The aim of this study was to demonstrate that a self-administered complex decongestive therapy (CDT) protocol is not inferior to certified lymphedema therapist (CLT)-administered CDT in the management of lymphedema and health-related outcomes in patients with breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL).

Fifty patients with BCRL were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: (1) a CLT-administered CDT group (n = 25) or a self-administered CDT group (n = 25). CDT was a multimodal approach in two experimental conditions consisting of patient education, manual lymph drainage, multi-layer bandaging, therapeutic exercises and skin/nail care. Lymphedema severity was assessed using circumference measurement, and BCRL-related symptoms were assessed using a numerical rating scale. The following measurement methods were used to assess health-related outcomes: universal goniometer for range of motion (ROMs), hand grip dynamometer for peripheral muscle strength, disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand (DASH) questionnaire for disability level, International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF) for physical activity level, the checklist for individual strength (CIS) for fatigue and upper limb lymphedema quality of life questionnaire (ULL-27) for quality of life.

Following CDT, there was a significant decrease in lymphedema severity and lymphedema-related symptoms in both groups (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the mean difference in health-related outcomes following CDT (post-treatment-baseline) (p < 0.05). Lymphedema severity and symptoms remained stable during the 3-month follow-up periods in the CLT-administered CDT group (p > 0.05). There was a decrease in the severity of lymphedema, stiffness, heaviness and fatigue in the self-administered CDT group at 3-month follow-up (p < 0.05), while pain and tingling remained unchanged (p > 0.05).

The present findings demonstrated self-administered CDT protocol is not inferior to CLT-administered CDT in the management of lymphedema and reduction of lymphedema-related disabilities.

Breast cancer (BC) is a prevalent global health concern, with various risk factors contributing to its heterogeneity. This comprehensive meta-analysis aims to explore the association between dairy consumption and BC risk, stratified by hormone receptor, menopausal status, and age. To assess the association between dairy consumption and BC risk, a systematic literature review based on studies published until December 2024 retrieved from PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Summary relative risks (RRs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and then aggregated using random-effects models. Summary RR from 51 studies with 62,602 BC cases showed that overall dairy consumption is inversely associated with BC risk (RR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84-0.98, I2 = 75%), particularly among individuals aged over 45 (RR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68-0.98, I2 = 0%). Notably, higher intake of low-fat dairy products showed potential protective effects (RR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84-0.98, I2 = 56%), especially in premenopausal women (skimmed milk, RR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.76-0.97, I2 = 0%). Fermented dairy products, including yogurt, exhibited a decreased BC risk, particularly in postmenopausal women (RR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.87-0.96, I2 = 0%). However, a positive association was observed between total milk intake and the risk of estrogen receptor-negative BC (RR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.08-1.59, I2 = 0%). This meta-analysis provides comprehensive insights into the association between specific dairy product consumption and BC risk. The findings highlight the protective impact of specific dairy products on different subtypes, offering valuable insights for BC prevention.

The initial response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Ontario included suspension of cancer screening programs and deferral of diagnostic procedures and many treatments. Although the short-term impact of these measures on female cancers is well documented, few studies have assessed the mid- to long-term impacts.

To compare annual billing prevalence and incidence rates of female cancers during the COVID-19 period (2020-2022) to pre-COVID-19 levels (2015-2019).

Retrospective analysis of aggregated claims data for female cancer diagnostic codes from the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP).

Linear regression analysis was used to fit pre-COVID-19 (2015-2019) data for each OHIP billing code and extrapolate counterfactual values for the years of 2020-2022. Excess billing rates were calculated as the difference between projected and actual rates for each year.

In 2020, OHIP billing prevalence rates for cervical, breast, uterine, and ovarian cancers decreased relative to projected values for that year by -50.7/100k, -13.9/100k, -3.5/100k, and -3.8/100k, respectively. The reverse was observed in 2021 with rate increases of 47.8/100k, 59.1/100k, 2.5/100k, and 3.7/100k, respectively. In 2022, the excesses were further amplified, especially for cervical and breast cancers (111.2/100k and 78.67/100k, respectively). The net excess patient billing rate for 2020-2022 was largely positive for all female cancer types (108.3/100k, 123.7/100k, 5.2/100k, and 1.8/100k, respectively). Analysis of billing incidence rates showed similar trends.

The expected female cancer billing rate decreases in 2020 were followed by large increases in 2021 and 2022, resulting in a cumulative excess during the COVID-19 period. Further research is required to assess the nature of these changes.

Breast cancer in Italy is still the most frequent cancer among women, and alcohol consumption is recognized as a risk factor for its development. Overall, in 2020, approximately 10% of all breast cancer-related deaths were attributable to alcohol consumption. Despite advancements in diagnostics and therapeutic options reducing mortality trends, the incidence of breast cancer is projected to rise in Italy. This study aims to assess how alcohol consumption influences the timing of breast lesion diagnosis. Understanding these associations can enhance primary prevention strategies and support the adoption of a risk-based prevention approach, integrating lifestyle factors into personalized screening programs.

P.I.N.K. (Prevention, Imaging, Network and Knowledge) study collected data on a prospective dynamic cohort of women who voluntarily underwent breast cancer screening at breast centers throughout Italy, between 2018 and 2023, outside the free national screening program. The occurrence of breast lesion diagnosis and baseline information were collected through clinical visits and an auto-administered questionnaire, including data on absent, moderate or high alcohol consumption during the last 12 months and smoking. 3774 women (mean age 58.9 ± 10.0, range 40-98 years) were included in the present analysis, encompassing women with a suspected or confirmed diagnosis of benign or malignant tumor and healthy women that contributed at least 4 years to the study. An Event History Analysis was carried out to evaluate the effect of alcohol consumption on the timing to event. The event was represented by the transition of the health status, from not diagnosed to diagnosed with breast lesion. The Accelerated Failure Time parameterization was used to directly interpret how the covariates influence the time to the event. The model was adjusted by familiality of breast/ovarian cancer, marital status, level of education, and type of access to health care.

High alcohol consumption exhibited an accelerating effect on the transition to the diagnosed state, indicating a significantly shortened time to event: β coefficient - 0.33 (p-value 0.010) in the adjusted model, indicating an anticipation of about 4 months. The effect of moderate alcohol consumption did not reach statistical significance, neither in the unadjusted model nor in the adjusted model. Adjustment for smoking status led to a further increase of the β coefficient for high alcohol consumption (- 0.40; p value 0.003) and brought moderate alcohol consumption closer to statistical significance (β - 0.15; p-value 0.087). Familiality of breast or ovarian cancer showed a statistically non-significant accelerating effect, while marital status different from maiden, high education, and private access to health care showed decelerating effects.

High alcohol consumption was confirmed as an accelerating factor in breast lesions diagnosis, while the effect of moderate consumption did not reach statistical significance. These results help identifying actionable targets for high-risk populations, emphasizing personalized risk-based screening programs and gender-sensitive interventions.

Background/Objectives: Cancer is a multifactorial disease. Evidence suggests that 30% to 50% of cancer incidence is linked to unhealthy behaviors. It is therefore important that dietary recommendations, including population-based dietary guidelines, and public policies be designed to support and facilitate healthier choices. We evaluated the alignment between the updated Chilean Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) and cancer prevention recommendations from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF/AICR) and the Latin America and the Caribbean Code Against Cancer (LAC-Code). Methods: A qualitative content analysis was performed based on the dissemination and technical documents from the updated Chilean FBDGs (2023), the WCRF/AICR and the LAC Code. A first set of codes was developed to evaluate the relevance of the messages with cancer prevention recommendations, and a second one aimed to characterize the food and diet recommendations included in cancer prevention recommendations and the Chilean FBDGs. Furthermore, we compared the 10 Chilean FBDG messages with the WCRF/AICR and the LAC Code recommendations. Results: The updated Chilean FBDG messages met most of the categories included. Four out of ten of the Chilean FBDG messages were directly aligned with LAC Code and the WCRF/AICR recommendations, five had an indirect relationship, and one was not related to any cancer recommendation. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the updated Chilean FBDG messages are most often indirectly aligned with the worldwide and the Latin American region cancer prevention recommendations over the role of diet, nutrition and physical activity in cancer risk among the general population.

Gastric cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths. Gastric cancer rates vary across regions, which may be attributable to factors such as Helicobacter pylori infection, environmental factors, and genetic predispositions. We examined the association between gastric cancer, nutrient intake, and lifestyle parameters in Korean adults.

This study utilized the KNHANES dataset (2012-2016) to explore the nutritional risk factors associated with gastric cancer. Multivariable analysis was conducted to confirm the association between micronutrients and specific food items using questionnaires designed to collect data on individuals' consumption frequency and nutrient intake.

This study enrolled 18,894 participants, including 229 diagnosed with gastric cancer. Factors associated with gastric cancer included male sex, older age, low body-mass index, and frequent consumption of food outside the home. Multivariate analysis indicated that a lower intake of protein (odds ratio [OR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97-0.99, p < 0.001), fat (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.98-0.99, p < 0.004), and thiamine (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.45-0.76, p < 0.001) and a higher intake of niacin (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08, p < 0.001) were correlated with an increased risk of gastric cancer. Additionally, specific dietary items, such as tteok (rice cake) and soju, contributed to an elevated gastric cancer risk (OR 1.21, 95% CI, 1.01-1.40; OR 1.14, 95% CI, 1.03-1.25; p < 0.001).

We found an association between gastric cancer and various nutritional and lifestyle parameters. Nutrient intake and lifestyle-related factors significantly influence the prevalence of gastric cancer, suggesting that tailored interventions could mitigate this risk in specific populations.

Oropharyngeal cancer (OPC), a prevalent head and neck malignancy, is witnessing a rise in incidence and mortality rates annually. Our study aimed to understand the microbial composition within OPC tissue, utilizing the 2bRAD-M technique to analyze microbiome characteristics of tissue samples from 46 OPC patients and 31 with tonsillitis, followed by bioinformatics analysis. We identified higher relative abundances of Selenomonas sputigena, Nocardia farcinica, and other species in the OPC group compared to the tonsillitis group. KEGG functional prediction revealed enrichment in bile secretion, type II polyketide backbone biosynthesis, staurosporine biosynthesis, and cGMP-PKG signaling pathways. HPV-positive OPC patients showed greater abundances of Pseudomonas and other species, with differential gene enrichment in "ATP-binding cassette" and "ACSL" processes. These microbial disparities may offer potential biomarkers for OPC prediction and insight into its progression, informing treatment strategies for HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients.

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the association between endometrial tissue stiffness, as measured by shear wave elastography (SWE), and the presence of specific gene mutations in patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer. Methods: Peripheral blood samples were collected for DNA extraction and next-generation sequencing (NGS) to identify gene mutations. Preoperative SWE was performed to measure endometrial stiffness, with values expressed in kilopascals (kPa). Statistical analyses were conducted to assess the correlation between SWE measurements and genetic findings. Results: Genetic mutations were detected in 66% (n = 31) of cases, with TTN, PLEC, and PRSS1 being the most frequently mutated genes. The median SWE measurement was 36.5 kPa (range: 19.1-70.4 kPa). No statistically significant correlation was found between SWE values and the presence of gene mutations (p > 0.05). Cases with metastasis exhibited higher median SWE values (40.1 kPa) compared to non-metastatic cases (34.7 kPa), though this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: While no significant association was observed between endometrial stiffness and specific gene mutations, higher SWE values in metastatic cases suggest that increased tissue stiffness may be linked to tumor aggressiveness. Further large-scale studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore the potential of SWE as a non-invasive tool in assessing endometrial cancer characteristics.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a high incidence cancer and health problem influenced by many factors emphasizes on the importance of identifying risk factors which can be modified. A dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) style promotes a balanced nutrition approach that might have effects on CRC. The aim of this study was to analyze existing evidence on the DASH diet's association with CRC.

Databases, including Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, were searched to identify eligible studies up to March 2025. Observational studies investigating the association between adherence to the DASH diet and CRC were included. Effect sizes (ESs) and their confidence intervals (CIs) from fully adjusted models were extracted for the meta-analysis. A random-effects model was employed to calculate the combined ES and assess the relationship between the DASH diet and CRC. The publication bias was assessed using Egger's test and heterogeneity between studies was examined using the I2 statistic.

Fourteen studies were included in this study. Adherence to DASH diet reduced CRC risk (RR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.73-0.89). Subgroup analyses found consistent effects across cohorts and various factors, with no publication bias. For rectal cancer (RC), adherence to DASH dietary pattern reduced risk of RC (RR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.66-0.86), particularly in males and cohort studies. Colon cancer risk was also reduced (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.79-0.88), with stronger effects in males and cohort studies. For colorectal adenoma, DASH showed a significant risk reduction (RR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.22-0.80).

Our results highlight that following the DASH diet has a significant effect on lowering the risk of CRC which aligns with previous research. These findings support recommendation of following the DASH diet pattern reduces the burden of CRC. PROSPERO, registration ID: CRD42024569140.

Life expectancy free of cancer (LEFC) is a novel measure that considers both morbidity and mortality and could be a useful metric for disease surveillance and risk communication. We aimed to examine the association between physical activity and LEFC in British adults.

This was a prospective cohort study of 292,559 apparently healthy UK Biobank participants (mean [SD] age, 56.0 [8.1] y, 51% women). Participants were categorized based on self-reported physical activity as "no activity" (0 min/wk), "insufficiently active" (10-599 metabolic equivalent-min/wk), "active" (600-1199 metabolic equivalent-min/wk), and "very active" (>1200 metabolic equivalent-min/wk). Hazard ratios from multistate models for transitions between 3 states (cancer-free, cancer diagnosis, and all-cause mortality) were used to calculate differences in predicted remaining LEFC across physical activity levels for men and women at ages 45 and 65 years.

During a median follow-up of 11.0 years, we recorded 13,143 cancer cases for men and 10,255 for women, and 6488 deaths for men and 3739 for women. At age 45, "insufficiently active," "active," and "very active" had a higher LEFC by 2.35, 2.46, and 2.76 years compared with "no activity," and by 1.44, 1.62, and 1.84 years at age 65. In women, the "insufficiently active," "active," and "very active" had a higher LEFC by 1.09, 1.42, and 1.59 years at age 45, and by 1.25, 1.54, and 1.71 years at age 65.

Engaging in physical activity, even below recommended levels, appears to extend cancer-free years of life. Promoting physical activity is an important strategy for cancer prevention.

Asthma and atopic dermatitis are common allergic conditions that contribute to substantial health loss, economic burden, and pain across individuals of all ages worldwide. Therefore, as a component of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, we present updated estimates of the prevalence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), incidence, and deaths due to asthma and atopic dermatitis and the burden attributable to modifiable risk factors, with forecasted prevalence up to 2050.

Asthma and atopic dermatitis prevalence, incidence, DALYs, and mortality, with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), were estimated for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. A systematic review identified data from 389 sources for asthma and 316 for atopic dermatitis, which were further pooled using the Bayesian meta-regression tool. We also described the age-standardised DALY rates of asthma attributable to four modifiable risk factors: high BMI, occupational asthmagens, smoking, and nitrogen dioxide pollution. Furthermore, as a secondary analysis, prevalence was forecasted to 2050 using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), air pollution, and smoking as predictors for asthma and atopic dermatitis. To assess trends in the burden of asthma and atopic dermatitis before (2010-19) and during (2019-21) the COVID-19 pandemic, we compared their average annual percentage changes (AAPCs).

In 2021, there were an estimated 260 million (95% UI 227-298) individuals with asthma and 129 million (124-134) individuals with atopic dermatitis worldwide. Asthma cases declined from 287 million (250-331) in 1990 to 238 million (209-272) in 2005 but increased to 260 million in 2021. Atopic dermatitis cases consistently rose from 107 million (103-112) in 1990 to 129 million (124-134) in 2021. However, age-standardised prevalence rates decreased-by 40·0% (from 5568·3 per 100 000 to 3340·1 per 100 000) for asthma and 8·3% (from 1885·4 per 100 000 to 1728·5 per 100 000) for atopic dermatitis. In 2021, there were substantial variations in the burden of asthma and atopic dermatitis across different SDI groups, with the highest age-standardised DALY rate found in south Asia for asthma (465·0 [357·2-648·9] per 100 000) and the high-income super-region for atopic dermatitis (3552·5 [3407·2-3706·1] per 100 000). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the decline in asthma prevalence had stagnated (AAPC pre-pandemic -1·39% [-2·07 to -0·71] and during the pandemic 0·47% [-1·86 to 2·79]; p=0·020); however, there was no significant difference in atopic dermatitis prevalence in the same period (pre-pandemic -0·28% [-0·33 to -0·22] and during the pandemic -0·35% [-0·78 to 0·08]; p=0·20). Modifiable risk factors were responsible for 29·9% of the global asthma DALY burden; among them, high BMI was the greatest contributor (39·4 [19·6-60·2] per 100 000), followed by occupational asthmagens (20·8 [16·7-26·5] per 100 000) across all regions. The age-standardised DALY rate of asthma attributable to high BMI was highest in high-SDI settings, whereas the contribution of occupational asthmagens was highest in low-SDI settings. According to our forecasting models, we expect 275 million (224-330) asthma cases and 148 million (140-158) atopic dermatitis cases in 2050, with population growth driving this increase. However, age-standardised prevalence rates are expected to remain stable (-23·2% [-44·4 to 5·3] for asthma and -1·4% [-9·1 to 7·0] for atopic dermatitis) from 2021 to 2050.

Although the increases in the total number of asthma and atopic dermatitis cases will probably continue until 2050, age-standardised prevalence rates are expected to remain stable. A considerable portion of the global burden could be managed through efforts to address modifiable risk factors. Additionally, the contribution of risk factors to the burden substantially varied by SDI, which suggests the need for tailored initiatives for specific SDI settings. The growing number of individuals expected to be affected by asthma and atopic dermatitis in the future suggests that it is essential to improve our understanding of risk factors for asthma and atopic dermatitis and collect disease prevalence data that are globally generalisable.

Gates Foundation.

Exercise may offer various clinical benefits to breast cancer survivors. However, exercise participation among survivors is low. Discussions about exercise can increase participation, but details regarding implementation of exercise communication for breast cancer survivors are unclear.

To examine the development and implementation of explicitly reported exercise communication for breast cancer survivors.

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews was used. Six databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, Communication and Mass Media Complete, and PsycINFO) were searched for articles describing exercise communication for female breast cancer survivors in any geographical location or setting published up to April 2024. Information about study and participant characteristics, exercise communication, and intervention components and effects were extracted.

Thirty-nine studies were included. Information consistent with exercise guidelines was communicated in 32 studies for aerobic exercise (82.1%) and 7 studies for muscle-strengthening exercise (17.9%). More studies communicated information about exercise benefits (20 [51.3%]) compared with exercise safety (3 [7.7%]). Studies included breast cancer survivors who were predominantly White (median [range], 85.5% [47.4%-98.7%]). Most included breast cancer survivors were educated (median percentage, 50.7% were college graduates) and had completed primary treatment (eg, median percentage, 66.7% had completed chemotherapy). Seventeen individualized (ie, tailored) information based on demographic or clinical characteristics (43.6%), and 5 considered contextual factors, such as the environment (12.8%). Most interventions reported an increase in exercise (19 of 21 [90.4%]). Heterogeneity in intervention design (eg, dietary advice or exercise trackers in addition to exercise information) and evaluation (eg, intervention length and outcomes) prevented quantitative synthesis of intervention effects.

In this systematic scoping review of exercise communication for breast cancer survivors, interventions including exercise communication appeared to show a favorable effect. However, data were limited about the development and implementation of these interventions among underrepresented breast cancer survivors. Interest in research involving exercise communication for breast cancer survivors in clinical settings remains strong.

Epidemiological studies indicated that cruciferous vegetable intake is associated with positive health outcomes. However, the role of cruciferous vegetables may have differential impacts on various cancers.

This meta-analysis aims to review recent epidemiological studies on the link between cruciferous vegetables and various cancers. It seeks to identify the optimal intake dose and timing of cruciferous vegetables influencing their association with cancer risk.

Studies on cruciferous vegetables and cancer were searched in PubMed, NCBI, Web of Science, and Elsevier databases from 1978 to June 2023.

Extracted data from 226 relevant case-control and cohort studies were expressed by standardized mean difference and 95% CI, followed by the subgroup analysis to eliminate heterogeneity.

Intake of cruciferous vegetables can prevent cancers, with an odds ratio of 0.77 and risk ratio (RR) of 0.96. The intake levels of cruciferous vegetables associated with the risk of colorectal cancer, lung cancer, upper gastrointestinal cancer, gynecological cancer (ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer), bladder cancer, renal cancer, and prostate cancer were found to be 5.41 servings/week, 5.41 servings/week, 5.5 servings/week, 7.4 servings/week, 5.5 servings/week, 4.85 servings/week, and 3 servings/week, respectively. In a cohort followed for 2 to 15 years, limited consumption of cruciferous vegetables was correlated with a higher cancer RR. In the Asian population, cruciferous vegetables had a significant relationship with lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and esophageal cancer. Conversely, cruciferous vegetables are predominantly associated with colorectal, renal, gynecological, and prostate cancer in the American population.

This study highlights the complex link between cruciferous vegetables and cancer, influenced by factors such as cancer type, region, intake level, and follow-up duration.

The aim of this practice evaluation was to assess weight trends during and after a nutritional intervention in cancer patients and survivors.

This retrospective study was conducted between January 2014 and October 2020 in adults with different cancer types managed at the Léon-Bérard Cancer Center, undergoing treatment or during post-treatment follow-up, with a BMI≥25kg/m2 and who had at least 3 consultations with a nutrition physician. Nutritional management focused on behavioral, metabolic and nutritional aspects. Anthropometrics measurements, i.e., waist circumference, weight and BMI, were monitored prospectively during the nutritional consultation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the nutritional intervention on the anthropometrics measurements.

Overall, 247 patients were included in the analysis. The median duration of the nutritional intervention was 7.2months. Between the first and the last nutrition consultation, waist circumference was reduced in 97.2% of the patients, with a median loss of 10cm; weight and BMI were reduced in 85.0% and 83.8% of the patients respectively. Six months after the end of the nutritional intervention, 53.7% of patients had stable or continued reduced weight.

This analysis of practice shows the positive impact of a nutritional intervention during cancer treatments on anthropometric parameters, and maintenance or continued weight loss at distance from the intervention in half of the patients.

Medicinal plants are of prime importance in the discovery of drugs. They are an inherent source of naturally available phytochemicals that can help in the prevention and treatment of several diseases including cancer. This article reviews the experimental and clinical evidence of phytochemicals available in natural dietary products that are used in everyday life across South Asia and South-East Asia for their perceived effectiveness in the management of Potentially Malignant Disorders and prevention of Oral Cancer. The review also highlights the active phytometabolites, their in vitro anti-proliferative properties and targeted signalling pathways, biological activities in in vivo models and translative potential for clinical trials in humans.

Multiple primary cancers are relevant outcomes among survivors of gynecological cancers, contributing to the overall cancer burden and having a potential impact on the management of each primary cancer. This study aimed to estimate the risk and survival of third primary cancers (TPCs) among females with a cervical, endometrial, or ovarian first primary cancer (FPC).

Patients with a cervical, endometrial, or ovarian FPC from the Portuguese North Region Cancer Registry, diagnosed between 2000 and 2010 (n = 5846), were followed for a TPC (December 31, 2015) and death from any cause (December 31, 2023). The cumulative incidence of TPCs and mortality was estimated. Patients with a TPC were matched (1:1) to patients without a TPC (FPC + second primary cancer [SPC] only) to compare survival.

Overall, 29 (0.5% of FPCs and 5.4% of SPCs) TPCs were diagnosed. The most common sites were digestive organs (n = 9) followed by breast and urinary tract cancers (n = 4 each). Among all FPCs, the 10-year cumulative incidence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of a TPC was 0.5% (0.3%-0.7%) and among SPCs, it was 5.8% (3.3%-8.2%). For TPCs, compared to matched patients, the age-adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) for death was 3.0 (1.39-6.50). The 10-year cumulative mortality of TPCs and matched patients was 75.7% and 42.0%, respectively.

In Northern Portugal, TPCs occurred mainly in digestive organs, followed by the breast and urinary tract, with a 10-year cumulative incidence of 0.5% among all FPCs. TPCs had a worse long-term survival compared to patients with an SPC only.

Established risk factors for multiple myeloma, including obesity and sedentary lifestyles, are associated with well-known racial/ethnic disparities in disease risk. This review examines established risk determinants for multiple myeloma in Black adults, summarizes evidence linking lifestyle factors, including obesity, physical inactivity, and diet, to disease risk, and discusses energy balance interventions, including cultural tailoring, to mitigate multiple myeloma risk. We summarize current evidence for racial/ethnic disparities in risk factors for multiple myeloma, including unmodifiable heritable factors, modifiable contributors to obesity, including diet and physical activity, and barriers to meeting physical activity and healthful diet guidelines. With this evidence, we present considerations to research lifestyle interventions directed toward risk factors for multiple myeloma. Current foundational scientific evidence in energy balance interventions for cancer risk management is primarily supported in non-Hispanic White populations. Evidence for preventative exercise, diet, or lifestyle interventions for multiple myeloma among underrepresented populations is scarce. Research considerations are proposed to provide strategies utilizing community engagement, primary care education, and importantly, availability of exercise and dietary resources. The importance of tailoring exercise and dietary interventions is also underscored, in addition to generating clinical trial-based evidence to be equitable and beneficial for all populations.

Colon and rectum cancer (CRC) is a major health burden in China, with notable gender disparities. This study was designed to analyze trends in CRC incidence, prevalence, and mortality from 1990 to 2021 and to project future trends.

Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021, we examined CRC burden in China, including incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs). Joinpoint regression, Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) models, and age-period-cohort (APC) analysis identified trends and projected incidence up to 2030.

In 2021, CRC incidence was 658,321 cases, disproportionately affecting males, with an age-standardized incidence rate of 42.24 per 100,000 in males and 21.87 per 100,000 in females. The CRC-related deaths reached 275,129, with higher mortality in males (18.95 per 100,000) than females (9.34 per 100,000). The DALYs totaled 6,848,390 and largely impacted males. Joinpoint analysis showed a persistent increase in incidence and prevalence, especially in younger cohorts, whereas mortality declined slightly but began rising again after 2015. The BAPC analysis projected further incidence growth, particularly in males, through 2030. The APC analysis revealed higher CRC risk among younger cohorts, suggesting increasing early-onset CRC linked to lifestyle risk factors, such as smoking, high alcohol consumption, and diets low in fiber and calcium, with a stronger effect on males.

The increase of CRC incidence and prevalence in China, particularly among males, underscores the need for targeted prevention and early detection. Future research should address gender disparities and modifiable lifestyle risks through public health interventions.

Life's Crucial 9 (LC9) is a recently proposed cardiovascular health (CVH) scoring system that integrates psychological well-being with Life's Essential 8 (LE8). However, its prognostic value remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the association between LC9 and outcomes among cancer survivors.

A total of 2,558 cancer survivors from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018 were included in this study. LC9, representing a dimension of psychological health, was calculated as the average of the LE8 score and the depression score. Cox proportional hazards regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, subgroup analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were employed to evaluate the association between LC9 and mortality risk, with adjustments for potential confounders.

During an average follow-up period of 80 months, 640 deaths occurred, including 205 from cancer and 128 from cardiovascular disease. After adjusting for all covariates using Cox regression, a 10-point increase in the LC9 score was associated with a 24% reduction in all-cause mortality (HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.68-0.84), a 19% reduction in cancer-specific mortality (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.68-0.97), and a 28% reduction in cardiovascular mortality (HR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.58-0.90). Kaplan-Meier survival curves indicated lower rates of all-cause, cancer-specific, and cardiovascular mortality among participants with higher LC9 scores. RCS analysis revealed a linear inverse association between LC9 and all-cause and cancer-specific mortality and a nonlinear inverse association with cardiovascular mortality.

Among cancer survivors in the United States, higher LC9 scores were independently associated with lower risks of all-cause, cancer-specific, and cardiovascular mortality. This finding highlights the potential link between cardiovascular health and survival outcomes in cancer survivors, suggesting that improving cardiovascular health may serve as an important preventive strategy to enhance survival rates in this population.

Modifiable factors affect cancer's survival but literature did not differentiate prior to versus after cancer diagnosis. It is essential to provide references for the intervention prioritized at different stages.

In this prospective cohort study, we analyzed national data from the UK Biobank, including 121,399 participants, to assess the association of modifiable factors with cancer-specific survival (CSS) in two independent cohorts: a pre-cancer cohort (n = 78,027) and a post-cancer cohort (n = 43,372). Additionally, a weighted standardized score was derived to evaluate the joint effects across different domains. Interactions between the six domains and age at diagnosis, sex, and cancer site were evaluated using likelihood ratio tests. Subgroup analyses were then performed for factors showing significant effect modification. Population-attributable fractions (PAF) of different domains on 5-year cancer-specific death were calculated.

Our study comprehensively presented the differential patterns of modifiable factors' impact on CSS among pre-cancer and post-cancer cohorts, sexes and different cancer sites. In the pre-cancer cohort, CSS were predominantly attributable to smoking/alcohol consumption (PAF 9·2%) and daily activity (PAF 10·6%). Men exhibited a higher risk than women for dietary habits (HR:1·25 versus 1·18), daily activity (HR:1·50 versus 1·29) and living environment (HR:1·13 versus 1·03). The impact of modifiable factors, including daily activity, smoking/alcohol consumption, and physical measures, on CSS varied across different cancer sites. In the post-cancer cohort, 18·6% of 5-year cancer-specific deaths were attributable to unfavourable mental health. In subgroup analysis, the risk of CSS in the domain of smoking/alcohol consumption was higher in men than that in women (HR: 1·58 versus 1·34). The impact of modifiable factors, including smoking/alcohol consumption, mental health and physical measures, on CSS varied across different cancer sites.

Our findings suggested that targeted prevention and early intervention strategies should be implemented to reduce the risk of cancer-related deaths.

Cardiovascular diseases and cancer are the two primary causes of mortality worldwide. Although traditionally regarded as distinct pathologies, they share numerous pathophysiological mechanisms and risk factors, including chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic dysregulation. Notably, several cancers have been identified as closely linked to cardiovascular diseases, including lung, breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers, as well as hematological malignancies, such as leukemia and lymphoma. Additionally, renal and pancreatic cancers exhibit a significant association with cardiovascular complications, partly due to shared risk factors and the cardiotoxic effects of cancer therapies. Addressing the overlapping risk factors through lifestyle modifications-such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, and cessation of smoking and alcohol-has proven effective in reducing both CV and oncological morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, even in patients with established cancer, structured interventions targeting physical activity, nutritional optimization, and smoking cessation have been associated with improved outcomes. Beyond lifestyle modifications, pharmacological strategies play a crucial role in the prevention of both diseases. Several cardiovascular medications, including statins, aspirin, beta-blockers, and metformin, exhibit pleiotropic effects that extend beyond their primary indications, demonstrating potential anti-neoplastic properties in preclinical and observational studies. Recently, novel therapeutic agents have garnered attention for their possible cardioprotective and metabolic benefits. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), initially developed for managing type 2 diabetes, have shown CV and renal protective effects, alongside emerging evidence of their role in modulating cancer-related metabolic pathways. Inclisiran, a small interfering RNA targeting PCSK9, effectively lowers LDL cholesterol and may contribute to reducing CV risk, with potential implications for tumor biology. Additionally, sacubitril/valsartan, an angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, has revolutionized heart failure management by improving hemodynamic parameters and exerting anti-inflammatory effects that may have broader implications for chronic disease prevention. Given the intricate interplay between CVD and cancer, further research is essential to clarify the exact mechanisms linking these conditions and assessing the potential of CV therapies in cancer prevention. This review aims to examine shared risk factors, consider the role of pharmacological and lifestyle interventions, and emphasize crucial epidemiological and mechanistic insights into the intersection of CV and oncological health.

Conflicting evidence exists on the link between gout and cancer risk, with limited clarity on the impact of healthy lifestyle factors.

In the UK Biobank, 7,169 gout patients were matched with 21,507 non-gout controls (1:3 ratio) using propensity scores. Cox regression models assessed cancer risk associated with gout. Among 6,105 gout patients, cancer risk was further evaluated using an eight-factor Healthy Lifestyle Score (HLS) and a weighted HLS.

Gout was linked to a higher cancer incidence [HR (95% CI) = 1.075 (1.013-1.140)]. High HLS in gout patients correlated with a lower cancer risk [HR (95% CI) = 0.825 (0.717-0.948)], with the strongest protective effect observed in those aged ≥60. Sensitivity analyses confirmed these findings.

Gout patients have a higher risk of developing cancer, but a healthy lifestyle, particularly in those aged 60 and older, significantly reduces this risk. These findings highlight the importance of lifestyle interventions for cancer prevention in patients with gout.

The prevalence of night-shift employment is on the rise among full-time and part-time workers globally. Those engaged in night-shift work encounter various biological challenges, including exposure to artificial light during nighttime and disruptions to their circadian rhythms. These factors, along with changes in daily routines and activities, may pose significant risks to the health of night workers. Notably, the number of individuals working overtime or on night shifts has increased across various sectors, particularly in transportation, healthcare, and manufacturing. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified night-shift work as probably carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 2A). Subsequent research has identified several potential mechanisms through which night-shift work may contribute to carcinogenicity: (1) disruption of circadian rhythms, (2) suppression of melatonin levels due to nighttime light exposure, (3) physiological alterations, (4) lifestyle changes, and (5) reduced vitamin D levels resulting from inadequate sunlight exposure. Colorectal cancer (CRC) poses a significant public health challenge, ranking as the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide in 2020. Other than CRC, other gastrointestinal cancers are also creating a great global health issue because of their morbidity and mortality rates. In this review, we highlight the role of night shifts in disturbing circadian rhythm and how this action leads to carcinogenesis in the GI tract.

Cancer survivors are encouraged to maintain a healthy diet and engage in regular exercise to improve overall physical and psychosocial health, and to reduce the likelihood of cancer recurrence and related mortality. Consequently, nutrition and exercise (the structured component of physical activity) knowledge, attitude, and practice (NE-KAP) are frequently evaluated in research studies involving cancer survivors and are associated with various health outcomes. The aims of this scoping review were to (1) systematically map the types of NE-KAP assessment questionnaires used in cancer survivorship research (i.e., trend or use over the past five years), (2) provide a directory of questionnaires, and (3) identify the most frequently reported health outcomes that have been associated with them. A systematic search was conducted across four databases-Medline, Emcare, CINAHL, and Scopus-from 1 January 2019 to 9 May 2024, for studies addressing one or more aspects of NE-KAP (e.g., food frequency questionnaire for nutrition practice, attitude towards exercise scale for exercise attitude). Eligible studies were extracted, assessed, and reviewed by two independent authors, and data were summarized descriptively. Of the initial 5452 records screened, 1122 articles were screened for full text, and 852 were deemed eligible, with 262 studies included. There was an overall increasing trend in NE-KAP research in cancer survivorship research from 2019 to 2023. Of the 200 unique questionnaires aligning with at least one NE-KAP domain, 45 were untitled and created/adapted specifically for their respective studies, with limited information about their psychometric properties. Out of the 262 included studies, the most utilized questionnaires were those measuring nutrition or physical activity practices, such as study-specific food frequency questionnaires (n = 26, 10%) and the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity questionnaire (n = 52, 20%). Out of studies that had reported health outcomes (nutrition, n = 23; exercise, n = 40), health-related quality of life was most commonly associated with nutrition (n = 12, 53%) and exercise (n = 9, 23%), and from cross-sectional studies (nutrition, n = 13; exercise, n = 23). An emphasis was placed on assessing nutrition and exercise practices, with limited attention towards the knowledge and attitude domains. Psychometric evaluation of questionnaires was also lacking.

Previous studies examining the relationship between plant-based diets and breast cancer (BrC) have provided conflicting evidence. To address these inconsistencies, we aimed to evaluate the association between the plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful PDI (hPDI), and unhealthy PDI (uPDI) with the odds of BrC in Iranian women.

The current case-control research was performed on 133 Iranian women with BrC and 265 controls. The study subjects were selected from hospitals in Tehran. PDI, hPDI, and uPDI were categorized into eighteen food groups based on nutrient composition similarity. The relationship between PDIs and BrC was assessed using logistic regression.

After adjusting for confounding factors, the chance of developing BrC was lower in the highest tertile of hPDI compared to the lowest tertile (odds ratio (OR) = 0.495; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.274-0.891; P = 0.019). In addition, postmenopausal women in the second and last tertiles of hPDI had lower odds of BrC than those in the first tertile (T) (T2: OR = 0.342; 95% CI: 0.141-0.828; P = 0.017- T3: OR = 0.262; 95% CI: 0.107-0.639; P = 0.003) in the adjusted model. Furthermore, in premenopausal women in the highest tertile of uPDI, the odds of BrC were increased compared to the lowest tertile (OR = 2.546; 95% CI: 1.051-6.167; P = 0.038) in the adjusted model.

Adherence to a healthy plant-based dietary pattern, including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, nuts, and legumes, seems to be beneficial for BrC prevention, particularly in postmenopausal women. Future prospective cohort studies that consider menopausal status and the type of BrC are needed to support these findings.

One of the most prevalent malignant tumors worldwide, stomach cancer still has a high incidence and fatality rate in China, and the number of young people developing early-onset gastric cancer is steadily increasing. The 5-year survival rate of stomach cancer is typically 30%-35%, the prognosis is bad, the patients' quality of life is low, and the progression of advanced gastric cancer cannot be effectively managed despite the use of surgical surgery, chemotherapy, and other medicines. We urgently need molecular biomarkers with high specificity and sensitivity to increase the early gastric cancer detection rate, extend patient survival, and improve patient quality of life. The initial diagnosis of gastric cancer primarily depends on gastroscopy and biopsy, and invasive procedures cause significant discomfort to patients. Similar to this, treating advanced and metastatic stomach cancer is a pressing issue that requires attention. More and more immune checkpoint molecules have been discovered, and corresponding inhibitors are gradually being applied to clinical diagnosis and treatment. Recently, some non-coding RNAs have begun to be used as new targets for the treatment of gastric cancer. Some non-coding RNAs are highly present in the serum or urine of gastric cancer patients and can be used as diagnostic markers or prognostic indicators. Many clinical trials targeting non-coding RNAs have also shown good therapeutic effects. In general, targeting non-coding RNAs has shown good therapeutic effects. The biomarkers for gastric cancer detection and treatment are reviewed in this article, focusing on the new non-coding RNAs used in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Patients with stomach cancer should have access to more precise and efficient diagnosis and treatment choices as a result of ongoing technological advancements and thorough research.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers, and the risk of CRC is substantially greater in a high-risk population than in the general population. However, no existing assessment instruments have been specifically designed to evaluate CRC prevention behaviors in a high-risk population. The aim of this study was to develop and psychometrically validate an information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) questionnaire tailored for the population at high risk for CRC (IMB-CRC) to assess the factors influencing prevention behaviors.

This cross-sectional study was conducted in northeastern China. The initial questionnaire items were derived from a comprehensive literature review, semistructured interviews analyzed via content analysis, and expert focus group discussions. Content validity was assessed through expert consultation using the Delphi method, and face validity was evaluated in the high-risk population for CRC. Explanatory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on Sample 1 (N = 287) to identify underlying factors, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed on Sample 2 (N = 224) to validate the model. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were also examined to ensure the stability and consistency of the questionnaire.

The final IMB-CRC comprises 21 items distributed across four dimensions: prevention information (7 items), objective skills (5 items), self-efficacy (5 items), and motivation (4 items), collectively accounting for 61.99% of the variance. CFA indicated that the proposed model fit the data well (χ2/df = 1.779, RMSEA = 0.059, AGFI = 0.852, GFI = 0.883, CFI = 0.950, IFI = 0.951, TLI = 0.943, and NFI = 0.894). The item content validity index (I-CVI) for individual items ranged from 0.905 to 1, and the scale content validity index (S-CVI) was 0.952, suggesting good content validity. The IMB-CRC demonstrated high reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.937, McDonald's omega of 0.939, and test-retest reliability of 0.919. Significant positive correlations were observed between the IMB-CRC and each of its four dimensions, indicating that higher IMB-CRC scores were associated with greater engagement in cancer prevention behaviors among the high-risk population.

The IMB-CRC exhibited appropriate validity and reliability, indicating that this questionnaire is a robust tool for assessing behavioral components essential for CRC prevention in the high-risk population. Health care professionals and policymakers can use the IMB-CRC to develop targeted CRC risk communication and behavioral education strategies, thereby improving the preventive abilities of a high-risk population.

Background: An unhealthy diet is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). This study assessed the diet-related CRC burden from 1990 to 2021 in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations and estimated the burden until 2050. Methods: Data for OECD countries on diet-related CRC disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and deaths were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study. The estimated annual percent change (EAPC) was calculated to analyse the CRC burden attributable to dietary factors. A generalised additive model with a negative binomial distribution was used to predict the future burden of CRC attributable to dietary factors from 2021 to 2050. Results: In 2021, the age-standardised percentages of diet-related CRC DALYs and deaths were 39.1% (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 9.3, 61.3) and 39.0% (95% UI: 9.7, 60.9), respectively, in the OECD countries. Between 1990 and 2021, the age-standardised DALYs decreased from 185 to 129 per 100,000, and deaths decreased from 8 to 6 per 100,000 population for OECD countries. Similarly, the EAPC in the rates showed a downward trend (EAPCdeaths = -1.26 and EAPCDALYs = -1.20). The estimated diet-related CRC DALYs and deaths are projected to increase to 4.1 million DALYs and 0.2 million deaths by 2050. There is a downward trend in CRC deaths (EAPC = 1.33 for both sexes) and in DALYs (-0.90 for males and -1.0 for females) from 1990 to 2050. Conclusions: The diet-related CRC burden remains significant. Implementing nutrition intervention programmes is necessary to promote access to affordable and nutritious foods and raise awareness about the importance of a healthy diet in reducing CRC risk.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignancies worldwide. It is characterized by poor prognosis, high mortality, and recurrence rates. Various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors are associated with pancreatic cancer incidence. Available treatments for pancreatic cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, supportive care, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. However, the survival rates for PC are very low. Regrettably, despite efforts to enhance prognosis, the survival rate of pancreatic cancer remains relatively low. Therefore, it is essential to investigate new approaches to improve pancreatic cancer treatment. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying existing gaps, this article provides a comprehensive overview of risk factors, pathology, conventional treatments, targeted therapies, and recent advancements in nanocarriers for its treatment, along with various clinical trials and patents that justify the safety and efficacy of innovative carriers for drug delivery systems. Ultimately, this review underscores the potential of these innovative formulations to improve outcomes and contribute significantly to the advancement of Pancreatic Cancer treatment. Together, these insights highlight nano-formulations as a promising frontier for effectively treating Pancreatic Cancer.

Studies of cooking interventions often state that behavioral theory was used to inform intervention development. However, to understand why interventions impact behavior change, it is crucial to understand how theory is used in the development, evaluation, and interpretation of interventions.

We conducted a systematic review by searching PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL for articles published between January, 2000 and March, 2023.

We considered studies involving adults aged > 18 years.

Dietary intake was the primary outcome, and cooking behavior was the secondary outcome.

We used the Theory Coding Scheme to assess theory use. We used descriptive statistics to summarize study characteristics and outcomes of interest.

We identified 7,846 unique articles; 31 met the inclusion criteria. On average, studies met less than 6 of 17 criteria from the Theory Coding Scheme. The majority (65%) of interventions had a positive impact on at least 1 measure of dietary intake. However, more than half (55%) measured cooking behavior and only 41% of these reported a positive impact on cooking behavior.

These findings support the need for future studies to link intervention techniques with theoretical constructs and evaluate whether changes in constructs mediate improvements in dietary intake and cooking behavior.

Most studies suggest that B vitamins can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), and research in this field has been growing. Focusing on 2617 articles in the field, this study used CiteSpace and VOSviewer software to evaluate the contributions of various countries/regions, institutions, authors, and journals. The United States and Harvard University were identified as the most productive nation and institution, respectively, with Edward L. Giovannucci (Harvard) being the top contributor. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention was recognized as the leading journal. Through the analysis of keywords and citations, we found that the potential of B vitamins (B1, B2, B6, B9, and B12) in the prevention and treatment of CRC and their mechanisms including regulation of gene expression, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, and modulation of gut microenvironment are hot topics of research in this field. Burst detection analysis further revealed that the application of nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery systems (such as folate-conjugated nanocarriers) in the treatment of CRC represents both a current hotspot and a future trend. This study offers a comprehensive overview of the field, highlights research hotspots and trends, and offers valuable information for researchers to further grasp the research direction.

Regardless of being preventable through screening strategies and prompt diagnosis, deaths from colorectal cancer (CRC) still represent a serious public health concern in Brazil, with more than 20 thousand deaths annually. Herein, we aimed to assess the temporal trends and spatiotemporal patterns of CRC mortality in all Brazilian states.

An ecological study using temporal and spatial analysis techniques on deaths due to CRC as the underlying cause in Brazil from 1980 to 2021 was conducted. Death certificate and population data were provided by the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) and by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), respectively.

A total of 395,782 deaths from CRC were recorded in this period and most of them were in female (205,479; 51.92 %), ≥ 65 years old (233,059; 58.89 %), diagnosed with malignant neoplasm of the colon (212,277; 53.63 %), with 1-7 years of education (157.564; 39.81 %), married (192.276; 48.58 %), hospital as place of death (331.393; 83.73 %) and white (212.666; 65.07 %). Moreover, there was an increasing temporal trend in the Northeast region (APC: 2.6; p < 0.05), men (APC: 1.5; p < 0.05) and 45-64 years old (APC: 1.2; p < 0.05). Also, the spatial analysis showed positive spatial autocorrelation in all periods, with the South and Southeast regions presenting the highest concentration of high-risk clusters CRC deaths. Nevertheless, high-risk clusters were also observed in capitals and municipalities in metropolitan regions in the Northeast region.

In general, a temporal and spatial expansion of CRC mortality has been observed in Brazil over the last few decades.

Urological diseases and their varied forms of management warrant special attention in the setting of climate change. Regarding urological cancers, climate change will probably increase the incidence and severity of cancer diagnoses through exposures to certain environmental risk factors, while simultaneously disrupting cancer care delivery and downstream outcomes. Regarding benign urological diseases, a burgeoning body of work exists on climate-related heat waves, dehydration, urolithiasis, renal injury and infectious and vector-borne diseases. Adding to the potential effect on disease pathogenesis, many patients with urological diseases undergo high-tech, resource-intensive interventions, such as robotic surgery, and entail intensive longitudinal assessments over many years. These features incur a considerable carbon footprint, generate substantial waste, and can introduce vulnerabilities to climate-related weather events. Links exist between planetary health (the health of humans and the natural systems that support our health), climate change and urological disease and urological care providers face many challenges in the era of anthropogenic climate change. The next steps and priorities for research, management, and health care delivery include identification and prioritization of health care delivery strategies to minimize waste and carbon emissions, while supporting climate resilience. Examples include supporting telemedicine, limiting low-value care, and building resilience to minimize impacts of climate-related disasters to prepare for the challenges ahead.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are becoming more and more important in daily diets around the world; in some cases, they can account for as much as 60% of daily energy intake. Epidemiological evidence suggests that this shift toward high levels of food processing may be partially responsible for the global obesity epidemic and the rise in the prevalence of chronic diseases.

Few prospective studies have examined the relationship between UPF consumption and cancer outcomes. According to currently available information, UPFs may increase the risk of cancer due to their obesogenic properties and exposure to substances that can cause cancer, such as certain food additives and pollution from product processing. The complex relationship between obesity and cancer involves factors such as immune dysregulation, altered adipokine and sex hormone levels, abnormal fatty acid metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling, and chronic inflammation. Addressing cancer risk associated with UPF consumption could involve a multifaceted approach, including consumer behavior modification programs and robust public health regulations aimed at enhancing food environments. Improved knowledge of the potential dual negative impacts of UPFs on the environment and cancer risk is one of the priority areas we identify for future research and policy implications. Various approaches could be used to prevent cancers associated with UPF consumption, such as consumer behavior change programs and stricter public health regulations needed to improve the food environment. This review examines for the first time the potential role of UPFs in cancer risk associated with obesity, exploring underlying biological mechanisms and identifying key areas for future research and policy action, including the dual environmental and health impact of UPFs.

While dietary fat intake has long been implicated as a risk factor for colorectal cancer, evidence from prospective cohort studies remains inconsistent. Moreover, previous meta-analyses examining the link between dietary fat intake and risk of colorectal cancer have not explored the dose-response relationships. Therefore, the current systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the dose-response associations of intakes of specific types (MUFA, PUFA and SFA) and sources (animal, plant) of dietary fat with the risk of colorectal, colon or rectal cancer.

A comprehensive literature search of relevant online databases was performed to detect eligible studies until May 2023, identifying 21 prospective cohort studies with a total sample size of 2311,737 participants. The follow-up periods ranged from 7 to 19.4 years, during which 21,125 cases of colorectal, colon or rectal cancer were recorded.

Comparing extreme intake levels of total fat revealed the summary relative risk (RR) of 1.05 (95 % CI: 0.96-1.15) for colorectal cancer, 0.99 (95 % CI: 0.87-1.11) for colon cancer, and 1.09 (0.95 % CI: 0.93-1.13) for rectal cancer, indicating no significant association. Neither animal nor plant fat intake was associated with the risk of cancers. While no significant findings were also observed for MUFA or PUFA, the highest versus lowest comparison showed that a high intake of SFA was associated with a reduced risk of both colorectal 0.91 (95 % CI: 0.85-0.99) and colon cancer 0.86 (95 % CI: 0.75-0.98). However, in the non-linear dose-response analysis, the inverse association was seen within a certain range (<40 g/day).

These findings suggest that dietary SFA intake, less than 40 g/day, may have a protective effect against colorectal cancer. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Due to rapid westernization, Korean dietary habits have emerged as significant risk factors for chronic disease and cancer. Despite this transition, Korea's cancer prevention guidelines have remained consistent since their establishment about 18 years ago. This study aimed to investigate the degree of awareness and practice to global dietary guidelines among Korean adults and identify demographic and lifestyle factors associated with low practice. A cross-sectional survey conducted in 2023 included 4,000 adults and assessed their awareness and practice of four global recommendations: "Eat a diet rich in whole grains," "Limit consumption of processed meat," "Limit consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages," and "Limit consumption of fast and other processed foods." While more than half of the participants recognized the guidelines' importance for cancer prevention, implementation rates remained below 40%. Furthermore, over 80% of the respondents expressed a compelling requirement for updated and tailored dietary guidelines. Younger individuals, those who were physically inactive, individuals who had not received prior nutrition education, and participants with obesity were more likely to exhibit low practice, particularly to guidelines limiting processed foods and sugary beverages intake. These findings highlight the need to revise Korea's cancer prevention recommendations by incorporating global dietary practices and addressing the westernized eating patterns prevalent within the population. Efforts should focus on promoting these updated guidelines through targeted education and public health interventions that improve practice, especially in high-risk groups, and effectively mitigate the burden of diet-related cancers in Korea.

Although metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increased risk of various cancers, the combined impact of MetS and healthy lifestyle factors (HLF) on cancer risk is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the independent and combined effects of MetS and HLF on the risk of 16 site-specific cancers in a large community-based cohort.

A total of 289,557 participants in the UK Biobank were analyzed. MetS was defined using a combination of metabolic factors, while HLF scores were evaluated based on lifestyle behaviors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet. Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate the relationship between MetS or HLF and cancer risk, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, education level, family history of cancer, and the Townsend Deprivation Index (TDI).

During a median follow-up of 11.69 years, 11,190 individuals developed cancer. MetS was associated with an increased risk of 9 cancers in men and 7 cancers in women. Compared with participants with unfavorable lifestyles, regardless of metabolic status, HLF was significantly associated with decreased risk of overall cancer (without MetS: HR: 0.812; 95% CI: 0.745-0.886 for intermediate lifestyle and HR: 0.757; 95% CI: 0.669-0.855 for favorable lifestyle; with MetS: HR: 0.702; 95% CI: 0.572-0.862 for favorable lifestyle) and oesophagus, stomach, liver, lung, bronchus, trachea cancers in men and of lung, bronchus, trachea cancers in women. Our analysis demonstrated that the protective association between HLF and reduced cancer risk was confined to subgroups without MetS. Specifically, this association was observed for cancers of the lip, oral cavity, pharynx, colon, rectum, pancreas, kidney, bladder, and lymphoid leukemia in men, and for overall cancer in women(HR: 0.917; 95% CI: 0.862-0.975 for intermediate lifestyle and HR: 0.875; 95% CI: 0.817-0.938 for favorable lifestyle).

MetS elevates risks for multiple cancers, while adopting a healthy lifestyle reduces risks of oesophagus, stomach, and lung, bronchus, trachea cancers in men and lung, bronchus, trachea cancer in women, regardless of metabolic status. However, MetS counteracts lifestyle-mediated protection against specific cancers-including lip, oral cavity, pharynx, colon, rectum, pancreas, kidney, and bladder cancers in men, as well as pancreas and breast cancers in women. These findings underscore the necessity to develop metabolic status-stratified management strategies and implement proactive prevention of MetS.

Inflammation is an essential component of the immune response that protects the host against pathogens and facilitates tissue repair. Chronic inflammation is a critical factor in cancer development and progression. It affects every stage of tumor development, from initiation and promotion to invasion and metastasis. Tumors often create an inflammatory microenvironment that induces angiogenesis, immune suppression, and malignant growth. Immune cells within the tumor microenvironment interact actively with cancer cells, which drives progression through complex molecular mechanisms. Chronic inflammation is triggered by factors such as infections, obesity, and environmental toxins and is strongly linked to increased cancer risk. However, acute inflammatory responses can sometimes boost antitumor immunity; thus, inflammation presents both challenges and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This review examines how inflammation contributes to tumor biology, emphasizing its dual role as a critical factor in tumorigenesis and as a potential therapeutic target.

This study aims to explore and describe the lived experiences of Angolan women with breast cancer, considering the socio-cultural context and health care challenges they face.

Eighteen semi-structured interviews were conducted among Angolan women with breast cancer. Purposeful sampling was utilised to select participants with diverse age groups and ethnic backgrounds. We performed a qualitative study using Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological approach.

The present study found cultural views of breast cancer, family support, and religious-spiritual coping to be essential themes. The results offer significant insights into the cultural framework of health in Angolan society, encompassing the information, perceptions, and cognitions employed to describe, comprehend, and elucidate illness, as well as the pursuit of therapy that seldom aligns biological criteria.

The present study has implications for nursing, as it recognises that individuals have unique behaviours and thoughts related to their current understanding of the illness, their personal experience with the illness, and their specific beliefs about health and healing. The findings of this study provide essential insights into how Angolan women's cultural beliefs and practices shape their experiences with breast cancer, offering nurses a foundation to develop culturally competent care approaches.