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Braschler L, Nikolaidis PT, Thuany M, Chlíbková D, Rosemann T, Weiss K, Wilhelm M, Knechtle B. Physiology and Pathophysiology of Marathon Running: A narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2025; 11:10. [PMID: 39871014 PMCID: PMC11772678 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-025-00810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marathon training and running have many beneficial effects on human health and physical fitness; however, they also pose risks. To date, no comprehensive review regarding both the benefits and risks of marathon running on different organ systems has been published. MAIN BODY The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive review of the benefits and risks of marathon training and racing on different organ systems. A predefined search strategy including keywords (e.g., marathon, cardiovascular system, etc.) and free text search was used. Articles covering running regardless of sex, age, performance level, and event type (e.g., road races, mountain marathons) were considered, whereas articles examining only cycling, triathlon, stress-tests or other sports were excluded. In total, we found 1021 articles in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, of which 329 studies were included in this review. Overall, marathon training offers several benefits for different organ systems and reduces all-cause mortality. As such, it improves cardiovascular risk factors, leads to favorable cardiac adaptations, enhances lung function, and improves quality of life in chronic kidney disease patients. It also enhances gastrointestinal mobility and reduces the risk of specific tumors such as colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. Marathon training enhances bone health and skeletal muscle metabolism. It further positively affects hematopoiesis and cytotoxic abilities of natural killer cells, and may act neuroprotective on a long-term basis. After a marathon, changes in biomarkers suggesting pathological events in certain organ systems such as cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, liver, hematological, immune, musculoskeletal, central nervous, and endocrine systems can often be observed. Mostly, these changes are limited to 1-3 days post-race and usually normalize within a week. Moreover, marathon running poses the risk of serious adverse events such as sudden cardiac death or acute liver failure. Concerning lung function, a decrease after a marathon race was observed. Acute kidney injury, as well as electrolyte imbalances, are relatively common amongst marathon finishers. Many runners complain of gastrointestinal symptoms during or after long-distance running. Many runners suffer from running-related musculoskeletal injuries often impairing performance. A marathon is often accompanied by an acute inflammatory response with transient immunosuppression, making runners susceptible to infections. Also, hormonal alterations such as increased cortisol levels or decreased testosterone levels immediately after a race are observed. Disturbances in sleep patterns are commonly found in marathon runners leading up to or directly after the race. CONCLUSION All in all, marathon training is generally safe for human health and individual organ systems. Considering the high popularity of marathon running, these findings supply athletes, coaches, sports scientists, and sports medicine practitioners with practical applications. Further large-scale studies examining long-term effects on the cardiovascular, renal, and other system are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Braschler
- Centre for Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Mabliny Thuany
- Department of Physical Education, State University of Para, Pará, Brazil
| | - Daniela Chlíbková
- Brno University of Technology, Centre of Sport Activities, Brno, Czechia
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Centre for Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, Vadianstrasse 26, 9001, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Malin K, Dąbrowska I, Grzędzicka J, Ostaszewski P, Carter C. Immunology of Physical Exercise: Is Equus caballus an Appropriate Animal Model for Human Athletes? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5210. [PMID: 38791248 PMCID: PMC11121269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic horses routinely participate in vigorous and various athletic activities. This enables the horse to serve as a model for studying athletic physiology and immunology in other species, including humans. For instance, as a model of physical efforts, such as endurance rides (long-distance running/aerobic exercise) and races (anaerobic exercise), the horse can be useful in evaluating post-exercise response. Currently, there has been significant interest in finding biomarkers, which characterize the advancement of training and adaptation to physical exercise in the horse. The parallels in cellular responses to physical exercises, such as changes in receptor expression and blood cell activity, improve our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the body's response to intense physical activity. This study focuses on the changes in levels of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and cellular response in the context of post-exercise immune response. Both the direction of changes in cytokine levels and cellular responses of the body, such as proliferation and expression of surface markers on lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, show cross-functional similarities. This review reveals that horses are robust research models for studying the immune response to physical exercise in human athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malin
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Izabela Dąbrowska
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jowita Grzędzicka
- Department of Large Animals Diseases and Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Ostaszewski
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Craig Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
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Ciekot-Sołtysiak M, Kusy K, Podgórski T, Pospieszna B, Zieliński J. Changes in red blood cell parameters during incremental exercise in highly trained athletes of different sport specializations. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17040. [PMID: 38560450 PMCID: PMC10981411 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background During physical exercise, the level of hematological parameters change depending on the intensity and duration of exercise and the individual's physical fitness. Research results, based on samples taken before and after exercise, suggest that hematological parameters increase during incremental exercise. However, there is no data confirming this beyond any doubt. This study examined how red blood cell (RBC) parameters change during the same standard physical exertion in athletes representing different physiological training profiles determined by sport discipline. Methods The study included 39 highly trained male members of national teams: 13 futsal players, 12 sprinters, and 14 triathletes. We used multiple blood sampling to determine RBC, hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit value (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) before, during (every 3 min), and after (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min) an incremental treadmill exercise test until exhaustion. Results There were no significant exercise-induced differences in RBC parameters between athletic groups. No significant changes were recorded in RBC parameters during the low-intensity phase of exercise. RBC, Hb, and Hct increased significantly during incremental physical exercise, and rapidly returned to resting values upon test termination. Conclusions The general pattern of exercise-induced changes in RBC parameters is universal regardless of the athlete's physiological profile. The changes in RBC parameters are proportional to the intensity of exercise during the progressive test. The increase in hemoglobin concentration associated with the intensity of exercise is most likely an adaptation to the greater demand of tissues, mainly skeletal muscles, for oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ciekot-Sołtysiak
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kusy
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Barbara Pospieszna
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Zieliński
- Department of Athletics Strength and Conditioning, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznan, Poland
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Cabral MD, Patel DR, Greydanus DE, Deleon J, Hudson E, Darweesh S. Medical perspectives on pediatric sports medicine–Selective topics. Dis Mon 2022; 68:101327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cardiac Biomarkers Following Marathon Running: Is Running Time a Factor for Biomarker Change? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1253-1260. [PMID: 33647880 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and cardiac troponin T levels show a transient increase after marathon running. The aim of this study was to investigate whether running duration influences the patterns of changes in cardiac biomarkers. METHODS Twenty participants with fast and slow finishing times were included in the study. Blood samples were taken before the marathon race, immediately after, and 24 hours after the race. Samples were analyzed for NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin T concentration. Furthermore, a complete blood cell count was performed. RESULTS After the marathon race, the fast and slow runners showed similar changes of NT-proBNP and cardiac troponin T (ie, a transient increase). Curve estimation regression analysis showed a curvilinear relationship (quadratic model) between running times and NT-proBNP increments immediately after the race, with less of an increase in the very fast and the very slow runners (r2 = .359, P = .023). NT-proBNP increments immediately after the race were correlated to the decline 24 hours after the marathon (r = -.612, P = .004). CONCLUSIONS This study indicates that NT-proBNP release immediately after marathon running varies in a curvilinear fashion with running time. It is speculated that low NT-proBNP release is associated with training adaptation in most elite runners and the relatively low cardiac stress in the slowest (but experienced) runners. The combination of less adaptation and relatively large cardiac wall and metabolic stress may explain the highest NT-proBNP values in runners with average running times. In addition, NT-proBNP decrements 24 hours after the race depend primarily on the values reached after the marathon and not on running time.
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Teległów A, Borowiec R, Marchewka J, Tota Ł, Mucha D. Impact of vigorous effort on blood morphological indicators in triathletes participating in the XTERRA Poland 2017 competition. REHABILITACJA MEDYCZNA 2020. [DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0014.5097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the influence of participation in the XTERRA Poland 2017 triathlon on blood morphology indicators. Material and methods: The study was performed in a group among 10 triathletes aged 30-40 years. Blood was collected 24 hours before, immediately after , and 16 hours after the competition. Blood morphological indicators were evaluated using the ABXMicros60 analyser. Results: Comparison of the results among the first (24 hours before the competition), second (immediately after the competition), and third assessment (16 hours after the competition) revealed statistically significant changes for WBC [109/l], RBC [1012/l], HGB [g/l], HCT [l/l], MCV [fl] and PLT [109/l]. Conclusions: The intensity of effort in the XTERRA Poland 2017 triathlon competitors was confirmed in the results of blood morphology. Blood counts in those practicing triathlon well characterise the actual scope and direction of exercise changes and allow for the diagnosis of transient adaptive effects. The results of the research confirmed that vigorous physical effort during the triathlon increased leukocyte and platelet counts, but 16 hours after completing the competition, their value was close to baseline level. Most likely, this phenomenon was caused by the intense effort, stress or even eating a large meal before the competition. Analysing the red blood cell system showed a tendency towards decrease in the number of red blood cells, HGB and HCT both after the competition and 16 hours after its completion, which results from increased post-exercise haemolysis or the risk of anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Teległów
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Poland / Instytut Rehabilitacji Klinicznej, AWF w Krakowie
| | - Renata Borowiec
- Graduate of the Faculty of Motor Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Poland / Wydział Rehabilitacji Ruchowej, AWF w Krakowie
| | - Jakub Marchewka
- Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Poland / Instytut Rehabilitacji Klinicznej, AWF w Krakowie
| | - Łukasz Tota
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Poland / Instytut Nauk Biomedycznych, AWF w Krakowie
| | - Dariusz Mucha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University School of Physical Education in Kraków, Poland / Instytut Nauk Biomedycznych, AWF w Krakowie
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Batatinha H, Tavares-Silva E, Leite GSF, Resende AS, Albuquerque JAT, Arslanian C, Fock RA, Lancha AH, Lira FS, Krüger K, Thomatieli-Santos R, Rosa-Neto JC. Probiotic supplementation in marathonists and its impact on lymphocyte population and function after a marathon: a randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18777. [PMID: 33139757 PMCID: PMC7608678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic supplementation arises as playing an immune-stimulatory role. High-intensity and -volume exercise can inhibit immune cell function, which threatens athletic performance and recovery. We hypothesized that 30 days of probiotic supplementation could stabilize the immune system of athletes preventing immune suppression after a marathon race. Twenty-seven male marathonists were double-blinded randomly into probiotic (Bifidobacterium-animalis-subsp.-Lactis (10 × 109) and Lactobacillus-Acidophilus (10 × 109) + 5 g of maltodextrin) and placebo (5 g of maltodextrin) group. They received 30 sachets and supplemented 1 portion/day during 30 days before the race. Blood were collected 30 days before (rest), 1 day before (pre), 1 h after (post) and 5 days after the race (recovery). Both chronic and acute exercise modulated a different T lymphocyte population (CD3+CD4−CD8− T-cells), increasing pre-race, decreasing post and returning to rest values at the recovery. The total number of CD8 T cell and the memory subsets statistically decreased only in the placebo group post-race. Pro-inflammatory cytokine production by stimulated lymphocytes decreased in the probiotic group after the supplementation period. 30 days of probiotic supplementation maintained CD8 T cell and effector memory cell population and played an immunomodulatory role in stimulated lymphocytes. Both, training and marathon modulated a non-classical lymphocyte population regardless of probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Batatinha
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of São Paulo,, 1524, Prof Lineu Prestes Av., Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Edgar Tavares-Silva
- Programa de pós-graduação em psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - Geovana S F Leite
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ayane S Resende
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José A T Albuquerque
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christina Arslanian
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Fock
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antônio H Lancha
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sports, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio S Lira
- Exercise and Immunometabolism Research Group, Post-Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ronaldo Thomatieli-Santos
- Programa de pós-graduação em psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil.,Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brazil
| | - José C Rosa-Neto
- Immunometabolism Research Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Gutiérrez-Vargas R, Martín-Rodríguez S, Sánchez-Ureña B, Rodríguez-Montero A, Salas-Cabrera J, Gutiérrez-Vargas JC, Simunic B, Rojas-Valverde D. Biochemical and Muscle Mechanical Postmarathon Changes in Hot and Humid Conditions. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:847-856. [PMID: 30024483 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gutiérrez-Vargas, R, Martín-Rodríguez, S, Sánchez-Ureña, B, Rodríguez-Montero, A, Salas-Cabrera, J, Gutiérrez-Vargas, JC, Simunic, B, and Rojas-Valverde, D. Biochemical and muscle mechanical postmarathon changes in hot and humid conditions. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 847-856, 2020-The aim of this study was to compare biochemical changes and mechanical changes in the lower-limb muscles before and after a marathon race in hot and humid conditions. Eighteen healthy runners participated in a marathon at between 28 and 34° C and 81% humidity in Costa Rica. Serum magnesium (Mg), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), lactate dehydrogenase, and hematocrit (HCT) were measured before and after the marathon. Tensiomyography measurements from the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus medialis, muscle displacement (Dm), contraction time (Tc), and velocities of contraction to 10 and 90% of Dm (V10 and V90) were obtained before and after the marathon. Postrace measurements showed a 544% increase in CPK (t(17): -6.925, p < 0.01), a 16% increase in HCT (t(17): -7.466, p < 0.01), a 29% decrease in Mg (t(17): 3.91, p = 0.001), a 2% decrease in body mass (t(17): 4.162, p = 0.001), a 4% increase in Tc of the RF (t(17): -2.588, p = 0.019), and a 12% increase in Dm of the RF (t(17): -2.131, p < 0.048) compared with prerace measurements. No significant biochemical or mechanical differences were found between runners in terms of their finish times. These findings showed that completing a marathon in hot and humid conditions induced a significant reduction in lower-limb muscle stiffness, body mass, and Mg, and increased neuromuscular fatigue, CPK, and HCT, because of muscle damage and dehydration. Knowledge of the effects of heat and humidity may be of value for coaches and sports medicine practitioners in developing effective hydration and recovery protocols for marathon runners in these special conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall Gutiérrez-Vargas
- Health and Sport Research and Diagnosis Center (CIDISAD).,School of Human Movement and Quality of Life, National University, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Saúl Martín-Rodríguez
- Canarian Physical Education Licenciates College (COLEF), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Braulio Sánchez-Ureña
- School of Human Movement and Quality of Life, National University, Heredia, Costa Rica.,Health and Exercise Sciences Program; and
| | | | - Jorge Salas-Cabrera
- School of Human Movement and Quality of Life, National University, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | | | - Bostjan Simunic
- Institute of Kinesiology Research, University of Priomorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Health and Sport Research and Diagnosis Center (CIDISAD).,School of Human Movement and Quality of Life, National University, Heredia, Costa Rica
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Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F. Epidemiological, biological and clinical update on exercise-induced hemolysis. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019; 7:270. [PMID: 31355237 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2019.05.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-induced hemolysis can be conventionally defined as rupture and destruction of erythrocytes during physical exercise. The currently available epidemiologic information attests that a substantial degree of exercise-induced hemolysis is commonplace after short-, medium-, long- and ultra-long distance running, as reflected by significant decrease of serum or plasma haptoglobin and significant increase of plasma concentration (or overall blood content) of free hemoglobin. This paraphysiological intravascular hemolysis is typically mild (average variations of hemolysis biomarkers are usually comprised between 1.2- and 1.8-fold), almost self-limiting (completely resolving within 24-48 hours), with severity depending on athlete population, analytical technique used for detecting intravascular hemolysis, as well as on number, frequency and intensity of ground contacts, but not on running technique. Additional lines of evidence support the notion that both osmotic fragility and membrane structure of erythrocytes are considerably modified during endurance exercise. This fact goes hand in hand with findings that erythrocyte lifespan in runners is approximately 40% shorter than in sedentary controls. Direct mechanical injury caused by forceful ground contacts, repeated muscle contractile activity or vasoconstriction in internal organs are three potential sources of exercise-induced hemolysis, whilst metabolic abnormalities developing while exercising (e.g., hyperthermia, dehydration, hypotonic shock, hypoxia, lactic acidosis, shear stress, oxidative damage, proteolysis, increased concentration of catecholamines and lysolecithin) may actively contribute to trigger, accelerate or amplify this phenomenon. Although no systematic evidence is available, it seems also reasonable to hypothesize that patients bearing erythrocyte disorders may be particularly vulnerable to developing exercise-induced hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
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Montero D, Lundby C. Regulation of Red Blood Cell Volume with Exercise Training. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:149-164. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Schwabe C, Rosenstock B, Doan T, Hamilton P, Dunbar PR, Eleftheraki AG, Joseph D, Hilbert J, Schoelch C, Padula SJ, Steffgen J. Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Multiple Rising Doses of BI 655064, an Antagonistic Anti-CD40 Antibody, in Healthy Subjects: A Potential Novel Treatment for Autoimmune Diseases. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58:1566-1577. [PMID: 30113724 PMCID: PMC6282763 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BI 655064 is a humanized antagonistic anti-cluster of differentiation (CD) 40 monoclonal antibody that selectively blocks the CD40-CD40L interaction. The CD40-CD40L pathway is a promising treatment target for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and lupus nephritis. The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of repeated once-weekly BI 655064 subcutaneous dosing over 4 weeks were evaluated in a multiple-dose study in healthy subjects. Subjects (N = 40) were randomized 4:1 to four sequential BI 655064 dose groups (80, 120, 180, 240 mg) or to placebo. Safety and tolerability, plasma exposure, CD40 receptor occupancy, and CD40L-induced CD54 upregulation were assessed over 64 and 78 days for the 80- to 180-mg and 240-mg dose groups, respectively. BI 655064 exposure increased in a supraproportional manner, due to target-mediated drug clearance, for doses between 80 mg and 120 mg, but was near proportional for doses greater than 120 mg. Terminal half-life ranged between 6 and 8 days. Dose-dependent accumulation of BI 655064 supports the use of a loading dose in future clinical studies. Following 4 weeks of dosing, >90% CD40 receptor occupancy and inhibition of CD54 upregulation were observed at all dose levels, lasting for 17 days after the last dose. BI 655064 was generally well tolerated. There were no serious adverse events and the frequency and intensity of adverse events were similar for BI 655064 and placebo; no dose relationship or relevant signs of an acute immune reaction were observed. These findings support further investigation of BI 655064 as a potential treatment for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thi Doan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pty LimitedNorth RydeAustralia
| | | | - P. Rod Dunbar
- School of Biological Sciences and Maurice Wilkins CentreUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | | | - David Joseph
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.RidgefieldCTUSA
| | - James Hilbert
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.RidgefieldCTUSA
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12
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Minuzzi LG, Rama L, Chupel MU, Rosado F, Kuga GK, Gaspar RC, Muñoz VR, Pauli JR, Paiva A, Teixeira AM. Immune-endocrine responses and physical performance of master athletes during the sports season. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:5551-5557. [PMID: 30320909 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of a training season (approximately 7 months) on physiological and salivary immune-endocrine markers in master athletes. Nine male master athletes were evaluated at the beginning of the season (M1) and a week after the main official competition at the end of the sports season (M2). The controlled variables included Maximal oxygen consumption, anthropometric, physiological, and salivary immune-endocrine markers. Master athletes presented a reduced percentage of fat mass and increased lean body mass at the end of the season. VO2max values were similar at M1 and M2, while the maximal heart rate and lactate were lower at M2. No differences were observed in Immunoglobulin A and cortisol levels between moments, whereas testosterone levels and the testosterone/cortisol ratio were significantly lower at the end of the season. The results suggest that maintaining regular training throughout life has positive effects on body composition and improves physiological fitness. However, care should be taken to avoid fatigue as indicated by lower testosterone levels at the end of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciele Guerra Minuzzi
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Rama
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Matheus Uba Chupel
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fátima Rosado
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gabriel Keine Kuga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Calais Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Artur Paiva
- Flow Cytometry Unit-Clinical Pathology Service, University Hospital Centre of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Maria Teixeira
- Research Center for Sport and Physical Activity (UID/DTP/04213/2016), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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13
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THE EFFECTS OF MIGRATORY FLIGHT ON HEMATOLOGIC PARAMETERS IN NORTHERN BALD IBISES ( GERONTICUS EREMITA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2018; 48:1154-1164. [PMID: 29297805 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0258.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Under the project of "Human-Led Migration," the authors had the unique opportunity to accompany hand-raised northern bald Iibises (NBIs; Geronticus eremita) during migration, which occurred in stages from Bavaria, Germany, to southern Tuscany, Italy. The aim of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of flight, with respect to flight duration, and the more delayed recovery effects on hematologic variables. A total of 31 birds were sampled. Blood samples were taken immediately before takeoff, after landing, and 1 day after the flight. Hematocrit was determined and blood smears were prepared to estimate the total white blood count (tWBC) with leukocyte concentrations (absolute [abs.]) and differential blood cell count (%). Postflight, significant decreases in hematocrit, tWBC, lymphocytes (abs., %), heterophils (abs.), eosinophils (abs., %), and monocytes (abs.) were observed. In contrast, heterophils (%), basophils (%), and the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio increased significantly. With increasing flight duration, the H/L ratio increased further. One day postflight, there were still significant decreases in tWBC, lymphocytes (abs.), and eosinophils (abs., %) and significant increases in heterophils (%) and the H/L ratio. The hematocrit dropped even further. These data show that the decrease of tWBC is mainly caused by the lymphocyte fraction and that NBIs need more than 1 day to reverse the postflight changes in some hematologic values. Hematocrit changes postflight and on the recovery day are most likely to be explained by hemodynamics and the metabolic and hormonal changes caused by flight. The hematologic changes postflight in NBIs were largely consistent with those of other birds, but they differed from humans and mammals postexercise mainly in the levels of tWBC, heterophils (matching neutrophils in mammals), and lymphocytes.
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Variation of red blood cell distribution width and mean platelet volume after moderate endurance exercise. Adv Hematol 2014; 2014:192173. [PMID: 25197280 PMCID: PMC4147199 DOI: 10.1155/2014/192173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although physical exercise strongly influences several laboratory parameters, data about the hematological changes after medium distance running are scarce. We studied 31 middle-trained athletes (mean training regimen 217 ± 32 min/week) who performed a 21.1 km, half-marathon run. Blood samples were collected before the run, at the end, and 3 and 20 hours thereafter. The complete blood count was performed on Advia 2120 and included red blood cell (RBC), reticulocyte, and platelet counts; hemoglobin; mean corpuscular volume (MCV); mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH); reticulocyte haemoglobin content (Ret CHR); RBC distribution width (RDW), mean platelet volume (MPV). No significant variations were observed for MCH and Ret CHR. The RBC, reticulocyte, and hemoglobin values modestly decreased after the run. The MCV significantly increased at the end of running but returned to baseline 3 hours thereafter. The RDW constantly increased, reaching a peak 20 hours after the run. The platelet count and MPV both increased after the run and returned to baseline 3 hours thereafter. These results may have implications for definition of reference ranges and antidoping testing, and may also contribute to explaining the relationship between endurance exercise and mortality, since previous studies reported that RDW and MPV may be significantly associated with cardiovascular disease.
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15
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Tossige-Gomes R, Ottone VO, Oliveira PN, Viana DJS, Araújo TL, Gripp FJ, Rocha-Vieira E. Leukocytosis, muscle damage and increased lymphocyte proliferative response after an adventure sprint race. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 47:492-8. [PMID: 24676476 PMCID: PMC4086176 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20143187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of an adventure sprint race (ASR) on T-cell proliferation, leukocyte count
and muscle damage was evaluated. Seven young male runners completed an ASR in the
region of Serra do Espinhaço, Brazil. The race induced a strong leukocytosis
(6.22±2.04×103 cells/mm3 before vs
14.81±3.53×103 cells/mm3 after the race), marked by a
significant increase of neutrophils and monocytes (P<0.05), but not total
lymphocytes, CD3+CD4+ or CD3+CD8+ cells.
However, the T-cell proliferative response to mitogenic stimulation was increased
(P=0.025) after the race, which contradicted our hypothesis that ASR, as a
high-demand competition, would inhibit T-cell proliferation. A positive correlation
(P=0.03, r=0.79) was observed between the proliferative response of lymphocytes after
the race and the time to complete the race, suggesting that the proliferative
response was dependent on exercise intensity. Muscle damage was evident after the
race by increased serum levels of aspartate amino transferase (24.99±8.30
vs 50.61±15.76 U/L, P=0.003). The results suggest that humoral
factors and substances released by damaged muscle may be responsible for lymphocyte
activation, which may be involved in muscle recovery and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tossige-Gomes
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - V O Ottone
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - P N Oliveira
- Departamento de Educação Física, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - D J S Viana
- Departamento de Educação Física, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - T L Araújo
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - F J Gripp
- Departamento de Educação Física, Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
| | - E Rocha-Vieira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG, Brasil
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Maron MB. The University of California Institute of Environmental Stress marathon field studies. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2014; 38:3-11. [PMID: 24585463 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00118.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 1973, the Institute of Environmental Stress of the University of California-Santa Barbara, under the direction of Steven M. Horvath, began a series of field and laboratory studies of marathon runners during competition. As one of Horvath's graduate students, many of these studies became part of my doctoral dissertation. The rationale for studying runners under race conditions was based on my belief as a marathoner that runners would push themselves much harder while competing than under simulated conditions in the laboratory. Horvath's ready support of the studies likely had its roots in his graduate training at the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory, a laboratory well known for its field studies of individuals working in extreme environments. This report describes the studies of 1973-1975, focusing on how the measurements were made and detailing the learning experiences of a new graduate student. In 1973, blood chemistry and fluid shifts were studied in six runners before and for 3 days after a race. This was the first modern study to systematically examine the recovery process. In 1974, oxygen consumption was measured every 3 mi. in two runners during the race. In 1975, rectal temperature and five skin temperatures were evaluated in the same two runners every 1.4 mi. of the race. The latter two studies were the first to make such measurements under race conditions. The Institute of Environmental Stress marathon studies demonstrated the possibility of making measurements during competition without disrupting performance, enhanced our understanding of human exercise capacity under competitive conditions, and provided new insight into the postrace recovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Maron
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio
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Traiperm N, Gatterer H, Burtscher M. Plasma electrolyte and hematological changes after marathon running in adolescents. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 45:1182-7. [PMID: 23274613 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182831a93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this research is to study plasma electrolyte and hematological changes in adolescent runners completing a standard 42.2-km marathon run. METHODS Fifty adolescents (30 healthy males and 20 healthy females) between ages 13 and 17 yr participated in the study. The participants had to undergo a routine physical examination including ECG records. Blood was taken before the race, immediately after the race, and 24 h after the race to determine complete blood cell count and electrolyte concentration. RESULTS Forty-seven runners completed the race with a mean finishing time of 4 h 57 min (range: 3 h 17 min 09 s to 6 h 14 min). None of the participants experienced an adverse medical event during or after the race. Only slight changes in plasma electrolytes without any cases of hyper- or hyponatremia and a marked increase in white blood cell count were demonstrated immediately after the race. At this time, the hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit were decreased (P < 0.05), indicating an approximately 11% increase in plasma volume. Some of these changes were still present 24 h postrace. No differences were observed between sexes. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study evaluating plasma electrolyte and hematological changes in a relatively large sample of young runners completing a standard marathon. The presented findings indicate that well-trained and educated adolescent marathon runners are not at risk to develop clinically significant electrolyte or hematological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natthapon Traiperm
- Department of Sport Science, Medical Section, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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18
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Kobayashi Y, Nakatsuji A, Aoi W, Wada S, Kuwahata M, Kido Y. Intense exercise increases protein oxidation in spleen and liver of mice. Nutr Metab Insights 2014; 7:1-6. [PMID: 24812519 PMCID: PMC3999947 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have indicated that sports anemia is mainly associated with intravascular hemolysis induced by exercise. We hypothesized that such exercise-induced hemolysis leads to oxidative damage due to an increase in free iron caused by hematocyte destruction. Thirty-one male ICR mice were randomly divided into 3 groups: a rested control group, an intense-exercise group, and a group rested for 24 hours after intense exercise. The serum haptoglobin level of the intense-exercise group decreased compared with that of the rested control group, suggesting hemolysis. Tissue iron and protein carbonyl levels in the liver were increased after exercise, and the protein carbonyl level in the spleen on the day after exercise was significantly increased compared with that of the resting state. These results suggest that the spleen and liver, where extravascular hemolysis occurs, were subjected to oxidative modification by the free iron, which was released from large numbers of hemocytes that were destroyed due to the intense exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Aki Nakatsuji
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wataru Aoi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sayori Wada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Kuwahata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kido
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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19
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Shin YO, Lee JB. Leukocyte chemotactic cytokine and leukocyte subset responses during ultra-marathon running. Cytokine 2012; 61:364-9. [PMID: 23273667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess leukocyte chemotactic cytokine and leukocyte subset responses during ultra-marathon running. Leukocyte chemokines such as interleukin (IL)-8, interferon gamma-induced protein-10 (IP-10), regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and eotaxin are involved in leukocyte recruitment. METHODS Among 60 male amateur endurance runner volunteers, 18 finished the course (a 308 km continuous race from Kanghwado to Kangneung, South Korea). Their average age, height, and body mass were 52.8 ± 5.0 years, 167.6 ± 5.2 cm, and 64.5 ± 1.2 kg, respectively. Blood samples were collected at 0, 100, 200, and 308 km during the race for analysis of white blood cells and serum concentrations of IL-8, IP-10, RANTES, eotaxin, IL-6, creatine kinase (CK), and C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS Muscle and liver damage indicators (IL-6, CK, and CRP) were maximally elevated as a result of marathon running. Total leukocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes increased significantly during the event (leukocytosis, neutrophilia, and monocytosis, respectively). However, lymphocytes and eosinophils decreased significantly during the event (lymphopenia and eosinopenia, respectively). Serum levels of the neutrophil chemokine IL-8 increased maximally at 100 km and were maintained. Monocyte-lymphocyte chemokine IP-10 concentration decreased during the latter part of the race. The eosinophil chemokine eotaxin decreased gradually during the race, and no difference was observed in eosinophil chemokine RANTES levels. CONCLUSION These observations indicate that prolonged endurance ultra-marathon running was associated with significant systemic inflammation and perturbation in leukocyte subsets. Leukocyte chemotactic cytokines such as IL-8, IP-10, eotaxin showed similar patterns of responses in related leukocyte subsets, but RANTES did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Oh Shin
- Department of Health Care, Graduate School, Soonchunhyang University, Republic of Korea
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20
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Peeling P. Exercise as a mediator of hepcidin activity in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:877-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1594-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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21
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Thrombocytose au cours d’une réadaptation à l’effort après fracture. Presse Med 2010; 39:273-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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22
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PEELING PETER, DAWSON BRIAN, GOODMAN CARMEL, LANDERS GRANT, WIEGERINCK ERWINT, SWINKELS DORINEW, TRINDER DEBBIE. Training Surface and Intensity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41:1138-45. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318192ce58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Banfi G, Melegati G, Barassi A, Melzi d'Eril G. Beneficial effects of the whole-body cryotherapy on sport haemolysis. JOURNAL OF HUMAN SPORT AND EXERCISE 2009. [DOI: 10.4100/jhse.2009.42.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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24
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Knechtle B, Duff B, Amtmann G, Kohler G. An Ultratriathlon Leads to a Decrease of Body Fat and Skeletal Muscle Mass—The Triple Iron Triathlon Austria 2006. Res Sports Med 2008; 16:97-110. [DOI: 10.1080/15438620701878881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- a Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen , St. Gallen, Switzerland
- b Department of General Practice , University Hospital Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brida Duff
- a Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen , St. Gallen, Switzerland
- b Department of General Practice , University Hospital Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard Amtmann
- c Sport Project, Triple Iron Triathlon Moosburg , Kärnten, Austria
| | - Götz Kohler
- d Division of Biophysical Chemistry, Biozentrum, University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Banfi G, Di Gaetano N, Lopez RS, Melegati G. Decreased Mean Sphered Cell Volume Values in Top-Level Rugby Players are Related to the Intravascular Hemolysis Induced by Exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:103-7. [DOI: 10.1532/lh96.07012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Skenderi KP, Kavouras SA, Anastasiou CA, Yiannakouris N, Matalas AL. Exertional Rhabdomyolysis during a 246-km Continuous Running Race. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38:1054-7. [PMID: 16775544 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000222831.35897.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effect of continuous, moderate-intensity ultra-endurance running exercise on skeletal muscle and hepatic damage, as indicated by serum enzyme activity measured immediately following the race. METHODS Thirty-nine runners of the Spartathlon race (a 246-km continuous race from Athens to Sparta, Greece) who managed to complete the race within the 36-h limit participated in this study. Mean finishing time of the study participants was 33.3+/-0.5 h and their average age, height, and body mass were 41+/-1 yr, 174+/-1 cm, and 67.5+/-1.1 kg, respectively. Blood samples, taken a day before and immediately after completion of the race, were assayed for the following variables: creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT). RESULTS A dramatic increase in most of muscle and liver damage indicators was observed. The mean values for CK, LDH, AST, and ALT after the race were 43,763+/-6,764, 2,300+/-285, 1,182+/-165, and 264+/-37 IU.L, respectively. These values were 29,384+/-4,327, 585+/-89, 5,615+/-902, and 1,606+/-331% higher than the corresponding values before the race (P<0.001) for CK, LDH, AST, and ALT, respectively. However, there was not a significant increase in gamma-GT levels. CONCLUSION Muscle and liver damage indicators were elevated at the highest level ever reported as a result of prolonged exercise, although no severe symptoms that required hospitalization were observed in any of the participants. The data suggest that even moderate-intensity exercise of prolonged duration can induce asymptomatic exertional rhabdomyolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina P Skenderi
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, GREECE.
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE Since the observation that mechanical stress causes red blood cell (RBC) destruction, foot-strike hemolysis has been used to explain sports anemia and RBC rejuvenation in athletes. Recently gained knowledge questions the importance of mechanical RBC trauma on RBC hemolysis in athletes. METHODS Male athletes (N = 90) and untrained male controls (N = 58) were investigated for aerobic performance, hematological parameters, serum erythropoietin concentration (EPO), soluble transferrin receptor concentration (sTFR), and erythrocyte aspartate aminotransferase activity (eAST). RESULTS On hard floor running disciplines (HFR, N = 26, short- and long-distance runners, triathletes) showed a lower eAST (P < 0.001) and thus no younger RBC population than not on hard floor running athletes (NHFR, N = 64, cyclists, soccer players, others) or the untrained control group (N = 58). HFR had higher but still normal EPO (P < 0.01) and no higher sTFR. CONCLUSION Because intravascular hemolysis occurs in swimmers, cyclists, and runners, and mean RBC age is not reduced in runners, mechanisms other than foot-strike hemolysis have to be considered as well. Possible reasons are intramuscular destruction, osmotic stress, and membrane lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals released by activated leukocytes. Intravascular hemolysis can even be regarded as physiological means to provide heme and proteins for muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Robinson
- Charité-Campus Benjamin Franklin, Institute for Sports Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Abstract
Optimal athletic performance depends on proper function of many organs, including the blood. This is underscored by the focus of endurance athletes on increased hemoglobin through training at altitude or exogenous erythropoietin. Several other aspects of the hematologic system can also affect or be influenced by physical activity. In this article, the authors briefly discuss inherited abnormalities of the blood that can manifest themselves in athletes. We then discuss the effects of exercise on the blood, and acquired abnormalities of blood cells or coagulation parameters that occur in athletes, and that can influence performance or cause other symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly W Mercer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 800716, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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29
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Wu HJ, Chen KT, Shee BW, Chang HC, Huang YJ, Yang RS. Effects of 24 h ultra-marathon on biochemical and hematological parameters. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2711-4. [PMID: 15309724 PMCID: PMC4572198 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i18.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze detailed changes in hematology and biochemistry tests parameters before and after a long-distance race in ultramarathon runners.
METHODS: Blood samples of 11 participants were obtained for standard analysis before, immediately after, two days after and nine days after the 2002 International Ultra-marathon 24 h Race and the International Association of Ultrarunners (IAU) Asia 24 h Championship.
RESULTS: Total bilirubin (BIL-T), direct bilirubin (BIL-D), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased statistically significantly (P < 0.05) the race. Significant declines (P < 0.05) in red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) were detected two days and nine days d after the race. 2 d after the race, total protein (TP), concentration of albumin and globulin decreased significantly. While BIL, BIL-D and ALP recovered to their original levels. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) remained unchanged immediately after the race, but it was significantly decreased on the second and ninth days after the race.
CONCLUSION: Ultra-marathon running is associated with a wide range of significant changes in hematological parameters, several of which are injury related. To provide appropriate health care and intervention, the man who receives athletes on high frequent training program high intensity training programs must monitor their liver and gallbladder function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-June Wu
- Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111, Taiwan, China
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Abstract
In situations of stress, such as clinical trauma, starvation or prolonged, strenuous exercise, the concentration of glutamine in the blood is decreased, often substantially. In endurance athletes this decrease occurs concomitantly with relatively transient immunodepression. Glutamine is used as a fuel by some cells of the immune system. Provision of glutamine or a glutamine precursor, such as branched chain amino acids, has been seen to have a beneficial effect on gut function, on morbidity and mortality, and on some aspects of immune cell function in clinical studies. It has also been seen to decrease the self-reported incidence of illness in endurance athletes. So far, there is no firm evidence as to precisely which aspect of the immune system is affected by glutamine feeding during the transient immunodepression that occurs after prolonged, strenuous exercise. However, there is increasing evidence that neutrophils may be implicated. Other aspects of glutamine and glutamine supplementation are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Castell
- Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, England.
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31
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Kratz A, Lewandrowski KB, Siegel AJ, Chun KY, Flood JG, Van Cott EM, Lee-Lewandrowski E. Effect of marathon running on hematologic and biochemical laboratory parameters, including cardiac markers. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 118:856-63. [PMID: 12472278 DOI: 10.1309/14ty-2tdj-1x0y-1v6v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Participants in marathon races may require medical attention and the performance of laboratory assays. We report the changes in basic biochemical parameters, cardiac markers, CBC counts, and WBC differentials observed in participants in a marathon before, within 4 hours, and 24 hours after a race. The concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, myoglobin, and the anion gap were increased after the race, consistent with the effects of exertional rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis. The increase in WBC counts was due mainly to neutrophilia and monocytosis, with a relative decrease in circulating lymphocytes, consistent with an inflammatory reaction to tissue injury. A significant percentage of laboratory results were outside the standard reference ranges, indicating that modified reference ranges derivedfrom marathon runners might be more appropriatefor this population. We provide a table of modified reference ranges (or expected ranges) for basic biochemical, cardiac, and hematologic laboratory parameters for marathon runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kratz
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
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32
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Hardin EC, Hamill J. The influence of midsole cushioning on mechanical and hematological responses during a prolonged downhill run. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2002; 73:125-133. [PMID: 12092887 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2002.10609001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of midsole durometer on mechanical and hematological responses during a prolonged downhill run. Twenty-four men completed a 30-min downhill run (-12% grade) wearing either soft, medium, or hard midsole shoes. Data describing mean peak tibial acceleration (PTA), stride frequency, plasma free hemoglobin, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and creatine kinase (CK) were collected. While there were no significant differences in PTA among midsole durometer shoes, PTA increased by 20% after the first 5 min of the run over all other time intervals during the run (p < .05). Hemolysis showed a 50.2% increase from prerun to postrun values (p <.05). CK increased from the prerun state to 24 hr after the run (p <. 05). Downhill running, irrespective of midsole durometer, showed increased levels of legshock, hemolysis, and muscle damage over values that are present in the literature for a level running protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Hardin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH 44195, USA.
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Bain BJ, Phillips D, Thomson K, Richardson D, Gabriel I. Investigation of the effect of marathon running on leucocyte counts of subjects of different ethnic origins: relevance to the aetiology of ethnic neutropenia. Br J Haematol 2000; 108:483-7. [PMID: 10759703 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Healthy subjects of African ancestry, including Afro-Caribbeans, have been observed to have lower total white cell counts and neutrophil counts than healthy Caucasian subjects. The cause of this ethnic neutropenia is unclear. We have previously found no evidence that increased margination of neutrophils is responsible. In this study, we have investigated mobilization of neutrophils from the bone marrow granulocyte reserve by endurance exercise. We investigated subjects of different ethnic origins before and after they had competed in a marathon race. Before the race, the neutrophil counts of Africans/Afro-Caribbeans were significantly lower than those of Caucasians (means 2.49 and 3.21 x 109/l respectively; P = 0.043). After the race, the difference was greater, as was the degree of significance (means 10.21 and 12.33 respectively; P = 0.017). The percentage increment was almost identical whereas the absolute increment was considerably less, although of marginal statistical significance (increment 7.72 and 9. 12 x 109/l respectively; P = 0.10). Similar changes were observed in the monocyte count. Before the race, the difference in the means was of marginal statistical significance (0.35 and 0.41 x 109/l respectively; P = 0.105), whereas after the race the difference was greater and was highly significant (means 0.75 and 1.05 x 109/l respectively; P = 0.001). These observations support the results of our earlier study, both of which suggested that ethnic neutropenia is likely to result from a diminished bone marrow reserve rather than being consequent on altered distribution of neutrophils within the blood stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Bain
- Department of Haematology, St. Mary's Hospital Campus of Imperial College School of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, London W2 1NY, UK.
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Nagashima K, Mack GW, Haskell A, Nishiyasu T, Nadel ER. Mechanism for the posture-specific plasma volume increase after a single intense exercise protocol. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1999; 86:867-73. [PMID: 10066698 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1999.86.3.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that exercise-induced hypervolemia is a posture-dependent process, we measured plasma volume, plasma albumin content, and renal function in seven healthy subjects for 22 h after single upright (Up) or supine (Sup) intense (85% peak oxygen consumption rate) exercise. This posture was maintained for 5 h after exercise. Plasma volume decreased during exercise but returned to control levels by 5 h of recovery in both postures. By 22 h of recovery, plasma volume increased 2.4 +/- 0.8 ml/kg in Up but decreased 2.1 +/- 0.8 ml/kg in Sup. The plasma volume expansion in Up was accompanied by an increase in plasma albumin content (0.11 +/- 0.04 g/kg; P < 0.05). Plasma albumin content was unchanged in Sup. Urine volume and sodium clearance were lower in Up than Sup (P < 0.05) by 5 h of recovery. These data suggest that increased plasma albumin content contributes to the acute phase of exercise-induced hypervolemia. More importantly, the mechanism by which exercise influences the distribution of albumin between extra- and intravascular stores after exercise is altered by posture and is unknown. We speculate that factors associated with postural changes (e.g., central venous pressure) modify the increase in plasma albumin content and the plasma volume expansion after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagashima
- The John B. Pierce Laboratory, Departments of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
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Fallon KE, Sivyer G, Sivyer K, Dare A. Changes in haematological parameters and iron metabolism associated with a 1600 kilometre ultramarathon. Br J Sports Med 1999; 33:27-31; discussion 32. [PMID: 10027054 PMCID: PMC1756141 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.33.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate haematological variations and iron related changes in the serum of participants in a 1600 kilometre ultramarathon run. PARTICIPANTS Seven male and two female participants in a 1600 km foot race. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from the participants before, after four and 11 days of running, and at the end of the event. Samples were analysed by standard methods for haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total red cell count, mean red cell volume, mean red cell haemoglobin, total white cell count and differential, platelets, reticulocytes, iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, percentage transferrin saturation, haptoglobin, and bilirubin and corrected for changes in plasma volume. RESULTS The following variables decreased during the event (p < 0.05): haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean red cell volume, percentage lymphocytes, percentage monocytes, serum iron, total iron binding capacity, and percentage transferrin saturation. Increases (p < 0.05) were found in plasma volume, total red cell count (day 4 only), total white cell count, percentage and absolute numbers of neutrophils and reticulocytes, absolute numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes (day 4 only), absolute numbers of eosinophils (day 11 and race end), absolute numbers of basophils (race end only), platelets, ferritin, haptoglobin, and bilirubin (day 4 only). CONCLUSION Ultramarathon running is associated with a wide range of changes in haematological parameters, many of which are related to the normal acute phase response to injury. These should not be confused with indicators of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Fallon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
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Suetta C, Kanstrup IL, Fogh-Andersen N. Haematological status in elite long-distance runners: influence of body composition. CLINICAL PHYSIOLOGY (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 1996; 16:563-74. [PMID: 8937796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-097x.1996.tb00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In 10 female and eight male Danish elite middle- and long-distance runners, haematological status, including blood volume, was examined. Haemoglobin, haematocrit and serum (s)-ferritin concentrations were all within the normal range. In both men and women, blood volume, plasma volume and erythrocyte volume were increased in relation to various reference values. However, the runners had a low body weight due to a reduced fat level, 9.5% (7.3-15.1%) fat for the women, 5.9% (5.0-8.8%) fat (median and ranges) for the men, measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scanning. When the runners' body weights were 'normalized' to a reference population (25% fat for women, 15% fat for men), only plasma volume remained increased in relation to body weight for the women, whereas all the volumes remained increased for the men. This confirms that endurance training induces a true increased plasma volume. The lower erythrocyte volume in the women compared with the men could be a consequence of the generally poorer iron status in the women, indicating that a combination of haemolysis, menstruation and low caloric (iron) intake makes it difficult for trained women to obtain optimal effects on erythrocyte volume equal to those obtained by trained men. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of taking body composition into consideration when comparing well-trained athletes with a reference population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Suetta
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Pastene J, Germain M, Allevard AM, Gharib C, Lacour JR. Water balance during and after marathon running. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 73:49-55. [PMID: 8861668 DOI: 10.1007/bf00262808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
To describe the time course of plasma volume alterations and the changes in the plasma concentrations of hormones regulating water balance in relation to a marathon race, six experienced marathon runners (five men, one women) aged 28 (SD 6) years were studied during and for the 3 days following a treadmill marathon run at 68 (SD 5) percent of maximal oxygen consumption. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, plasma protein (Prot) and electrolyte (Na+, K+) concentration, osmolality (osm), plasma concentrations of renin (Ren), aldosterone (Ald) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were determined at rest in a sitting position (T(-30)), and then after 30 min in an upright posture (R(0)), while running a marathon at 10 km (R(10)), 30 km (R(30)) and 42.2 km (R end), and after the marathon at 30 min (T(30)), 60 min (T(60)), 120 min (T(120)) and 24 h (TD(+1)), 48 h (TD(+2)) and 72 h (TD(+3)). The changes in plasma volume (PV), Prot, osm and Na+ observed during the race were nonsignificant. Significant increases in plasma concentration of K+ [4.8 (SD 0.6) vs 5.5 (SD 0.6) mmol*1(-1); P <0.01], Ren [38(SD 57) vs 197 (SD 145) pmol*1(-1); P <0.02] and Ald [175 (SD 142) vs 1632 (SD 490) pmol*1(-1); P <0.01] were observed at R(end). A significant increase of ANP (P <0.05) was only found after R(10). Body mass significantly decreased by 2.0 kg (P <0.01) during the race in spite of the ingestion of 1.46 (SD 0.34)1 of a 5 percent glucose solution. Urinary volume and Na+ excretion dropped significantly after the completion of the marathon in comparison with the day before [2600 vs 1452 ml*day(-1)(P <0.02) and 161.3 vs 97.1 mmol*1(-1) (P <0.05)]. At TD(+1) and TD(+2) a significant increase in PV was noted, compared to T(-30). The lack of a decrease in PV during the marathon may have been due to the production of 402 g of metabolic water and by the release of 1280 g of water stored in glycogen complexes in muscle and liver. Thus, the hormone response during the marathon may have been due to the effects of the exercise itself and not to the effects of dehydration. The postmarathon PV expansion may be explained by a protein shift to the intravascular space and by renal sodium retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pastene
- Service de Biologie et M7edecine du Sport, Chemin du Grand Revojot, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, France
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Abstract
This review provides an overview of the challenges that face man and horses when exercising in the heat. Some of the strategies that are used and are being developed for human athletes exercising in the heat are reviewed. There are many similarities between human and equine physiological responses to exercise in the heat; and equine exercise science may gain some useful insights from the training, fluid replacement and heat acclimatisation strategies used by human athletes. There are, however, some important differences that impact on the ability of horses to thermoregulate and to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance. The major differences are the low surface area to body mass ratio in horses compared to man; and the high metabolic capacity of equine skeletal muscle. These 2 factors may limit the ability of horses to dissipate heat when exercise is performed under hot conditions. Some of the more important equine differences are highlighted within the context of the "human perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Maughan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland
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40
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Terrados N, Maughan RJ. Exercise in the heat: strategies to minimize the adverse effects on performance. J Sports Sci 1995; 13 Spec No:S55-62. [PMID: 8897321 DOI: 10.1080/02640419508732278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Exercise in the heat is usually associated with reduced performance; both dehydration and hyperthermia adversely affect mental and physical performance. For athletes from temperate climates, the negative effects of heat had humidity can be attenuated by a period of acclimatization. This requires up to 10-14 days. Endurance-trained individuals already show some of the adaptations that accompany acclimatization, but further adaptation occurs with training in the heat. Prior dehydration has a negative effect even on exercise of short duration where sweat losses are small. The athlete must begin exercise fully hydrated and regular ingestion of fluids is beneficial where the exercise duration exceeds 40 min. Dilute carbohydrate-electrolyte (sodium) drinks are best for fluid replacement and also supply some substrate for the exercising muscles. Post-exercise rehydration requires electrolyte as well as volume replacement. In extreme conditions, neither acclimatization nor fluid replacement will allow hard exercise to be performed without some risk of heat illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Terrados
- Fundacion Deportiva Municipal, Sabino Alvarez Jendin, Aviles, Spain
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41
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Gleeson M, Blannin AK, Sewell DA, Cave R. Short-term changes in the blood leucocyte and platelet count following different durations of high-intensity treadmill running. J Sports Sci 1995; 13:115-23. [PMID: 7595980 DOI: 10.1080/02640419508732219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Short-term changes in the blood leucocyte count after exercise are known to be dependent on the intensity of exercise performed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the duration of high-intensity exercise on changes in the leucocyte and platelet count during the early recovery period. On separate occasions following a standard warm-up, eight healthy subjects (six males, two females) ran at a constant speed of 5.6 m s-1 (20 km h-1) on a level treadmill for 30, 60, 90, 120 or 150 s or to fatigue. Heart rates were increased to near maximal levels within 30 s of exercise. Significant increases in the blood leucocyte count occurred after all exercise durations compared with baseline (pre-exercise) levels. Running for 30 s increased the blood leucocyte count by 35 +/- 10% (x +/- S.D.). Running for 60 s increased the blood leucocyte count by 57 +/- 16%, but running for longer durations did not produce any further significant increase in the immediately post-exercise blood leucocyte count. After exercise to exhaustion, the leucocyte count had increased by 63 +/- 17%. This was mainly due to an increase of lymphocytes (114 +/- 20%) rather than neutrophils (34 +/- 7%). At exhaustion, plasma volume had decreased by 15.9 +/- 2.6% compared with pre-exercise. During 5 min of recovery from exercise, the leucocyte count fell significantly (after 30 and 60 s of running), remained unchanged (90 and 120 s) or increased significantly (150 s and fatigue) compared with immediately post-exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gleeson
- Division of Biological Sciences, Coventry University, UK
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Arokoski J, Miettinen PV, Säämänen AM, Haapanen K, Parviainen M, Tammi M, Helminen HJ. Effects of aerobic long distance running training (up to 40 km.day-1) of 1-year duration on blood and endocrine parameters of female beagle dogs. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 67:321-9. [PMID: 8299599 DOI: 10.1007/bf00357630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The effects of long distance running training on blood parameters, hormone responses and bone growth were studied in young growing dogs. A genetically uniform group of female beagles matched with respect to age and body mass were used. The runner dogs (n = 10) underwent gradually increased running exercise up to 40 km.day-1 on a treadmill with 15 degrees uphill gradient 5 days each week during a period of 1 year, while the littermate control dogs (n = 10) were kept in their cages throughout the study. Low plasma lactate concentrations of the runners measured immediately after the running training indicated the aerobic metabolism of the dogs while running. Significant decreases of blood haemoglobin concentrations (11%), blood erythrocyte number (10%), and erythrocyte packed cell volume (12%) were found in the runner group. Throughout the experiment, the value of thyroxine was slightly lower (13%) in the runners but no changes were found in tri-iodothyronine, free thyroxine, or cortisol serum concentrations. Serum oestradiol concentration at 56 weeks was significantly lower (42%) in the runner group than in the control group but was not as low (27%) at 70 weeks. Somatomedin-C concentration had decreased significantly by 37% at the age of 56 weeks in the runner group but was again at the level of the control dogs at the end of experiment (at 70 weeks). Ulna and radius bone mass as a ratio to the body mass had significantly increased in the runners. It would seem from our study that long distance running has a positive effect on bone growth.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J Arokoski
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kuopio, Finland
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Robertson JD, Maughan RJ, Milne AC, Davidson RJ. Hematological status of male runners in relation to the extent of physical training. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION 1992; 2:366-75. [PMID: 1299506 DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.2.4.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood biochemical indices of iron status were measured in venous blood from 20 runners and 6 control subjects. All subjects were male, ages 20 to 40 years, and stable with regard to body weight and degree of physical activity. Dietary analysis was undertaken using a 7-day weighed food intake. There was no evidence of iron deficiency: hemoglobin concentrations and serum ferritin levels were within the normal population range for all individuals. However, serum ferritin was negatively correlated with the amount of training. Daily iron intake appeared to be adequate; iron intake was correlated with protein intake but not related to training or energy intake. Serum ferritin, an indicator of iron status, was significantly correlated with vitamin C intake but not iron intake. Serum transferrin concentration was higher in the group of athletes undertaking a high weekly training load compared with the control subjects, suggesting an alteration in iron metabolism although there was no evidence of increased erythropoiesis. The biological significance of this is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Robertson
- Dept. of Environmental & Occupational Medicine, University Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland
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Cordova Martinez A, Escanero JF. Iron, transferrin, and haptoglobin levels after a single bout of exercise in men. Physiol Behav 1992; 51:719-22. [PMID: 1594669 DOI: 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90107-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twelve, healthy male university student volunteers, between the ages of 20 and 23, were studied. All subjects were considered normal after cardiopulmonary and electrocardiographic examination. The maximal aerobic capacity (Vo2 max) of each subject was determined. The exercise programmes were performed on a mechanically braked Monark cycle ergometer. The subjects were required to perform the three tests, one per week. Each subject had a catheter inserted in an antecubital vein and blood samples were drawn at rest and at the end of exercise. Before and immediately after each exercise session total proteins (TP), hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hb), and other hematological parameters were measured. Serum iron (Fe), transferrin (TRF), and haptoglobin (HPT) were also determined. Immediately after the end of the exercise (TPT, RST, and IET), TP, Hb, Hct, and RBC increased significantly. TRF and HPT concentrations remained unchanged and iron decreased significantly after maximum sustained test (RST).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cordova Martinez
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Valladolid-CUS, Soria, Spain
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Dressendorfer RH, Wade CE, Frederick EC. Effect of shoe cushioning on the development of reticulocytosis in distance runners. Am J Sports Med 1992; 20:212-6. [PMID: 1558252 DOI: 10.1177/036354659202000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We studied erythropoietic activity in relation to the rearfoot cushioning of shoes worn by 14 male runners before, during, and the morning after a 17-day period of increased training mileage. The percentage of reticulocytes in the red blood cell count (normal, less than 0.8%) served as the marker for erythropoietic activity. Each runner was assigned to either a firm-sole group (7) or a soft-sole group (7) according to the heel impact attenuation character (Peak g) of his shoes. Peak g was 18% greater in the firm-sole group (P less than 0.001). Otherwise, the groups were similar in physical characteristics, training mileage, and running ability. All subjects ran a total of 430 km, a distance that averaged 79% higher than their regular training distance for a 17-day period. Resting blood samples were obtained at baseline and on three mornings (Days 11, 13, and Day 18, which followed the completion of the increased training period). No significant differences were found between the groups in red blood cell count, hematocrit, or total hemoglobin, haptoglobin, plasma-free hemoglobin, and serum ferritin levels. The groups did not differ in percent reticulocytes at baseline (0.2% firm-sole versus 0.2% soft-sole), on Day 11 after running 280 km (0.8% firm-sole versus 0.8% soft-sole), or on Day 13 after 48 hours of rest (1.3% firm-sole versus 1.0% soft-sole). However, on Day 18 after running 430 km, reticulocyte counts were 29% higher (P less than 0.05) in firm-sole than soft-sole (2.2% versus 1.7%, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Maughan RJ, Noakes TD. Fluid replacement and exercise stress. A brief review of studies on fluid replacement and some guidelines for the athlete. Sports Med 1991; 12:16-31. [PMID: 1925187 DOI: 10.2165/00007256-199112010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluid ingestion during exercise has the twin aims of providing a source of carbohydrate fuel to supplement the body's limited stores and of supplying water and electrolytes to replace the losses incurred by sweating. Increasing the carbohydrate content of drinks will increase the amount of fuel which can be supplied, but will tend to decrease the rate at which water can be made available; where provision of water is the first priority, the carbohydrate content of drinks will be low, thus restricting the rate at which substrate is provided. The composition of drinks to be taken will thus be influenced by the relative importance of the need to supply fuel and water, this in turn depends on the intensity and duration of the exercise task, on the ambient temperature and humidity, and on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of the individual athlete. Carbohydrate ingested during exercise appears to be readily available as a fuel for the working muscles, at least when the exercise intensity does not exceed 70 to 75% of maximum oxygen uptake. Carbohydrate-containing solutions appear to be more effective in improving performance than plain water. Water and electrolytes are lost form the body in sweat: although the composition of sweat is rather variable, it is invariably hypotonic with respect to plasma. Sweat rate is determined primarily by the metabolic rate and the environmental temperature and humidity. The sweat rate may exceed the maximum rate of gastric emptying of ingested fluids, and some degree of dehydration is commonly observed. Excessive replacement of sweat losses with plain water or fluids with a low sodium content may result in hyponatraemia. Sodium replacement is essential for postexercise rehydration. The optimum frequency, volume and composition of drinks will vary widely depending on the intensity and duration of the exercise, the environmental conditions and the physiology of the individual. The athlete must determine by trial and error the most suitable regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Maughan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland
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Abstract
Prolonged exercise leads to a progressive water and electrolyte loss from the body as sweat is secreted to promote heat loss. The rate of sweating depends on many factors and is increased in proportion to the work rate and the environmental temperature and humidity. Sweat rate is highly variable between individuals, and can exceed 21 h-1 for prolonged periods. Since it is established that dehydration will impair exercise capacity and can pose a risk to health, the intake of fluid during exercise to offset sweat loss is important. Fluid intake is also aimed at providing a source of substrate, usually in the form of carbohydrate. The availability of ingested fluids may be limited by gastric emptying or by intestinal absorption. Gastric emptying of liquids is slowed by the addition of carbohydrate in proportion to the carbohydrate concentration and osmolality of the solution. With increasing glucose concentration, the rate of fluid delivery to the small intestine is decreased, but the rate of glucose delivery is increased. Water absorption in the small intestine is a passive process and is stimulated by the active absorption of glucose and sodium. The optimum fluid for rehydration during exercise depends on many factors, particularly the intensity and duration of the exercise, the environmental conditions, and the individual physiology of the athlete. There is no advantage to fluid intake during exercise of less than 30 min duration. The composition of fluids to be used will depend on the relative needs to replace water and to provide substrate. Where rehydration is a priority the solution should contain some glucose and sodium and should not exceed isotonicity: this will require the glucose concentration to be low (20-309 g l-1) or the substitution of glucose polymers, and the sodium content to be high (perhaps as much as 60 mmol l-1). Where substrate provision is more important, a more concentrated solution, incorporating large amounts of glucose polymers in concentrations of 150-200 g l-1, is to be preferred. To minimize the limitation imposed by the rate of gastric emptying, the volume of fluid in the stomach should be kept as high as is comfortable by frequent ingestion of small amounts of fluid. Addition of sodium, and perhaps also of potassium, may be important for rehydration after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Maughan
- Department of Environment and Occupational Medicine, University Medical School, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland
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49
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Manier G, Moinard J, Téchoueyres P, Varène N, Guénard H. Pulmonary diffusion limitation after prolonged strenuous exercise. RESPIRATION PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 83:143-53. [PMID: 2068412 DOI: 10.1016/0034-5687(91)90024-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To determine the effect of strenuous prolonged exercise on alveolo-capillary membrane diffusing capacity, 11 marathon runners aged 37 +/- 7 years (mean +/- SD) were studied before and during early recovery (28 +/- 14 min) from a marathon race. Lung capillary blood volume (Vc) and the alveolo-capillary diffusing capacity (Dm) were determined in a one-step maneuver by simultaneous measurements of CO and NO lung transfer (DLCO and DLNO, respectively) using the single breath, breath-holding method. After the race, both DLCO and DLNO were significantly decreased in all subjects (-10.9 +/- 4.8%, P less than 10(-4) and -29.0 +/- 11.1%, P less than 10(-4), respectively). The mean value of the derived DmCO decreased by -29.3 +/- 11.1%, whereas Vc had not entirely returned to control resting value. Although these results do not indicate the detailed mechanism involved, interstitial lung fluid was suspected to accumulate, particularly in alveoli, during the race. We concluded that the high overall work load and the extended duration of the exercise both contributed to a transient change in the structure of the alveolo-capillary membrane thereby affecting the diffusing capacity of the alveolo-capillary membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Manier
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bordeaux, France
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Schwandt HJ, Heyduck B, Gunga HC, Röcker L. Influence of prolonged physical exercise on the erythropoietin concentration in blood. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1991; 63:463-6. [PMID: 1765060 DOI: 10.1007/bf00868079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) and red blood cells were studied in 15 well-trained men before and several times after a marathon run. Changes in red blood cells reflected changes of plasma volume. Immediately after the run, red blood cells were increased due to haemoconcentration, whereas 31 h later the values were decreased due to haemodilution. The EPO concentration was increased 3 h, and more impressive 31 h, after the run. This long-lasting increase in EPO concentration after the marathon run would seem to be responsible for the increased red blood cell mass in long distance runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Schwandt
- Institut für Leistungsmedizin, Abteilung Sportphysiologie, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
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