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Bhurwal A, Minacapelli CD, Orosz E, Gupta K, Tait C, Dalal I, Zhang C, Zhao E, Rustgi VK. COVID-19 status quo: Emphasis on gastrointestinal and liver manifestations. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7969-7981. [PMID: 35046624 PMCID: PMC8678824 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i46.7969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused one of the worst public health crises in modern history. Even though severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 primarily affects the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal manifestations are well described in literature. This review will discuss the epidemiology, virology, manifestations, immunosuppressant states, and lessons learned from COVID-19. Observations: At the time of writing, COVID-19 had infected more than 111 million people and caused over 2.5 million deaths worldwide. Multiple medical comorbidities including obesity, pre-existing liver condition and the use of proton pump inhibitor have been described as risk factor for severe COVID-19. COVID-19 most frequently causes diarrhea (12.4%), nausea/vomiting (9%) and elevation in liver enzymes (15%-20%). The current data does not suggest that patients on immunomodulators have a significantly increased risk of mortality from COVID-19. The current guidelines from American Gastroenterological Association and American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases do not recommend pre-emptive changes in patients on immunosuppression if the patients have not been infected with COVID-19. Conclusions and relevance: The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted a change in structure and shape of gastroenterology departmental activities. Endoscopy should be performed only when necessary and with strict protective measures. Online consultations in the form of telehealth services and home drug deliveries have revolutionized the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhurwal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
- Center for Liver Diseases and Masses, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Carlos D Minacapelli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
- Center for Liver Diseases and Masses, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Evan Orosz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
- Center for Liver Diseases and Masses, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Kapil Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
- Center for Liver Diseases and Masses, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Christopher Tait
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
- Center for Liver Diseases and Masses, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Ishita Dalal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
- Center for Liver Diseases and Masses, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Clark Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Eric Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
| | - Vinod K Rustgi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
- Center for Liver Diseases and Masses, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, United States
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Niu Y. Influence of Standardized Nursing Management of Hospital Based on Smart Electronic Medical Blockchain on Nursing Quality of Digestive Endoscopy Room. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:5539901. [PMID: 33995983 PMCID: PMC8096586 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5539901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the increase of the incidence rate of digestive system diseases, digestive endoscopy has become an essential measure. The nursing quality of digestive endoscopy room will have a direct impact on the examination results and treatment effect, so improving the nursing quality of digestive endoscopy room has always been the focus of attention. In this paper, the smart electronic medical blockchain technology and hospital standardized nursing management mode are combined to develop the smart medical standardized nursing management mode. Firstly, 88 patients with digestive endoscopy in a hospital from October 2018 to October 2019 were selected as the experimental subjects: 44 cases in the control group and 44 cases in the experimental group. The control group implemented the traditional management mode of digestive endoscopy room, and the experimental group implemented the standardized nursing management mode of smart medicine. The blood pressure level before and after nursing and the probability of adverse reactions in the process of nursing were counted. After nursing, the patients were asked to fill in the nursing satisfaction questionnaire, evaluate the nursing quality of nursing staff, and make statistics and comparison on the occurrence of safety events in digestive endoscopy room. After nursing, the systolic pressure drop of the experimental group was 125.36 ± 7.27 mmhg, diastolic pressure drop was 73.24 ± 4.21 mmhg, and the incidence of adverse reactions was 11.36%. The satisfaction rate of the experimental group was 15%, 29.55%, and 22.73% higher than that of the control group. The average scores of nursing skills, operation level, and examination results of nursing staff in the experimental group were 94.49, 95.12, and 95.89, respectively; the qualified rate of disinfection of digestive endoscopy room in the experimental group was 100%, the degree of cooperation between doctors and nurses was 100%, the timely rate of emergency measures was 95.45%, and the incidence of accidents was 0%. This shows that, under the standardized nursing of smart medicine, the blood pressure of patients is more stable, the incidence of adverse reactions is lower, the nursing satisfaction is higher, and the nursing quality of nursing staff and the safety of digestive endoscopy room are also improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Niu
- Inner Mirror Room, Zhangqiu District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhangqiu 250200, Jinan, China
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread world over causing morbidity and mortality in affected patients, especially elderly and those with co-morbidities. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients frequently require immunosuppressive therapy and are known to be at risk of opportunistic infections. AREAS COVERED We hereby review the available literature pertaining to COVID-19 in IBD based on published consensus guidelines, expert opinions, case series, registries and reports. EXPERT OPINION Preliminary data suggests no increase in incidence of COVID-19 in IBD patients as compared to general population. Morbidity and mortality rates attributable to COVID-19 are also similar in IBD patients as compared to general population. Though exact reason is unknown, some aspects of COVID-19 pathogenesis may explain this paradox. Medications for IBD need to be carefully reviewed during COVID-19 crisis. Steroids may need dose tapering or substitution to avoid complications based on anecdotal evidence. Endoscopic procedures for IBD maybe deferred unless absolutely necessary. General measures recommended for COVID-19 tailored to specific needs of IBD patients maybe the best way to prevent infection. Our understanding of the disease outcomes and optimal management protocols are likely to evolve as we move ahead in this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrihari Anil Anikhindi
- Institute of Liver, Gastroenterology and Pancreaticobiliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital , New Delhi, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Institute of Liver, Gastroenterology and Pancreaticobiliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital , New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Arora
- Institute of Liver, Gastroenterology and Pancreaticobiliary Sciences, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital , New Delhi, India
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