are more sensitive to ROS-generating stresses while having decreased antioxidant capacity. Supplementation with cyanidin makes them less susceptible to ROS, with increased anthocyanin and reduced ROS accumulation. In contrast, pap1-D, which overaccumulates anthocyanins, shows the opposite responses. Gene expression analysis reveals that photosynthetic capacity is more impaired in anthocyanin-deficient mutants under high-light stress. Expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzyme genes are not correlated with the radical-scavenging activity in different mutants. We conclude that ROS are an important source signal to induce anthocyanin accumulation by up-regulating late biosynthetic and the corresponding regulatory genes and, as a feed-back regulation, anthocyanins modulate the ROS level and the sensitivity to ROS-generating stresses in maintaining photosynthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kashif Mahmood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Steven J Rothstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Malisch CS, Salminen JP, Kölliker R, Engström MT, Suter D, Studer B, Lüscher A. Drought Effects on Proanthocyanidins in Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) Are Dependent on the Plant's Ontogenetic Stage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9307-9316. [PMID: 27960281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) is a forage legume, which improves animal health and the environmental impact of livestock farming due to its proanthocyanidin content. To identify the impact of drought on acetone/water-extractable proanthocyanidin (PA) concentration and composition in the generative and vegetative stages, a rain exclosure experiment was established. Leaves of 120 plants from 5 different sainfoin accessions were sampled repeatedly and analyzed by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The results showed distinct differences in response to drought between vegetative and generative plants. Whereas vegetative plants showed a strong response to drought in growth (-56%) and leaf PA concentration (+46%), generative plants showed no response in growth (-2%) or PA concentration (-9%). The PA composition was stable across environments. The five accessions varied in PA concentrations and composition but showed the same pattern of response to the experimental treatments. These results show that the ontogenetic stage at which drought occurs significantly affects the plant's response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten S Malisch
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , 20500 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Marica T Engström
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku , 20500 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Bruno Studer
- Molecular Plant Breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zurich , 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Luo P, Shen Y, Jin S, Huang S, Cheng X, Wang Z, Li P, Zhao J, Bao M, Ning G. Overexpression of Rosa rugosa anthocyanidin reductase enhances tobacco tolerance to abiotic stress through increased ROS scavenging and modulation of ABA signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 245:35-49. [PMID: 26940490 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and plays a role in the plant stress response. However, the mechanism by which ANR confers stress tolerance in plants is not understood. Here, we report the isolation of RrANR, the homologous gene from rose, and NtABF, an ABA-response related transcription factor gene from tobacco. These genes were characterized regarding their functions in stress responses through the use of transgenic, transcriptomic and physiological analyses. Over-expression of RrANR in tobacco resulted in an increased accumulation of both PAs and abscisic acid (ABA), and also enhanced stress tolerance. Transcriptomic analysis of these transgenic tobacco lines indicated that RrANR overexpression induced global transcriptomic changes, including these involved in oxidation/reduction, hormone response and secondary metabolism. Genes related to ABA biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging were up-regulated in RrANR transgenic lines, and these effects were phenocopied by the direct treatment of tobacco plants with PAs and ABA. Transcriptomic data from each of these treatments identified the upregulation of a putative NtABF. Furthermore, the up-regulation of NtABF in RrANR transformants or in PAs- and ABA-treated tobacco plants was associated with enhanced stress tolerance. Overexpression of NtABF in transgenic tobacco mimicked the effects of RrANR-transgenic plants with regard to the up-regulation of ROS-scavenging genes and an increase in oxidative tolerance. Taken together, our findings indicate that overexpression of RrANR results in an increase in plant tolerance to oxidative stress via increased scavenging of ROS and modulation of the ABA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yuxiao Shen
- Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shuangxia Jin
- National key laboratory of Crop Genetics and Improvement, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shasha Huang
- Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Penghui Li
- National key laboratory of Crop Genetics and Improvement, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jian Zhao
- National key laboratory of Crop Genetics and Improvement, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Manzhu Bao
- Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Guogui Ning
- Key laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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Yan J, Wang B, Jiang Y, Cheng L, Wu T. GmFNSII-controlled soybean flavone metabolism responds to abiotic stresses and regulates plant salt tolerance. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:74-86. [PMID: 24192294 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Flavones, a major group of flavonoids in most plant tissues, play multiple roles in plant-environment interactions. In our study, the expression of the two soybean flavone synthase genes, GmFNSII-1 and GmFNSII-2, was significantly increased by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), glucose, mannitol and NaCl treatment, which were also found to increase flavone aglycone accumulation in Glycine max (L.) Merrill. In the GmFNSII-1 promoter, a specific CGTCA motif in the region (-979 bp to -806 bp) involved in the MeJA response was identified. Promoter deletion analysis of GmFNSII-2 revealed the presence of osmotic-responsive (-1,143 bp to -767 bp) and glucose-repressive sequence elements (-767 bp to -475 bp), which strongly supported the hypothesis that glucose induces soybean flavone production by acting as both an osmotic factor and a sugar signaling molecule simultaneously. Silencing of the GmFNSII gene clearly reduced the production of flavone aglycones (apigenin, luteolin and 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone) in hairy roots. The GmFNSII-RNAi (RNA interference) roots that had a reduced level of flavones accompanied by more malondialdehyde and H2O2 accumulation were more sensitive to salt stress compared with those of the control, and we concluded that flavones, as antioxidants, are associated with salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 800 Dongchuan Rd., Shanghai, PR China 200240
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Jia L, Xu W, Li W, Ye N, Liu R, Shi L, Bin Rahman ANMR, Fan M, Zhang J. Class III peroxidases are activated in proanthocyanidin-deficient Arabidopsis thaliana seeds. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:839-847. [PMID: 23448691 PMCID: PMC3631330 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It has previously been shown that proanthocyanidins (PAs) in the seed coat of Arabidopsis thaliana have the ability to scavenge superoxide radicals (O2(-)). However, the physiological processess in PA-deficit seeds are not clear. It is hypothesized that there exist alternative ways in PA-deficient seeds to cope with oxidative stress. METHODS The content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and its relevance to the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidases was investigated in both wild-type and PA-deficit mutant seeds. A biochemical staining approach was used to detect tissue localizations of peroxidase activities in PA-deficit mutant seeds. KEY RESULTS PA-deficient mutants possess significantly lower levels of H2O2 than the wild-type, despite their higher accumulation of superoxide radicals. Screening of the key antioxidant enzymes revealed that peroxidase activity was significantly over-activated in mutant seeds. This high peroxidase activity was mainly confined to the seed coat zone. Interestingly, neither ascorbate peroxidase nor glutathione peroxidase, just the guaiacol peroxidases (class III peroxidases), was specifically activated in the seed coat. However, no significant difference in peroxidase activity was observed in embryos of either mutants or the wild-type, although gene expressions of several candidate peroxidases were down-regulated in the embryos of PA-deficient seeds. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that enhanced class III peroxidase activity in the seed coat of PA-deficient mutants is an adaptive strategy for seed development and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Jia
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010019, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wenrao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Ecological Science and Technology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Nenghui Ye
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lu Shi
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - A. N. M. Rubaiyath Bin Rahman
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mingshou Fan
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot 010019, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Xu W, Jia L, Shi W, Liang J, Zhou F, Li Q, Zhang J. Abscisic acid accumulation modulates auxin transport in the root tip to enhance proton secretion for maintaining root growth under moderate water stress. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:139-150. [PMID: 23106247 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of root growth is essential for plant adaptation to soil drying. Here, we tested the hypothesis that auxin transport is involved in mediating ABA's modulation by activating proton secretion in the root tip to maintain root growth under moderate water stress. Rice and Arabidopsis plants were raised under a hydroponic system and subjected to moderate water stress (-0.47 MPa) with polyethylene glycol (PEG). ABA accumulation, auxin transport and plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase activity at the root tip were monitored in addition to the primary root elongation and root hair density. We found that moderate water stress increases ABA accumulation and auxin transport in the root apex. Additionally, ABA modulation is involved in the regulation of auxin transport in the root tip. The transported auxin activates the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase to release more protons along the root tip in its adaption to moderate water stress. The proton secretion in the root tip is essential in maintaining or promoting primary root elongation and root hair development under moderate water stress. These results suggest that ABA accumulation modulates auxin transport in the root tip, which enhances proton secretion for maintaining root growth under moderate water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Xu
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Liguo Jia
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- College of Agronomy, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Huhhot, China
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jiansheng Liang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianfeng Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Jia L, Wu Q, Ye N, Liu R, Shi L, Xu W, Zhi H, Rahman ANMRB, Xia Y, Zhang J. Proanthocyanidins inhibit seed germination by maintaining a high level of abscisic acid in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 54:663-73. [PMID: 22765383 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2012.01142.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the main products of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in seeds, but their biological function during seed germination is still unclear. We observed that seed germination is delayed with the increase of exogenous PA concentration in Arabidopsis. A similar inhibitory effect occurred in peeled Brassica napus seeds, which was observed by measuring radicle elongation. Using abscisic acid (ABA), a biosynthetic and metabolic inhibitor, and gene expression analysis by real-time polymerase chain reaction, we found that the inhibitory effect of PAs on seed germination is due to their promotion of ABA via de novo biogenesis, rather than by any inhibition of its degradation. Consistent with the relationship between PA content and ABA accumulation in seeds, PA-deficient mutants maintain a lower level of ABA compared with wild-types during germination. Our data suggest that PA distribution in the seed coat can act as a doorkeeper to seed germination. PA regulation of seed germination is mediated by the ABA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Jia
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
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