|
1
|
Carrera-Bastos P, Fontes-Villalba M, Ahrén B, Lindblad U, Råstam L, Frostegård J, Åkerfeldt T, Granfeldt Y, Sundquist K, Jönsson T. Total adiponectin in indigenous Melanesians on Kitava. Am J Hum Biol 2024; 36:e24134. [PMID: 38989782 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Experimental and small human studies have indicated that high total adiponectin levels have beneficial cardiometabolic effects. In contrast, however, high total adiponectin levels are also associated with higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in thoroughly adjusted epidemiological studies. To gain further insight into these seemingly contradictory results, we report results on total adiponectin from the indigenous Melanesian population of Kitava, Trobriand Islands, Papua New Guinea, where an apparent absence of cardiometabolic disease has been previously reported. METHODS Fasting levels of serum total adiponectin were measured cross-sectionally in ≥40-year-old Kitavans (n = 102) and Swedish controls matched for age and sex (n = 108). Multivariable linear regression was used for the analysis of associations with total adiponectin when controlled for group, sex, smoking, hypertension and/or type 2 diabetes, age, and body mass index. RESULTS Total adiponectin was lower for Kitavans compared to Swedish controls (Median [Mdn] 4.6 μg/mL, range 1.0-206 μg/mL and Mdn 9.7 μg/mL, range 3.1-104 μg/mL, respectively, r = .64, p < .001). Lower total adiponectin was associated with Kitavan group, male sex (only in Swedish controls), smoking (only in Kitavans and Swedish controls combined), younger age (not in Swedish controls), higher BMI, lower total, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (only in Kitavans and Swedish controls combined), and non-HDL cholesterol, and higher anti-PC IgG (only in Kitavans and Swedish controls combined). CONCLUSION Total adiponectin in Kitavans was significantly lower than in Swedish controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Carrera-Bastos
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maelán Fontes-Villalba
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Lindblad
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Lennart Råstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Johan Frostegård
- IMM, Karolinska Institute, Unit of Immunology and chronic disease, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Åkerfeldt
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Granfeldt
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- University Clinic Primary Care Skåne, Region Skåne, Sweden
| | - Tommy Jönsson
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- University Clinic Primary Care Skåne, Region Skåne, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Gallegos JL, Taylor-Piliae RE, Pace TWW, Gallek MJ, Ritter L. Adiponectin, Interleukin-18 (IL-18), and Visceral Adipose Tissue in Filipino Americans: Biomarkers and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. SAGE Open Nurs 2024; 10:23779608241272513. [PMID: 39139192 PMCID: PMC11320395 DOI: 10.1177/23779608241272513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Filipino Americans (FAs) are at high risk for developing type 2 diabetes despite other Asian phenotypes. Evidence suggests that pro-inflammatory interleukin-18 (IL-18) and anti-inflammatory adiponectin biomarkers associated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) may explain this risk. Objectives This study aimed to quantify the biomarkers in relation to standard ranges of VAT or typical circulating concentration ranges reported in the literature of IL-18 and adiponectin, examine relationships of these markers, and determine if they were different among those participants without diabetes, prediabetes, and diabetes. Methods A cross-sectional study was used to enroll FAs without diabetes, prediabetes, or diabetes. VAT was measured using the InBody 570© Body Composition Analyzer. Blood samples were obtained to assess plasma concentrations of IL-18 and adiponectin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All analyses were conducted using a 5% type I error rate. Mean ±SD and percentages were used to describe the sample and data where appropriate. Pearson's correlations (R) were calculated to determine the relationships between VAT and IL-18 in each group. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences in VAT, IL-18, and adiponectin among groups. Further, nonparametric procedures examined the differences in adiponectin among those within groups. Results Seventy-five participants were enrolled. Biomarkers above the typical concentration range were observed for VAT, IL-18, and adiponectin. Adiponectin significantly differed among groups with lower values in the diabetes group vs. the nondiabetes group. Conclusions The findings indicate that while inflammation-related biomarkers, such as adiponectin, correlate with VAT and may serve as indicators of increased risk of type 2 diabetes in FAs, correlation alone does not establish causality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thaddeus W. W. Pace
- Division of Biobehavioral Health Science, College of Nursing, University of Arizona
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew J. Gallek
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Leslie Ritter
- College of Nursing and Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Provido SMP, Abris GP, Lee H, Okekunle AP, Gironella GM, Capanzana MV, Chung GH, Hong S, Yu SH, Lee CB, Lee JE. Comparison of cardiovascular disease risk factors among FiLWHEL (2014-2016), NNS (2013) and KNHANES (2013-2015) women. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:149. [PMID: 36997917 PMCID: PMC10064574 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02218-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assessed the CVD risk factors among Filipino women (FW) in Korea and compared them with FW in the Philippines and women in Korea (KW). METHODS A cohort of 504 women from the Filipino Women's Health and Diet Study (FiLWHEL) aged 20-57 years old were age-matched (1:1 ratio) with women from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey in the Philippines and the 2013-2015 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Anthropometric data, blood pressure (BP), lipid and glucose levels were compared across the four populations by calculating the odds ratio (OR)s and 95% confidence interval (CI)s using conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS Compared to KW, FW in Korea and FW in the Philippines were more than 2 and 3 times higher odds of having obesity for BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and waist circumference ≥ 88 cm, respectively. However, FW in Korea had the highest odds (OR 5.51, 95% CI 3.18-9.56) of having hypertension compared to KW. FW in the Philippines had the highest odds of having dyslipidemia (compared to KW, total cholesterol ≥ 200 mg/dL: OR 8.83, 95% CI 5.30-14.71; LDL-C ≥ 130 mg/dL: OR 3.25, 95% CI 2.13-4.98; and triglyceride ≥ 150 mg/dL: OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.59-4.22), but FW in Korea and KW had similar prevalence of dyslipidemia. CONCLUSIONS FW in Korea had higher prevalence of obesity and hypertension, with similar prevalence of dyslipidemia compared to KW in this sample. FW in the Philippines had higher prevalence of dyslipidemia compared to FW in Korea. Further prospective studies are warranted to examine the CVD risk factors among continental and native-born Filipino women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherlyn Mae P Provido
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Grace P Abris
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Heejin Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Glen Melvin Gironella
- Department of Science and Technology-Food and Nutrition Research Institute, DOST Compound, Gen. Santos Avenue, Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Mario V Capanzana
- Department of Science and Technology-Food and Nutrition Research Institute, DOST Compound, Gen. Santos Avenue, Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Grace H Chung
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Child Development and Family Studies, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangmo Hong
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153 Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Yu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153 Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, South Korea
| | - Chang Beom Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, 153 Gyeongchun-ro, Guri, South Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Sonoli SS, Kothiwale VA, Channashetti RD. Alterations in metabolic status of healthy individuals with and without obesity during transition from adolescence to young adulthood. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Extensive research is carried out throughout the world in healthy persons with obesity phenotype in concern with prevalence, metabolic profiling, etc. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, not many studies have investigated the status of adiponectin, specific inflammatory changes, oxidative damage in healthy adolescents and young adults with obesity. Present study was undertaken in adolescents and young adults of urban population in a district of North Karnataka, India, in a view to understand relationship between hormone adiponectin, oxidative stress markers like C3, C4, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in non-hypertensive, non-diabetic, euthyroid individuals with and without obesity.
Methods: Participant selection was done using cluster sampling technique. Participating adolescents and young adults, each with and without obesity were included in the study. Screening of participants for diabetes, hypertension, and thyroid disorders was done, their serum level of adiponectin, hs-CRP, C3, C4, ceruloplasmin (Cp), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were estimated using standardized methods in National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) laboratory.
Results: Adiponectin (young adults lower than adolescents, P = 0.01) levels were low, while hs-CRP and Cp (young adults higher than adolescents, P = 0.01) levels were high with increasing age in non-obese. While in persons having obesity, aging adiponectin levels were low while hs-CRP, C3, Cp levels were high significantly. Females without obesity had significantly higher values of C3 than males. Adiponectin showed higher levels in females than males, however, statistical significance could not be achieved (P = 0.308). While females with obesity, exhibited statistically lower levels of adiponectin, and higher levels of C3 and C4.
Conclusions: Being non-diabetic and non-hypertensive yet obese, tagged by one time of assay, does not suffice to be categorized as healthy. Healthy young adults with obesity are exhibiting lower levels of adiponectin and higher levels of inflammatory and oxidative stress markers compared to adolescents with obesity. This implies, the so categorized “healthy obese” participants are in a phase of transition towards an unhealthy state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smita S. Sonoli
- Department of Biochemistry, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Veerappa A. Kothiwale
- Registrar, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| | - Reshma D. Channashetti
- Department of Biochemistry, KLE Academy of Higher Education and Research, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi 590010, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Arakawa R, Febres G, Cheng B, Krikhely A, Bessler M, Korner J. Prospective study of gut hormone and metabolic changes after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236133. [PMID: 32687546 PMCID: PMC7371190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG) has surpassed Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) as the most prevalent bariatric procedure worldwide. While RYGB and SG demonstrate equivalent short-term weight loss, long-term weight loss tends to be greater after RYGB. Differences in the effect of these procedures on gastrointestinal hormones that regulate energy homeostasis are felt to partially underlie differences in outcomes. The objective of this study was to prospectively quantify blood levels of gut hormones of energy and glucose homeostasis at one year follow up to delineate possible reasons for greater efficacy of RYGB over SG in achieving weight loss. Methods Patients undergoing SG (n = 19) and RYGB (n = 40) were studied before surgery and at 2,12, 26, and 52 weeks postoperatively. Blood samples drawn in the fasted state and after a liquid mixed meal were assayed at baseline, 26, and 52 weeks for peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), ghrelin, insulin, glucose, and leptin. Fasting and postprandial appetitive sensations were assessed by visual analog scale. Results At 1 year there was greater weight loss in RYGB compared with SG patients (30% vs 27%; P = 0.03). Area under the curve (AUC) after the mixed meal for PYY was greater in RYGB patients (P<0.001). RYGB patients had significant increases in GLP-1 AUC compared to baseline (P = 0.002). Ghrelin levels decreased only after SG compared to baseline (P<0.001) but were not significantly different from RYGB. There was a trend toward decreased sweet cravings in RYGB patients (P = 0.056). Conclusions Differences in gastrointestinal hormones that regulate energy and glucose homeostasis are a possible mechanism for greater efficacy of RYGB compared to SG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Arakawa
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gerardo Febres
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bin Cheng
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Abraham Krikhely
- Division of Minimal Access/Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marc Bessler
- Division of Minimal Access/Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Judith Korner
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Dorling JL, Church TS, Myers CA, Höchsmann C, White UA, Hsia DS, Martin CK, Apolzan JW. Racial Variations in Appetite-Related Hormones, Appetite, and Laboratory-Based Energy Intake from the E-MECHANIC Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092018. [PMID: 31466276 PMCID: PMC6770918 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
African Americans (AAs) have a higher obesity risk than Whites; however, it is unclear if appetite-related hormones and food intake are implicated. We examined differences in appetite-related hormones, appetite, and food intake between AAs (n = 53) and Whites (n = 111) with overweight or obesity. Participants were randomized into a control group or into supervised, controlled exercise groups at 8 kcal/kg of body weight/week (KKW) or 20 KKW. Participants consumed lunch and dinner at baseline and follow-up, with appetite and hormones measured before and after meals (except leptin). At baseline, AAs had lower peptide YY (PYY; p < 0.01) and a blunted elevation in PYY after lunch (p = 0.01), as well as lower ghrelin (p = 0.02) and higher leptin (p < 0.01) compared to Whites. Despite desire to eat being lower and satisfaction being higher in AAs relative to Whites (p ≤ 0.03), no racial differences in food intake were observed. Compared to Whites, leptin increased in the 8 KKW group in AAs (p = 0.01), yet no other race-by-group interactions were evident. Differences in appetite-related hormones between AAs and Whites exist; however, their influence on racial disparities in appetite, food intake, and obesity within this trial was limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James L Dorling
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Timothy S Church
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Candice A Myers
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Christoph Höchsmann
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Ursula A White
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Daniel S Hsia
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| | - John W Apolzan
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Engaging the ASEAN Diaspora: Type 2 Diabetes Prevalence, Pathophysiology, and Unique Risk Factors among Filipino Migrants in the United States. J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc 2019; 34:126-133. [PMID: 33442147 PMCID: PMC7784106 DOI: 10.15605/jafes.034.02.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes prevalence is rising rapidly in Southeast Asia (SEA) where urbanization and adoption of ‘western’ behavioral lifestyles are attributed as predominant risk factors. The Southeast Asian diaspora to the United States has resulted in a sizable portion of migrant and US born SEAs, with approximately 4 million Filipino Americans, 2 million Vietnamese-Americans, Cambodians (330,000), and Thai (300,000) as the most populous. Their longer exposure to a western lifestyle and participation in clinical studies with other racial/ethnic groups, provide opportunities to evaluate etiologic factors which might inform trends and intervention opportunities among residents of Southeast Asia. Epidemiologic studies in the US have identified higher T2D prevalence among Filipinos (16.1%) compared to groups perceived to be at highest risk for T2D, namely Latinos (14.0%), Black (13.7%), and Native Americans (13.4%), while SEAs (including Burmese, Cambodian, Indonesian, Laotian, Malaysian, and Thai, 10.5%) and Vietnamese (9.9%) had higher T2D risk compared to Whites (7.7%), despite their absence of general obesity. Asian-Americans, including SEAs, East and South Asians, collectively have higher rates of undiagnosed T2D compared to other racial/ethnic groups in the US. Almost half (44%) of Filipinos with newly diagnosed T2D have isolated post-challenge hyperglycemia and will remain undiagnosed if current screening practices remain limited to measures of glycosylated hemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose. The University of California San Diego Filipino Health Study found excess visceral adipose tissue accumulation, low ratio of muscle to total abdominal mass area, low adiponectin concentration, multiparity (≥ 6 live births), and sleep insufficiency (<7 hours) to be unique T2D risk factors among Filipino-American women, even after adjusting for established T2D risk factors including hypertension and parental history of T2D. Social determinants such as low educational attainment (less than college completion), and sustained social disadvantage during childhood and adulthood were independently associated with T2D risk. Gestational diabetes is a known risk factor for future T2DM among women; Northern California data shows that following Asian Indians, gestational diabetes was highest among Filipina and SEA parturients, who had twice the GDM prevalence as Black, Hispanic, and White women. Identification of novel T2D risk factors among SEAs may guide early diagnosis, inform pathophysiology, and identify unique opportunities for T2D prevention and management.
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Tenkorang EY. Early onset of type 2 diabetes among visible minority and immigrant populations in Canada. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2017; 22:266-284. [PMID: 27771960 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2016.1244623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type 2 diabetes is a chronic condition that affects nearly over three million Canadians, including immigrants. The timing of the first onset of diabetes has been linked to several other severe diseases. Yet, there is a dearth of empirical studies that examine the timing of the first onset of diabetes among Canadians, in general, and among immigrants and ethnic minority populations within Canada, in particular. DESIGN Applying event history techniques to the 2013 Canadian Community and Health Survey, we address this research void by examining factors that contribute to the first onset of diabetes among immigrant and visible minority populations in Canada (N = 8905). Given the gendered patterns in the epidemiology of diseases and the differences in risk factors for men and women, gender-specific models were estimated. RESULTS Results showed that South Asian, Black and Filipino women developed diabetes earlier, compared to women from the UK. Similarly, South Asian, Chinese, Filipino, Black, South East Asian and Arab men developed diabetes earlier than men from the UK. A significant and important finding of this analysis was that the risks of developing diabetes vanished completely for Black and Filipino women, after accounting for lifestyle factors. For South Asian women, however, there was significant attenuation in their risks after accounting for lifestyle factors. The findings were strikingly different for immigrant men. Specifically, their risks of developing diabetes increased after accounting for lifestyle factors. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the development of gender-specific and lifestyle interventions, targeted at specific immigrant groups with increased risks of developing diabetes earlier in the life course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Tenkorang
- a Department of Sociology , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Ayina CNA, Noubiap JJN, Etoundi Ngoa LS, Boudou P, Gautier JF, Mengnjo MK, Mbanya JC, Sobngwi E. Association of serum leptin and adiponectin with anthropomorphic indices of obesity, blood lipids and insulin resistance in a Sub-Saharan African population. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:96. [PMID: 27189377 PMCID: PMC4869296 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0264-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is little data on the metabolic effects of adipokines in sub-Saharan African populations. This study aimed to explore the potential relationship of leptin and adiponectin, with obesity, plasma lipids and insulin resistance in a Cameroonian population. METHODS We enrolled 167 men and 309 women aged ≥18 years from the general population in Cameroon. Data were collected on waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat (BF%), fasting blood glucose, plasma lipids, adiponectin, leptin, insulin and homeostasis model for assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Pearson's correlation and multiple stepwise linear regression analyses were used to determine correlates of leptin and adiponectin serum levels. RESULTS The prevalence of obesity was higher in women compared to men (p < 0.0001), and Central obesity which is more prevalent particularly in women (WC = 42.4%, WHR = 42.3%), is almost for 90% comparable to %BF (42.7%). Adiponectin negatively with BMI (r = -0.294, p < 0.0001), WC (r = -0.294, p < 0.0001), %BF (r = -0.122, p = 0.028), WHR (r = -0.143, p = 0.009), triglycerides (r = -0.141, p = 0.011), HOMA-IR (r = -0.145, p = 0.027) and insulin (r = -0.130, p = 0.048). Leptin positively correlated with BMI (r = 0.628), WC (r = 0.530), BF% (r = 0.720), (all p < 0.0001); with DBP (r = 0.112, p = 0.043), total cholesterol (r = 0.324, p < 0.0001), LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.298, p < 0.0001), insulin (r = 0.320, p < 0.001 and HOMA-IR (r = 0.272, p < 0.0001). In multiple stepwise regression analysis, adiponectin was negatively associated with WC (β = -0.38, p = 0.001) and BF% (β = 0.33, p < 0.0001), while leptin was positively associated with BF% (β = 0.60, p < 0.0001), total cholesterol (β = 0.11, p = 0.02) and HOMA-IR (β = 0.11, p = 0.02). When controlled for gender, HOMA-IR was found significantly associated to adiponectin (β = 0.13, p = 0.046), but not BF%, while the association previously found between leptin and HOMA-IR disappeared; BMI and WC were significantly associated with leptin (β = 0.18, p = 0.04 & β = 0.19, p = 0.02 respectively). CONCLUSION This study, which includes a population who was not receiving potentially confounding medications, confirms the associations previously observed of adiponectin with reduced adiposity especially central adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity. Confirmatory associations were also observed between leptin and obesity, blood lipids and insulin resistance for the first time in an African population. Gender was significant covariate interacting with insulin sensitivity/insulin resistance and obesity indexes associations in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Noël A Ayina
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon.
| | - Jean Jacques N Noubiap
- Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Medical Diagnostic Center, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Laurent Serge Etoundi Ngoa
- Department of Animal Science, Higher Teacher's Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Philippe Boudou
- Department of Hormonal Biology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Public Assistance - Paris Hospitals, University Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Paris, France
| | - Jean François Gautier
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisiere Hospital, Public Assistance - Paris Hospitals, University Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Paris, France.,INSERM UMRS 1138, Cordeliers Research Centre, University Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France
| | - Michel Karngong Mengnjo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Mbanya
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon.,National Obesity Center, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Eugene Sobngwi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Laboratory for Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Center, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon.,National Obesity Center, Yaoundé Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Becerra MB, Becerra BJ. Disparities in Age at Diabetes Diagnosis Among Asian Americans: Implications for Early Preventive Measures. Prev Chronic Dis 2015; 12:E146. [PMID: 26355827 PMCID: PMC4576437 DOI: 10.5888/pcd12.150006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the association between Asian American ethnicity and age at diagnosis for type 2 diabetes using data from the California Health Interview Survey. Survey-weighted unadjusted and adjusted linear regressions were used to obtain mean estimates of age at diagnosis. In the adjusted regression model, ages at diagnosis were 10.5, 8.7, 8.4, and 4.2 years earlier among South Asian, Vietnamese, Filipino, and Korean populations, respectively, as compared to non-Hispanic whites; no significant difference in age at diagnosis was noted for Chinese and Japanese populations. Recommendations for diabetes screening and preventive measures specific to Asian American populations are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monideepa B Becerra
- 5500 University Parkway, Department of Health Science and Human Ecology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407.
| | - Benjamin J Becerra
- School of Allied Health Professions, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Horner K, Lee S. Appetite-related peptides in childhood and adolescence: role of ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:1089-99. [PMID: 26466085 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During childhood and adolescence, a number of factors, including age, puberty, sex, race, and body composition, may contribute to differences in satiety, food intake, and appetite-related peptides. These peptides include the orexigenic peptide ghrelin and anorexigenic gut peptides peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). For example, lower fasting ghrelin levels, lower postprandial ghrelin suppression, and blunted PYY and GLP-1 responses to food intake could contribute to a dysregulation of appetite in already obese children and adolescents. Whereas, changes in these peptides observed during puberty could facilitate growth. A greater understanding of the major moderating factors of appetite-related peptides in the pediatric population is essential to improve interpretation of study findings and for effective tailoring of strategies targeting appetite control to individuals. While more studies are needed, there is some evidence to suggest that exercise-based lifestyle interventions could be a potential therapeutic strategy to improve appetite-peptide profiles in overweight and obese children and adolescents. The aim of this review is (i) to discuss the potential moderating factors of ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1, including age and puberty, sex, race and body composition; and (ii) to examine the effects of exercise interventions on these appetite-related gut peptides in children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katy Horner
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15226, USA.,Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15226, USA
| | - SoJung Lee
- Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15226, USA.,Division of Weight Management and Wellness, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15226, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
Abesamis CJ, Fruh S, Hall H, Lemley T, Zlomke KR. Cardiovascular Health of Filipinos in the United States: A Review of the Literature. J Transcult Nurs 2015; 27:518-28. [PMID: 26243715 DOI: 10.1177/1043659615597040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Filipino Americans (FAs) are at high risk for cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this literature review is to enhance understanding of cardiovascular health among FAs. DESIGN Databases searched: MEDLINE (via PubMed), Google Scholar, Journals@OVID, and EBSCO databases including CINAHL Complete. Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, Academic Search Complete, and Biological Abstracts 1969-Present. Key terms used: FAs and cardiovascular disease. Criteria for inclusion: peer-reviewed empirical articles published in English. FINDINGS/RESULTS A total of 51 studies were identified and 27 were selected for the review based on relevance to nursing care for FAs. Three main themes emerged from the literature reviewed: risk factors and disease prevalence, health promotion, and health beliefs/practices. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS The literature review identified that FAs were at high risk for cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome at lower BMI levels. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Health care providers should implement prevention strategies and interventions for the FA population to ensure the best outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Fruh
- University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | | | - Trey Lemley
- University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
13
|
Abstract
The obesity epidemic in the USA affects disproportionately women and the ethnic minorities. On the other hand, female sex is traditionally associated with a favorable fat distribution preferentially in the subcutaneous depots of the lower body and with improved endocrine and metabolic function of the adipose tissue. However, these data are derived from predominantly non-Hispanic white populations. This review discusses fat distribution patterns in women of diverse ethnic backgrounds, together with data on the release of adipokines from adipose tissue in these populations. Very little information is available on how the metabolic function of the adipocyte differs depending on ethnicity. Thus, it becomes clear that future clinical and translational research should explicitly discuss and take into account the sex and ethnic background of the populations studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalypso Karastergiou
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Nutrition, School of Medicine, Boston University, 650 Albany St. EBRC-810, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Katigbak C, Van Devanter N, Islam N, Trinh-Shevrin C. Partners in health: a conceptual framework for the role of community health workers in facilitating patients' adoption of healthy behaviors. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:872-80. [PMID: 25790405 PMCID: PMC4386525 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
We formulated a conceptual framework that begins to answer the national call to improve health care access, delivery, and quality by explaining the processes through which community health workers (CHWs) facilitate patients' adoption of healthy behaviors. In September 2011 to January 2012, we conducted a qualitative study that triangulated multiple data sources: 26 in-depth interviews, training documents, and patient charts. CHWs served as partners in health to immigrant Filipinos with hypertension, leveraging their cultural congruence with intervention participants, employing interpersonal communication techniques to build trust and rapport, providing social support, and assisting with health behavior change. To drive the field forward, this work can be expanded with framework testing that may influence future CHW training and interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carina Katigbak
- At the time of the study, Carina Katigbak and Nancy Van Devanter were with the College of Nursing, and Nadia Islam and Chau Trinh-Shevrin were with the Department of Population Health, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
15
|
Rider JR, Fiorentino M, Kelly R, Gerke T, Jordahl K, Sinnott JA, Giovannucci EL, Loda M, Mucci LA, Finn S. Tumor expression of adiponectin receptor 2 and lethal prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:639-47. [PMID: 25863129 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2) in aggressive prostate cancer we used immunohistochemistry to characterize AdipoR2 protein expression in tumor tissue for 866 men with prostate cancer from the Physicians' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study. AdipoR2 tumor expression was not associated with measures of obesity, pathological tumor stage or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) at diagnosis. However, AdipoR2 expression was positively associated with proliferation as measured by Ki-67 expression quartiles (P-trend < 0.0001), with expression of fatty acid synthase (P-trend = 0.001), and with two measures of angiogenesis (P-trend < 0.1). An inverse association was observed with apoptosis as assessed by the TUNEL assay (P-trend = 0.006). Using Cox proportional hazards regression and controlling for age at diagnosis, Gleason score, year of diagnosis category, cohort and baseline BMI, we identified a statistically significant trend for the association between quartile of AdipoR2 expression and lethal prostate cancer (P-trend = 0.02). The hazard ratio for lethal prostate cancer for the two highest quartiles, as compared to the two lowest quartiles, of AdipoR2 expression was 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-3.0). Results were similar when additionally controlling for categories of PSA at diagnosis and Ki-67 expression quartiles. These results strengthen the evidence for the role of AdipoR2 in prostate cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Rider
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malphighi Hospital, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rachel Kelly
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malphighi Hospital, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Pathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Travis Gerke
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malphighi Hospital, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Pathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Kristina Jordahl
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malphighi Hospital, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Pathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Jennifer A Sinnott
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Pathology Unit, Addarii Institute of Oncology, S. Orsola-Malphighi Hospital, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and Department of Pathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Massimo Loda
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA and
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stephen Finn
- Department of Pathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
High adiponectin levels in lean Arab women compared to Asian women. Biomark Res 2015; 3:7. [PMID: 25905020 PMCID: PMC4405878 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-015-0032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin has been recognized as a potent regulator of metabolism possessing anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic functions and inversely associated with increasing incidents of type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this study, we investigated the changes in adiponectin level of 193 Arab and 132 Asian women were compared. Overall, Arab women had statistically significant higher levels of adiponectin 17.84 (1.047) μg/mL than Asians 12.87 (1.049) μg/mL. In conclusion, our data demonstrates that Arab women poses high adiponectin level compared to Asians and the protective role of adiponectin in Arab women against metabolic disorders requires further attention.
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Lim JW, Dillon J, Miller M. Proteomic and genomic studies of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - clues in the pathogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:8325-8340. [PMID: 25024592 PMCID: PMC4093687 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i26.8325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a widely prevalent hepatic disorder that covers wide spectrum of liver pathology. NAFLD is strongly associated with liver inflammation, metabolic hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance. Frequently, NAFLD has been considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome. The pathophysiology of NAFLD has not been fully elucidated. Some patients can remain in the stage of simple steatosis, which generally is a benign condition; whereas others can develop liver inflammation and progress into non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanism behind the progression is still not fully understood. Much ongoing proteomic researches have focused on discovering the unbiased circulating biochemical markers to allow early detection and treatment of NAFLD. Comprehensive genomic studies have also begun to provide new insights into the gene polymorphism to understand patient-disease variations. Therefore, NAFLD is considered a complex and mutifactorial disease phenotype resulting from environmental exposures acting on a susceptible polygenic background. This paper reviewed the current status of proteomic and genomic studies that have contributed to the understanding of NAFLD pathogenesis. For proteomics section, this review highlighted functional proteins that involved in: (1) transportation; (2) metabolic pathway; (3) acute phase reaction; (4) anti-inflammatory; (5) extracellular matrix; and (6) immune system. In the genomic studies, this review will discuss genes which involved in: (1) lipolysis; (2) adipokines; and (3) cytokines production.
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Dalusung-Angosta A, Gutierrez A. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Filipino-Americans: a cross-sectional study. Appl Nurs Res 2013; 26:192-7. [PMID: 23906437 PMCID: PMC4036682 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnr.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aims of this study are a) to examine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Filipino-Americans, b) to compare the rate of metabolic syndrome between Filipino men and women, and c) to examine the prevalence of central adiposity. BACKGROUND Filipino-Americans are the second largest Asian subgroup in the United States and their leading cause of death is coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS This study utilized a descriptive correlational, cross-sectional design that included a convenience sample of 300 Filipino-Americans residing in Southern Nevada. Survey questionnaires were used to collect the sample's demographic data and presence of CHD risk factors. Waist circumference measurements were used to examine central adiposity. RESULTS Metabolic syndrome and central adiposity are highly prevalent among Filipino-Americans residing in Southern Nevada. More men than women had the syndrome, but the rate of central adiposity was significantly higher in women than in men. CONCLUSIONS Intensive lifestyle modifications and treatment are indicated to decrease the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and the risk of heart disease in this group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alona Dalusung-Angosta
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 453018, Las Vegas, NV 89154-3018, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
19
|
Staimez LR, Weber MB, Narayan KMV, Oza-Frank R. A systematic review of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes among Asian American subgroups. Curr Diabetes Rev 2013; 9:312-31. [PMID: 23590534 PMCID: PMC4465442 DOI: 10.2174/15733998113099990061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review synthesizes data published between 1988 and 2009 on mean BMI and prevalence of overweight, obesity, and type 2 diabetes among Asian subgroups in the U.S. We conducted systematic searches in Pub- Med for peer-reviewed, English-language citations that reported mean BMI and percent overweight, obesity, and diabetes among South Asians/Asian Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Koreans, and Vietnamese. We identified 647 database citations and 23 additional citations from hand-searching. After screening titles, abstracts, and full-text publications, 97 citations remained. None were published between 1988 and 1992, 28 between 1993 and 2003, and 69 between 2004 and 2009. Publications were identified for the following Asian subgroups: South Asian (n=8), Asian Indian (n=20), Chinese (n=44), Filipino (n=22), Korean (n= 8), and Vietnamese (n=3). The observed sample sizes ranged from 32 to 4245 subjects with mean ages from 24 to 78 years. Among samples of men and women, the lowest reported mean BMI was in South Asians (22.1 kg/m(2)), and the highest was in Filipinos (26.8 kg/m(2)). Estimates for overweight (12.8-46.7%) and obesity (2.1-59.0%) were variable. Among men and women, the highest rate of diabetes was reported in Asian Indians with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2) (32.9%, age and sex standardized). This review suggests heterogeneity among U.S. Asian populations in cardiometabolic risk factors, yet comparisons are limited due to variability in study populations, methods, and definitions used in published reports. Future efforts should adopt standardized methods to understand overweight, obesity and diabetes in this growing U.S. ethnic population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Staimez
- Emory University, Laney Graduate School, Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Gender differences in the association of visceral and subcutaneous adiposity with adiponectin in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2013; 13:9. [PMID: 23433085 PMCID: PMC3586352 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-13-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adiponectin, paradoxically reduced in obesity and with lower levels in African Americans (AA), modulates several cardiometabolic risk factors. Because abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT), known to be reduced in AA, and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) compartments may confer differential metabolic risk profiles, we investigated the associations of VAT and SAT with serum adiponectin, separately by gender, with the hypothesis that VAT is more strongly inversely associated with adiponectin than SAT. METHODS Participants from the Jackson Heart Study, an ongoing cohort of AA (n = 2,799; 64% women; mean age, 55 ± 11 years) underwent computer tomography assessment of SAT and VAT volumes, and had stored serum specimens analyzed for adiponectin levels. These levels were examined by gender in relation to increments of VAT and SAT. RESULTS Compared to women, men had significantly lower mean levels of adiponectin (3.9 ± 3.0 μg/mL vs. 6.0 ± 4.4 μg/mL; p < 0.01) and mean volume of SAT (1,721 ± 803 cm(3) vs. 2,668 ± 968 cm(3); p < 0.01) but significantly higher mean volume of VAT (884 ± 416 cm(3) vs. 801 ± 363 cm(3); p < 0.01). Among women, a one standard deviation increment in VAT was inversely associated with adiponectin (β = - 0.13; p < 0.0001) after controlling for age, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, education, pack-years of smoking and daily intake of alcohol. The statistically significant inverse association of VAT and adiponectin persisted after additionally adjusting for SAT, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), suggesting that VAT provides significant information above and beyond BMI and WC. Among men, after the same multivariable adjustment, there was a direct association of SAT and adiponectin (β = 0.18; p = 0.002) that persisted when controlling for BMI and WC, supporting a beneficial effect of SAT. Insulin resistance mediated the association of SAT with adiponectin in women. CONCLUSION In African Americans, abdominal visceral adipose tissue had an inverse association with serum adiponectin concentrations only among women. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue appeared as a protective fat depot in men.
Collapse
|
|
21
|
Rasmussen-Torvik LJ, Wassel CL, Ding J, Carr J, Cushman M, Jenny N, Allison MA. Associations of body mass index and insulin resistance with leptin, adiponectin, and the leptin-to-adiponectin ratio across ethnic groups: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Ann Epidemiol 2012; 22:705-9. [PMID: 22929534 PMCID: PMC3459265 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Associations of adiponectin and leptin and their ratio with body mass index (BMI) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) have been investigated in different ethnic groups but variability in both assays and statistical methods have made cross-study comparisons difficult. We examined associations among these variables across four ethnic groups in a single study. METHODS Adiponectin and leptin were measured in a subset of participants from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis study. We calculated associations (using both partial correlations and adjusted linear regression) in each ethnic group and then compared the magnitude of these associations across groups. RESULTS After we excluded individuals with type 2 diabetes, there were 714 white, 219 Chinese, 332 African-American, and 405 Hispanic subjects in the study sample. Associations of BMI with adiponectin and leptin differed significantly (P < .05) across the ethnic groups in regression analyses, whereas associations of HOMA-IR with adiponectin and leptin did not differ across ethnic groups. The leptin-to-adiponectin ratio was not associated with a greater amount of adiposity or HOMA-IR variance than leptin or adiponectin in any ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS Given the consistency of HOMA-IR and adipokine associations, the differing means of adiponectin and leptin across ethnic groups may help to explain ethnic differences in mean insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Rasmussen-Torvik
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
Khan UI, Wang D, Sowers MR, Mancuso P, Everson-Rose SA, Scherer PE, Wildman RP. Race-ethnic differences in adipokine levels: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). Metabolism 2012; 61:1261-9. [PMID: 22444780 PMCID: PMC3404256 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Differences in adipose tissue secretory profile, as measured by adipokine levels, may play a role in race-ethnic disparities in cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined race-ethnic differences in adipokine levels in a group of mid-life Caucasian, African American (AA), Chinese and Japanese women, after accounting for adiposity. Data on 1876 women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation were analyzed. In multivariable adjustment, including total fat mass, differences in total and high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin, leptin and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) levels were examined. Despite intermediate levels of adiposity, Caucasian women had higher levels of both total and HMW adiponectin, when compared to both AA and Chinese and Japanese women. After multivariable adjustment, compared to Caucasian women, AA women had significantly lower total (β: -3.40; 95% CI: -4.29, -2.52; P<.001) and HMW adiponectin (β: -0.53; 95% CI: -0.64, -0.43; P<.001) levels, higher leptin levels (β: 3.26; 95% CI: 1.36, 5.16; P<.001) and lower sOB-R levels (β: -0.07; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.03; P<.001). Compared to Caucasian women, both Chinese and Japanese women had lower total (Chinese: β: -5.50; 95% CI: -7.07, -3.93; P<.001; Japanese: β: -5.48; 95% CI: -6.95, -4.02; P<.001) and HMW adiponectin (Chinese: β: -0.57; 95% CI: -0.75, -0.38; P<.001; Japanese: β: -0.61; 95% CI: -0.78, -0.44; P<.001) levels and lower sOB-R levels (Chinese: β: -0.13; 95% CI: -0.20, -0.06; P<.001; Japanese: β: -0.09; 95% CI: -0.15, -0.02; P=.008). Significant race-ethnic differences exist in circulating adipokines, even after accounting for adiposity. Further research is needed to explicitly determine if such differences contribute to known racial differences in CVD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Unab I Khan
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E. 210th Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
23
|
Doumatey AP, Bentley AR, Zhou J, Huang H, Adeyemo A, Rotimi CN. Paradoxical Hyperadiponectinemia is Associated With the Metabolically Healthy Obese (MHO) Phenotype in African Americans. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2012; 2:51-65. [PMID: 23293696 PMCID: PMC3534968 DOI: 10.4021/jem95w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that adiponectin may offer protection against the adverse health effects of obesity. In this study, we determined the prevalence of paradoxically high adiponectin or paradoxical hyperadiponectinemia (PHA) among obese African Americans and investigated its relationship with the metabolically healthy obese (MHO) phenotype. METHODS: Total adiponectin and metabolic markers including fasting glucose, insulin, serum lipids and obesity measures were determined in 822 unrelated participants from the Howard University Family Study (HUFS). Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between MHO phenotype and PHA while adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS: Overall, men had significantly lower adiponectin levels than women. However, adiponectin level was associated with obesity measures, glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index in both men and women. Equal proportion of the obese male and female subjects (19.2%; 66/343) had PHA; these obese individuals with PHA had a healthier metabolic profile including higher HDL-cholesterol, lower insulin levels and smaller waist circumference and insulin levels compared to those without PHA. Also, 28% (96/343) of the study participants met the criteria of MHO phenotype. Interestingly, 42% (28/66) of the obese individuals with PHA also had the MHO phenotype. Finally, the MHO phenotype was associated with PHA in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm the presence of MHO in African Americans and demonstrate the association of PHA with the MHO phenotype. In all, our findings along with other published results provide evidence for a more systematic investigation of the mechanisms underlying the protective function of adiponectin and its potential therapeutic applications in human metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayo P. Doumatey
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Amy R. Bentley
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jie Zhou
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hanxia Huang
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Adebowale Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Charles N. Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
|
24
|
Lipworth L, Tarone RE, McLaughlin JK. Renal cell cancer among African Americans: an epidemiologic review. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:133. [PMID: 21486465 PMCID: PMC3087713 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidence rates for renal cell cancer, which accounts for 85% of kidney cancers, have been rising more rapidly among blacks than whites, almost entirely accounted for by an excess of localized disease. This excess dates back to the 1970s, despite less access among blacks to imaging procedures in the past. In contrast, mortality rates for this cancer have been virtually identical among blacks and whites since the early 1990s, despite the fact that nephrectomy rates, regardless of stage, are lower among blacks than among whites. These observations suggest that renal cell cancer may be a less aggressive tumor in blacks. We have reviewed the epidemiology of renal cell cancer, with emphasis on factors which may potentially play a role in the observed differences in incidence and mortality patterns of renal cell cancer among blacks and whites. To date, the factors most consistently, albeit modestly, associated with increased renal cell cancer risk in epidemiologic studies among whites--obesity, hypertension, cigarette smoking--likely account for less than half of these cancers, and there is virtually no epidemiologic evidence in the literature pertaining to their association with renal cell cancer among blacks. There is a long overdue need for detailed etiologic cohort and case-control studies of renal cell cancer among blacks, as they now represent the population at highest risk in the United States. In particular, investigation of the influence on renal cell cancer development of hypertension and chronic kidney disease, both of which occur substantially more frequently among blacks, is warranted, as well as investigations into the biology and natural history of this cancer among blacks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loren Lipworth
- International Epidemiology Institute, 1455 Research Boulevard, Suite 550, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
25
|
Cohen SS, Gammon MD, Signorello LB, North KE, Lange EM, Fowke JH, Hargreaves MK, Cai Q, Zheng W, Blot WJ, Matthews CE. Serum adiponectin in relation to body mass index and other correlates in black and white women. Ann Epidemiol 2011; 21:86-94. [PMID: 21109453 PMCID: PMC3018848 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adiponectin is a promising biomarker linking obesity and disease risk; however, limited data are available regarding adiponectin in black women among whom obesity is highly prevalent. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted to assess racial differences and correlates of serum adiponectin measured in 996 black and 996 white women enrolled in the Southern Community Cohort Study through Community Health Centers in 12 southeastern states from 2002 to 2006. RESULTS Black subjects had significantly lower adiponectin levels than white subjects (median 10.9 vs 14.9 μg/mL, Wilcoxon p < .0001). Among black subjects, adiponectin was lower among overweight and obese women compared with healthy weight women but showed no clear decreasing trend with increasing severity of obesity; adjusted geometric means (95% confidence interval) were 15.0 [13.8-16.4], 11.5 [10.6-12.5], 9.7 [9.0-10.6], 11.4 [10.3-12.6], and 10.9 [9.5-12.6] μg/mL for body mass index [BMI] categories of 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, 30-34.9, 35-39.9, and 40-45, p for trend <.0001). In contrast, among whites there was a monotonic reduction in adiponectin over increasing BMI (adjusted geometric means = 19.9 [18.3-21.7], 15.1 [13.9-16.4], 14.3 [13.2-15.5], 12.5 [11.2-13.9], and 11.0 [9.7-12.5] μg/mL, p for trend <.0001). BMI, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and hypertension were important correlates of adiponectin in both groups. CONCLUSIONS Among women, racial differences exist in both the magnitude and form of the adiponectin-BMI association.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
26
|
Toprak D, Toprak A, Chen W, Xu JH, Srinivasan S, Berenson GS. Adiposity in childhood is related to C-reactive protein and adiponectin in young adulthood: from the Bogalusa Heart Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:185-90. [PMID: 20360758 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To determine the association between cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in childhood and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and adiponectin in adulthood, 835 eligible white and African-American young adult subjects (age range 24-42 years, average 34 years, 43% men, 31% African Americans) who had CV risk-factor variable data from their childhood (20 years earlier, age range 5-18 years, average 14 years) were selected. Stepwise linear regression models revealed that mean logarithmic hsCRP level in adulthood was 0.02 greater with every increase of 1 mm in skinfold thickness in childhood, 0.25 greater for African Americans than whites, 0.36 greater for girls than boys, and 0.15 greater for every unit increase in BMI z score. Mean logarithmic adiponectin level in adulthood was 0.36 greater for girls than boys, 0.22 greater for whites than African Americans, and 0.01 less with every increase of 1 mm of childhood skinfold thickness. Seventy participants (8%) were overweight or obese in their childhood, and 64 of these (91%) remained obese in their young adulthood. In conclusion, childhood adiposity and African-American race were associated with higher hsCRP and lower adiponectin levels in their adulthood. Skinfold thickness and BMI z score in childhood were the main obesity determinants for higher hsCRP and lower adiponectin levels in young adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Demet Toprak
- Tulane Center for Cardiovascular Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
27
|
Zaletel J, Barlovic DP, Prezelj J. Adiponectin-leptin ratio: a useful estimate of insulin resistance in patients with Type 2 diabetes. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:514-8. [PMID: 20142631 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Adiponectin and leptin are adipocytokines associated with insulin resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the adiponectin-leptin ratio as a measure of insulin resistance in comparison with other surrogate measures of insulin resistance based on fasting insulin and glucose levels [homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), fasting glucose/insulin ratio] and with measures based on fasting insulin and triglyceride levels (McAuley index) in Caucasian patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS In 70 patients included in DEMAND (delapril and manidipine for nephroprotection in diabetes) study, fasting samples of plasma insulin and adiponectin were determined by a radioimmunoassay, whereas plasma leptin was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Insulin resistance estimates were derived by the established equations and compared with the direct measurement of insulin resistance obtained with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp. Insulin resistance estimates and the clamp derived sensitivity index were compared by correlation analysis. RESULTS The adiponectin-leptin ratio correlated best with the clamp derived sensitivity index (r=0.553, p<0.001) compared to other surrogate measures of insulin resistance. In multiple linear regression models including different surrogate measures of insulin resistance as independent predictors of the sensitivity index, the model with the adiponectin-leptin ratio accounted for the highest variability of the sensitivity index (r2=0.336, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The adiponectin-leptin ratio is associated with insulin resistance, measured with the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, in Caucasians with T2D. The association with clamp derived sensitivity index is even stronger than that of HOMA, QUICKI, fasting glucose/insulin ratio or McAuley index and is independent of body mass index or glycemic control. The adiponectin-leptin ratio promises to become a new laboratory marker of insulin resistance in T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zaletel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center, Zaloska 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
28
|
Smith LM, Yao-Borengasser A, Starks T, Tripputi M, Kern PA, Rasouli N. Insulin resistance in African-American and Caucasian women: differences in lipotoxicity, adipokines, and gene expression in adipose tissue and muscle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:4441-8. [PMID: 20591983 PMCID: PMC2936058 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested whether African-American (AA) women are different from Caucasian women in regard to lipotoxicity, adipokines, and gene expression in adipose tissue and muscle. DESIGN Insulin sensitivity (S(I)), plasma adipocytokine levels, intramyocellular lipid (IMCL), and the expression of candidate genes in adipose tissue and muscle were measured in AA and Caucasian women. SETTING This study was performed in an ambulatory general clinical research center. SUBJECTS Subjects were healthy, nondiabetic AA and Caucasian women. INTERVENTIONS There were no interventions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Comparison of S(I), IMCL, plasma adiponectin, and the expression of candidate genes regulating adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and inflammation in adipose tissue and muscle. RESULTS AA had lower plasma adiponectin and IMCL when compared with Caucasian women with similar S(I). In sc adipose tissue (SAT), the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis including peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) and lipin-1beta were also reduced in SAT of AA subjects (19%, P = 0.06, and 25%, P = 0.05, respectively). Similarly, 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT 2), stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 (SCD1), and CD36 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in SAT by 19, 54, and 28% respectively (P < 0.01 for all) in AA compared with Caucasian women. Yet the expression of CD68 in SAT was similar in both ethnic groups. Gene expression studies in muscle revealed a 31% reduction in expression of AGPAT 2 and a 72% reduction in SCD1 genes in AA. CONCLUSION AA women demonstrated lower expression of several PPARgamma-responsive genes in adipose tissue, lower plasma adiponectin, and decreased IMCL levels as compared with Caucasians, which suggests that African-Americans may be protected from lipotoxicity. Together these data suggest significant ethnic differences in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance.
Collapse
|
|
29
|
Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Zavos C, Tsiaousi E. The role of adiponectin in the pathogenesis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetes Obes Metab 2010; 12:365-83. [PMID: 20415685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is recognized as the most common type of chronic liver disease in Western countries and the leading cause of cryptogenic cirrhosis. Insulin resistance (IR) is a key factor in the pathogenesis of NAFLD, the latter being considered as the hepatic component of IR or metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although the pathogenesis of NAFLD is not fully elucidated, a complex interaction between adipokines and cytokines produced by adipocytes and/or inflammatory cells infiltrating adipose tissue appears to play a crucial role in MetS and NAFLD. Adiponectin is the most abundant and adipose-specific adipokine. In the liver, adiponectin acts through the activation of 5-AMP-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha pathways and inhibition of toll-like receptor-4 mediated signalling. There is an evidence that adiponectin decreases hepatic and systematic IR and attenuates liver inflammation and fibrosis. Adiponectin generally predicts steatosis grade and severity of NAFLD, but it remains to be addressed to what extent this is a direct effect or related to the presence of more severe IR. Although there is no proven pharmacotherapy for the treatment of NAFLD, recent therapeutic strategies have focused on the indirect upregulation of adiponectin through the administration of various therapeutic agents and/or lifestyle modifications. Weight loss, through diet, lifestyle changes and/or medications including orlistat, sibutramine, rimonabant or bariatric surgery, increase adiponectin and may improve liver histology. Insulin sensitizers, including pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, and lipid-lowering agents, including statins and fibrates, also upregulate adiponectin and ameliorate liver histology. The wider use of new treatment approaches appears to signal the dawn of a new era in the management of NAFLD. In this adiponectin-focused review, the pathogenetic role and the potential therapeutic benefits of adiponectin in NAFLD are systematically analysed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
30
|
Narayan KMV, Aviles-Santa L, Oza-Frank R, Pandey M, Curb JD, McNeely M, Araneta MRG, Palaniappan L, Rajpathak S, Barrett-Connor E. Report of a National Heart, Lung, And Blood Institute Workshop: heterogeneity in cardiometabolic risk in Asian Americans In the U.S. Opportunities for research. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55:966-73. [PMID: 20202512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Asian and Pacific Islander population (Asian Americans) in the U.S. has increased dramatically in the last few decades. Yet, data on cardiovascular disease (CVD) in this population are scarce. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health conducted an Expert Workshop to: 1) assess the importance of studying CVD in Asian Americans in the U.S.; and 2) consider strategic options for further investigations of CVD in this population. There is considerable geographical, ethnic, cultural, and genetic diversity within this population. Limited data also suggest striking differences in the risk of CVD, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and other CVD risk factors across the Asian-American population. The Asian-American population is a new diverse pool with less contemporary genetic and cultural admixture relative to groups that have lived in the U.S. for generations, plus it is diverse in lifestyle including culture, diet, and family structure. This diversity provides a window of opportunity for research on genes and gene-environment interactions and also to investigate how acculturation/assimilation to U.S. lifestyles affects health and CVD risk among relatively homogenous groups of recent immigrants. Given the heterogeneity in body weight, body size, and CVD risk, the Asian-American population in the U.S. offers a unique model to study the interaction and relationships between visceral adiposity and adipose tissue distribution and beta cell function, insulin resistance, and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Venkat Narayan
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
31
|
Relf BL, Larkin EK, De Torres C, Baur LA, Christodoulou J, Waters KA. Genome-wide linkage of obstructive sleep apnoea and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a Filipino family: bivariate linkage analysis of obstructive sleep apnoea. J Sleep Res 2010; 19:349-57. [PMID: 20149069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports an association between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and metabolic syndrome (MeS) in both children and adults, suggesting a genetic component. However, the genetic relationship between the diseases remains unclear. We performed a bivariate linkage scan on a single Filipino family with a high prevalence of OSA and MeS to explore the genetic pathways underlying these diseases. A large rural family (n = 50, 50% adults) underwent a 10-cM genome-wide scan. Fasting blood was used to measure insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Attended overnight polysomnography was used to quantify the respiratory disturbance index (RDI), a measure of sleep apnoea. Body mass index z-scores and insulin resistance scores were calculated. Bivariate multipoint linkage analyses were performed on RDI and MeS components. OSA prevalence was 46% (n = 23; nine adults, 14 children) in our participants. MeS phenotype was present in 40% of adults (n = 10) and 48% of children (n = 12). Linkage peaks with a logarithm of odds (LOD) score >3 were demonstrated on chromosome 19q13.4 (LOD = 3.04) for the trait pair RDI and HDL cholesterol. Candidate genes identified in this region include the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes. These genes are associated with modulating inflammatory responses in reaction to cellular stress and initiation of atherosclerotic plaque formation. We have identified a novel locus for genetic links between RDI and lipid factors associated with MeS in a chromosomal region containing genes associated with inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn L Relf
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
32
|
Araneta MRG, Barrett-Connor E. Grand multiparity is associated with type 2 diabetes in Filipino American women, independent of visceral fat and adiponectin. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:385-9. [PMID: 19918009 PMCID: PMC2809288 DOI: 10.2337/dc09-1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether multiparity is associated with type 2 diabetes, independent of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and adipokines. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Participants were from the University of California San Diego Filipino Women's Health Study with at least one live birth. A 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was administered; adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, reproductive history, family history of diabetes, VAT, and lifestyle behaviors were measured between 1995 and 2002. RESULTS Among 152 women, mean age was 59.5 years (range 48-73 years) and mean parity was 4.3 (range 1-12 births). Type 2 diabetes prevalence increased by parity group (low parity, 1-2 births, 25%; medium parity, 3-5 births, 30.3%; and grand multiparity: 6-12 births, 50%; P = 0.048). Family history of diabetes, exercise, insulin resistance, and leptin and ghrelin levels did not differ by parity group. Compared with women in the low parity group, women with > or =6 births were significantly older (62 vs. 57 years), had lower college completion (22 vs. 58%, P = 0.006), more hypertension (72 vs. 55%), higher VAT (74.9 vs. 58.4 cm(3)), and lower adiponectin concentration (5.79 vs. 7.61 microg/ml). In multivariate analysis adjusting for adiponectin, VAT, family history of diabetes, age, education, hypertension, and estrogen use, grand multiparous women had a threefold higher odds of type 2 diabetes (adjusted odds ratio 3.40 [95% CI 1.13-10.2]) compared with low parity women. No differences were observed in the odds of diabetes between women in the medium (1.10 [0.41-2.91]) and low parity groups. CONCLUSIONS Having > or =6 children was associated with type 2 diabetes, independent of adiponectin, VAT, family history, and other measured diabetes risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosario G Araneta
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
33
|
Araneta MRG, von Mühlen D, Barrett-Connor E. Sex differences in the association between adiponectin and BMD, bone loss, and fractures: the Rancho Bernardo study. J Bone Miner Res 2009; 24:2016-22. [PMID: 19453256 PMCID: PMC2791515 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.090519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated sex differences in the prospective association between adiponectin with BMD, bone loss, and fractures. Adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein with insulin-sensitizing properties, is also expressed in bone-forming cells. Conflicting results and sex differences in the adiponectin-BMD association have been reported in cross-sectional studies. Serum adiponectin was measured in fasting blood samples obtained in 1984-1987 in 447 postmenopausal women (mean age: 76 yr) and 484 men (mean age: 75 yr). Four years later, BMD was measured at the midshaft radius by single photon absorptiometry and at the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine by DXA. In 1992-1996, axial BMD was remeasured in 261 women and 264 men. Multivariable analysis adjusted for age, weight, calcium intake, type 2 diabetes, alcohol intake, and exercise. Among women, adiponectin was inversely associated with BMD at the femoral neck (beta = -0.002, p = 0.007), total hip (beta = -0.002, p = 0.009), lumbar spine (beta = -0.003, p = 0.008), and midshaft radius (beta = -0.002, p = 0.01) after 4.4 yr and at the femoral neck and total hip 8.6 yr later. Among men, adiponectin was inversely associated with BMD at the femoral neck, (beta = -0.002, p = 0.03), total hip (beta = -0.004, p < 0.001), and midshaft radius (beta = -0.003, p < 0.001) after 4.4 yr and at the hip 8.6 yr later. Adiponectin was not associated with 4-yr bone loss in either sex but was associated with vertebral fractures (adjusted OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.08-1.23; p = 0.009) among men only. Adiponectin was inversely associated with BMD; however, sex differences were observed by anatomical site and with regards to vertebral fractures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosario G Araneta
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0607, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
34
|
Paz-Pacheco E, Lim-Abrahan MA, Sy RAG, Jasul GV, Sison CMC, Laurel AF. Adiponectin levels and its association with hyperglycaemia in adult Filipino participants in the 2003--04 National Nutrition and Health Survey. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2009; 6:231-7. [PMID: 20368216 DOI: 10.1177/1479164109344933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the association of serum adiponectin levels with the presence of IFG or DM in Filipinos. This case control study used sera of adult participants in the Philippines' NNHeS: 2003-04. Subjects were divided into: normoglycaemic control, impaired fasting glucose, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Seventy-seven prediabetic and 83 diabetic subjects were included in the prediabetic and diabetic groups, respectively. There was no significant difference in adiponectin values between control and prediabetic subjects. Diabetic subjects had significantly lower mean serum adiponectin levels (10.7 versus 14.2 microg/ml, p=0.0198) compared with age- and BMI-matched control subjects. Diabetic subjects were found most frequently (43.53%) in the lowest tertile (1.6-7.2 microg/ml) and least frequently (20%) in the highest tertile (14-84 microg/ml) of adiponectin values. We conclude that Filipinos with diabetes mellitus had significantly lower adiponectin levels compared with normoglycaemic subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Paz-Pacheco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines--Philippine General Hospital, Manila, Philippines
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
35
|
Scantlebury-Manning T, Bower J, Cianflone K, Barakat H. Racial difference in Acylation Stimulating Protein (ASP) correlates to triglyceride in non-obese and obese African American and Caucasian women. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:18. [PMID: 19374759 PMCID: PMC2679015 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acylation Stimulating Protein (ASP) has been shown to influence adipose tissue triglyceride (TG) storage. The aim was to examine ethnic differences in ASP and leptin levels in relation to lipid profiles and postprandial changes amongst African American (AA) and Caucasian American (CA) women matched for BMI. Methods 129 women were recruited in total (age 21 – 73 y): 24 non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m2) CA, 27 obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) CA, 13 obese diabetic CA, 25 non-obese AA, 25 obese AA, and 15 obese diabetic AA. Cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, apoB, glucose and insulin were measured at baseline. TG, non-esterified fatty acids, leptin, and ASP were measured at baseline and postprandially following a fat meal. Results ASP, leptin, insulin and TG were significantly increased in obese subjects within each race. However, AA women had significantly lower ASP and TG than CA women at all BMI. Obese and diabetic AA women had significantly lower apoB levels than CA women when compared to their respective counterparts. For AA women, fasting ASP was positively correlated with BMI, cholesterol, apoB, LDL-C and glucose. For CA women, fasting ASP was positively correlated with BMI, leptin, glucose and insulin. However, for any given BMI, ASP was significantly reduced in AA vs CA (p = 0.0004). Similarly, for any given leptin level or TG levels, ASP was significantly lower in AA women (p = 0.041 and p = 0.003, respectively). Conclusion CA women have higher baseline TG levels and an earlier TG peak that is accompanied with higher ASP levels suggesting increased ASP resistance, while AA women have lower baseline TG levels and a later TG peak at lower ASP levels suggesting increased ASP sensitivity. This may explain why AA women may have fewer metabolic complications, such as diabetes and CVD, when compared to their Caucasian counterparts at the same level of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thea Scantlebury-Manning
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of The West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, St Michael, Barbados.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
36
|
Abstract
One of the most exciting cell biology fields of study concerns the physiology and pathology of fat. The basic assumptions once held concerning the function of adipose tissue have been shown to be oversimplified or sometimes completely wrong. Fat does more than store excess energy; it is actually the largest endocrine organ in the body, and it may be one of the most active. Adipocytes release hormones and other molecules that act on nearby tissues and travel through the vasculature to distant sites, such as the brain, skeletal muscle, and liver. Under conditions of normal weight, those signals help the body to suppress hunger, utilize glucose, and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, under conditions of obesity, the hormones (or the proteins that bind the hormones) become abnormal and can result in states of chronic inflammation leading to diabetes and heart disease. In addition, excessive fat can lead to the accumulation of lipid droplets in nonfat cells, including skeletal and cardiac muscle. Although some lipid droplets are used as an immediate source of energy for cells, large numbers of stored droplets can cause cellular damage and cell death. The purposes of this article are to review the normal and deviant signals released by fat cells, to draw a link between those signals and chronic diseases such as diabetes, and to discuss the role of exercise in reversing some of the deviant signaling perpetrated by excess fat.
Collapse
|