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Dugas LR, Lie L, Plange-Rhule J, Bedu-Addo K, Bovet P, Lambert EV, Forrester TE, Luke A, Gilbert JA, Layden BT. Gut microbiota, short chain fatty acids, and obesity across the epidemiologic transition: the METS-Microbiome study protocol. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:978. [PMID: 30081857 PMCID: PMC6090745 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While some of the variance observed in adiposity and weight change within populations can be accounted for by traditional risk factors, a new factor, the gut microbiota, has recently been associated with obesity. However, the causal mechanisms through which the gut microbiota and its metabolites, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) influence obesity are unknown, as are the individual obesogenic effects of the individual SCFAs (butyrate, acetate and propionate). This study, METS-Microbiome, proposes to examine the influence of novel risk factors, the gut microbiota and SCFAs, on obesity, adiposity and weight change in an international established cohort spanning the epidemiologic transition. METHODS The parent study; Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study (METS) is a well-established and ongoing prospective cohort study designed to assess the association between body composition, physical activity, and relative weight, weight gain and cardiometabolic disease risk in five diverse population-based samples in 2500 people of African descent. The cohort has been prospectively followed since 2009. Annual measures of obesity risk factors, including body composition, objectively measured physical activity and dietary intake, components which vary across the spectrum of social and economic development. In our new study; METS-Microbiome, in addition to continuing yearly measures of obesity risk, we will also measure gut microbiota and stool SCFAs in all contactable participants, and follow participants for a further 3 years, thus providing one of the largest gut microbiota population-based studies to date. DISCUSSION This new study capitalizes upon an existing, extensively well described cohort of adults of African-origin, with significant variability as a result of the widespread geographic distributions, and therefore variation in the environmental covariate exposures. The METS-Microbiome study will substantially advance the understanding of the role gut microbiota and SCFAs play in the development of obesity and provide novel obesity therapeutic targets targeting SCFAs producing features of the gut microbiota. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registered NCT03378765 Date first posted: December 20, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara R. Dugas
- Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Louise Lie
- Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Jacob Plange-Rhule
- Department of Physiology, SMS, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kweku Bedu-Addo
- Department of Physiology, SMS, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Pascal Bovet
- Institute of Social & Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ministry of Health, Republic of Seychelles, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Estelle V. Lambert
- Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Terrence E. Forrester
- Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston Jamaica
| | - Amy Luke
- Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Jack A. Gilbert
- Microbiome Center, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Brian T. Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
- Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
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Creber C, Cooper RS, Plange-Rhule J, Bovet P, Lambert EV, Forrester TE, Schoeller D, Riesen W, Korte W, Cao G, Luke A, Dugas LR. Independent association of resting energy expenditure with blood pressure: confirmation in populations of the African diaspora. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018; 18:4. [PMID: 29320983 PMCID: PMC5763572 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-017-0737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a major risk factor for hypertension, however, the physiologic mechanisms linking increased adiposity to elevations in blood pressure are not well described. An increase in resting energy expenditure (REE) is an obligatory consequence of obesity. Previous survey research has demonstrated that REE is an independent predictor of blood pressure, and eliminates the co-linear association of body mass index. This observation has received little attention and there have been no attempts to provide a causal explanation. METHODS At baseline in an international comparative study on obesity, 289 participants aged 25-44 were recruited from communities in the US, the Seychelles, Ghana and South Africa and had REE measured with indirect calorimetry. All participants were thought to be free of major illness. RESULTS In multivariate regression models, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure were positively associated with REE (p < 0.01), while body mass index and fat mass were negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure (p < 0.01, and p < 0.05 respectively), but not diastolic blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm previous reports and suggest that a common physiologic abnormality links REE and blood pressure. Elevated catecholamines, a putative metabolic characteristic of obesity, is a possible candidate to explain this association. The direct role of excess adipose tissue is open to question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Creber
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL USA
| | - Richard S. Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL USA
| | | | - Pascal Bovet
- Institute of Social & Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ministry of Health, Victoria, Mahè Island, Seychelles
| | - Estelle V. Lambert
- Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Terrence E. Forrester
- Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston Jamaica
| | - Dale Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA
| | - Walter Riesen
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Canton Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Korte
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Canton Hospital, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Guichan Cao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL USA
| | - Amy Luke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL USA
| | - Lara R. Dugas
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL USA
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Daanen HAM, Van Marken Lichtenbelt WD. Human whole body cold adaptation. Temperature (Austin) 2016; 3:104-18. [PMID: 27227100 PMCID: PMC4861193 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1135688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Reviews on whole body human cold adaptation generally do not distinguish between population studies and dedicated acclimation studies, leading to confusing results. Population studies show that indigenous black Africans have reduced shivering thermogenesis in the cold and poor cold induced vasodilation in fingers and toes compared to Caucasians and Inuit. About 40,000 y after humans left Africa, natives in cold terrestrial areas seems to have developed not only behavioral adaptations, but also physiological adaptations to cold. Dedicated studies show that repeated whole body exposure of individual volunteers, mainly Caucasians, to severe cold results in reduced cold sensation but no major physiological changes. Repeated cold water immersion seems to slightly reduce metabolic heat production, while repeated exposure to milder cold conditions shows some increase in metabolic heat production, in particular non-shivering thermogenesis. In conclusion, human cold adaptation in the form of increased metabolism and insulation seems to have occurred during recent evolution in populations, but cannot be developed during a lifetime in cold conditions as encountered in temperate and arctic regions. Therefore, we mainly depend on our behavioral skills to live in and survive the cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hein A M Daanen
- MOVE Research Institute, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands; TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands; Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter D Van Marken Lichtenbelt
- Department of Human Biology/Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , The Netherlands
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Dugas LR, Fuller M, Gilbert J, Layden BT. The obese gut microbiome across the epidemiologic transition. Emerg Themes Epidemiol 2016; 13:2. [PMID: 26759600 PMCID: PMC4710045 DOI: 10.1186/s12982-015-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The obesity epidemic has emerged over the past few decades and is thought to be a result of both genetic and environmental factors. A newly identified factor, the gut microbiota, which is a bacterial ecosystem residing within the gastrointestinal tract of humans, has now been implicated in the obesity epidemic. Importantly, this bacterial community is impacted by external environmental factors through a variety of undefined mechanisms. We focus this review on how the external environment may impact the gut microbiota by considering, the host’s geographic location ‘human geography’, and behavioral factors (diet and physical activity). Moreover, we explore the relationship between the gut microbiota and obesity with these external factors. And finally, we highlight here how an epidemiologic model can be utilized to elucidate causal relationships between the gut microbiota and external environment independently and collectively, and how this will help further define this important new factor in the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara R Dugas
- Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 S. 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA
| | - Miles Fuller
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
| | - Jack Gilbert
- Argonne National Laboratory, Biosciences Department, Institute for Genomic and Systems Biology, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439 USA ; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 E 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637 USA ; Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL Street, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA ; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Brian T Layden
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, USA ; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL USA
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Anjos LA, Wahrlich V, Vasconcellos MTL. BMR in a Brazilian adult probability sample: the Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey. Public Health Nutr 2014; 17:853-60. [PMID: 23286824 PMCID: PMC10282275 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980012005381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure BMR in a probability sample of adults from an urban city of Brazil and to compare indirectly measured BMR (BMRi) with BMR predicted from different equations. DESIGN BMR data were obtained by indirect calorimetry and estimated by different predictive equations (Schofield; Harris and Benedict; Henry and Rees). Anthropometric and body composition measures were also obtained. SETTING The Nutrition, Physical Activity and Health Survey (PNAFS), a household survey conducted in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. SUBJECTS Representative sample of 529 adults (aged ≥20 years; 339 females) living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. RESULTS Mean BMRi values were 5839.7 (se 73.9) kJ/d and 4758.1 (se 39.5) kJ/d for men and women, respectively. Predicted BMR by all equations was significantly higher (difference between means and 95% CI did not include zero) than BMRi in both men and women of all ages. Overall bias in BMR (predicted BMR minus BMRi) using the Schofield equations (overestimation of about 20%) was higher than when using the Henry and Rees equations (13% and 16% overestimation for males and females, respectively). The percentage of individuals whose BMR predicted by the Schofield equations fell within 10% of BMRi was very low (7.8% and 14.1% of males nd females, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Current available predictive equations of BMR are not adequate to estimate BMR in Brazilians living in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz A Anjos
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Avaliação Nutricional e Funcional, Departamento de Nutrição Social, Universidade Federal Flumimense, Caixa Postal 100231, 21041-970 Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Vivian Wahrlich
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Laboratório de Avaliação Nutricional e Funcional, Departamento de Nutrição Social, Universidade Federal Flumimense, Caixa Postal 100231, 21041-970 Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Mauricio TL Vasconcellos
- Escola Nacional de Ciências Estatísticas, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Sabounchi NS, Rahmandad H, Ammerman A. Best-fitting prediction equations for basal metabolic rate: informing obesity interventions in diverse populations. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 37:1364-70. [PMID: 23318720 PMCID: PMC4278349 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) represents the largest component of total energy expenditure and is a major contributor to energy balance. Therefore, accurately estimating BMR is critical for developing rigorous obesity prevention and control strategies. Over the past several decades, numerous BMR formulas have been developed targeted to different population groups. A comprehensive literature search revealed 248 BMR estimation equations developed using diverse ranges of age, gender, race, fat-free mass, fat mass, height, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index and weight. A subset of 47 studies included enough detail to allow for development of meta-regression equations. Utilizing these studies, meta-equations were developed targeted to 20 specific population groups. This review provides a comprehensive summary of available BMR equations and an estimate of their accuracy. An accompanying online BMR prediction tool (available at http://www.sdl.ise.vt.edu/tutorials.html) was developed to automatically estimate BMR based on the most appropriate equation after user-entry of individual age, race, gender and weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim S. Sabounchi
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St.
Louis
| | | | - Alice Ammerman
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, and the
Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel
Hill
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Hawks SR, Madanat HN. Stemming Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Rising Tide of Obesity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2003.10603535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven R. Hawks
- a Department of Health Science, College of Health and Human Performance, 229-L Richards Building , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , 84602 , USA
| | - Hala N. Madanat
- a Department of Health Science, College of Health and Human Performance, 229-L Richards Building , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah , 84602 , USA
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Heimburger DC, Allison DB, Goran MI, Heini AF, Hensrud DD, Hunter GR, Klein S, Kumanyika SK, Kushner RF, Rolls BJ, Schoeller D, Schutz Y. AFestschriftfor Roland L. Weinsier: Nutrition Scientist, Educator, and Clinician1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 11:1246-62. [PMID: 14569051 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Roland L. Weinsier, M.D., Dr.P.H., devoted himself to the fields of nutrition and obesity for more than 35 years. He contributed outstanding work related to the treatment of obesity through dietary and lifestyle change; metabolic/energetic influences on obesity, weight loss, and weight regain; body composition changes accompanying weight loss and regain; the health benefits and risks of weight loss; nutrition education for physicians; and nutrition support of sick patients. He served on the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) National Task Force on Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, as Chair of the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Department of Nutrition Sciences, and as Founder and Director of its NIDDK-funded Clinical Nutrition Research Center. He was a long-time and active member of NAASO, serving in the roles of Councilor, Publications Committee Chair, Continuing Medical Education Course Director, Public Relations Committee Chair, and Membership Committee Co-Chair, to name just a few. He was well respected as a staunch defender of NAASO's scientific integrity in these roles. Sadly, Roland Weinsier died on November 27, 2002. He will be missed and remembered by many as a revered and beloved teacher, mentor, healer, and scholar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Heimburger
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Clinical Nutrition Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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Luke A, Bovet P, Forrester TE, Lambert EV, Plange-Rhule J, Schoeller DA, Dugas LR, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Shoham D, Cooper RS, Brage S, Ekelund U, Steyn NP. Protocol for the modeling the epidemiologic transition study: a longitudinal observational study of energy balance and change in body weight, diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:927. [PMID: 22168992 PMCID: PMC3297543 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity has increased in societies of all socio-cultural backgrounds. To date, guidelines set forward to prevent obesity have universally emphasized optimal levels of physical activity. However there are few empirical data to support the assertion that low levels of energy expenditure in activity is a causal factor in the current obesity epidemic are very limited. METHODS/DESIGN The Modeling the Epidemiologic Transition Study (METS) is a cohort study designed to assess the association between physical activity levels and relative weight, weight gain and diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk in five population-based samples at different stages of economic development. Twenty-five hundred young adults, ages 25-45, were enrolled in the study; 500 from sites in Ghana, South Africa, Seychelles, Jamaica and the United States. At baseline, physical activity levels were assessed using accelerometry and a questionnaire in all participants and by doubly labeled water in a subsample of 75 per site. We assessed dietary intake using two separate 24-hour recalls, body composition using bioelectrical impedance analysis, and health history, social and economic indicators by questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured and blood samples collected for measurement of lipids, glucose, insulin and adipokines. Full examination including physical activity using accelerometry, anthropometric data and fasting glucose will take place at 12 and 24 months. The distribution of the main variables and the associations between physical activity, independent of energy intake, glucose metabolism and anthropometric measures will be assessed using cross-section and longitudinal analysis within and between sites. DISCUSSION METS will provide insight on the relative contribution of physical activity and diet to excess weight, age-related weight gain and incident glucose impairment in five populations' samples of young adults at different stages of economic development. These data should be useful for the development of empirically-based public health policy aimed at the prevention of obesity and associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Luke
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Pascal Bovet
- Institute of Social & Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland & Ministry of Health, Republic of Seychelles
| | - Terrence E Forrester
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Estelle V Lambert
- Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | | | - Lara R Dugas
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - David Shoham
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Richard S Cooper
- Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nelia P Steyn
- Health Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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Speakman JR, Westerterp KR. Associations between energy demands, physical activity, and body composition in adult humans between 18 and 96 y of age. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92:826-34. [PMID: 20810973 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between body composition and the energy expended on basal metabolism and activity are complex and age dependent. OBJECTIVE The objective was to examine associations between body composition and daily (DEE), basal (BEE), and activity energy expenditure (AEE) throughout the adult life span. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was conducted in 529 adults aged 18-96 y. DEE was measured by using doubly labeled water, BEE by using respirometry, and body composition by isotope dilution. AEE was calculated as DEE - BEE, and physical activity level (PAL) was calculated as DEE/BEE. RESULTS Up to age 52 y, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were positively associated with age in men, but no significant effect was observed in women. No effects of age on DEE and AEE were observed. The average DEE in men (14.1 MJ/d) was 27% greater than that in women (10.7 MJ/d). PAL averaged 1.84 in men and 1.75 in women. Above and including the age of 52 y, FFM, FM, DEE, BEE, and AEE were all negatively associated with greater age. The effect of age on AEE was greater than on BEE; consequently, PAL by the age of 95 y was only 1.36. PAL and AEE were both unrelated to FFM (both age adjusted). CONCLUSIONS PAL and AEE were not associated with age in subjects aged <52 y. AEE, BEE, and PAL were all negatively associated with age in subjects aged ≥52 y. An absence of a relation between age-adjusted PAL and FFM suggested that greater physical activity was not associated with higher FFM in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Aberdeen Centre for Energy Regulation and Obesity, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
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Dugas LR, Cohen R, Carstens MT, Schoffelen PFM, Luke A, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Goedecke JH, Levitt NS, Lambert EV. Total daily energy expenditure in black and white, lean and obese South African women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 63:667-73. [PMID: 18270522 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2008.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES In South Africa (SA), the prevalence of obesity in women is 56%, with black women being most at risk (62%). Studies in the United States have demonstrated ethnic differences in resting (REE) and total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) between African American (AA) and their white counterparts. We investigated whether differences in EE exist in black and white SA women, explaining, in part, the ethnic obesity prevalence differences. SUBJECTS/METHODS We measured REE, TDEE and physical activity EE (PAEE) in lean (BMI <25 kg m(-2)) and obese (BMI >30 kg m(-2)) SA women (N=44, 30+/-6 year). REE, TDEE, PAEE and total awake EE were measured during a 21 h stay in a respiration chamber. RESULTS Black and white subjects within obese and lean groups were not significantly different for age, mass, BMI and % body fat. However, fat-free mass (kg FFM) was consistently lower in the black women (P<0.01) in both weight groups. After adjusting EE measurements for differences in FFM, REE was not significantly different for either body weight or ethnicity, although 24 h TDEE (kJ) was significantly greater in the obese women (P<0.01) and white women (P<0.05). Total awake non-PAEE was not significantly different for either groups, while total awake time was only significantly lower for the lean groups (P<0.01). Total PAEE (kJ min(-1)) was significantly lower in the lean (P<0.001) and black groups (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this sample of matched, lean and obese, black and white SA women, differences in TDEE were largely explained by ethnic differences in PAEE, and were not as a result of ethnic differences in REE.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Dugas
- MRC/UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Cooper JA, Watras AC, O’Brien MJ, Luke A, Dobratz JR, Earthman CP, Schoeller DA. Assessing validity and reliability of resting metabolic rate in six gas analysis systems. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 2009; 109:128-32. [PMID: 19103333 PMCID: PMC2650235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The Deltatrac Metabolic Monitor (DTC) (VIASYS Healthcare Inc, SensorMedics, Yorba Linda, CA), one of the most popular indirect calorimetry systems for measuring resting metabolic rate (RMR) in human subjects, is no longer being manufactured. This study compared five different gas analysis systems to the DTC. RMR was measured by the DTC and at least one other instrument at three study sites for a total of 38 participants. The five indirect calorimetry systems included the MedGraphics CPX Ultima (Medical Graphics Corp, St Paul, MN), the MedGem (Microlife USA, Golden, CO), Vmax Encore 29 System (VIASYS Healthcare Inc, Yorba Linda, CA), the TrueOne 2400 (Parvo Medics, Sandy, UT), and the Korr ReeVue (Korr Medical Technologies, Salt Lake City, UT). Validity was assessed using paired t tests to compare means; reliability was assessed by using both paired t tests and root mean square calculations with F tests for significance. Within-subject comparisons for validity of RMR revealed a significant difference between the DTC and the Ultima system. Bland-Altman plot analysis showed significant bias with increasing RMR values for the Korr and MedGem systems. Respiratory exchange ratio (RER) analysis showed a significant difference between the DTC and the Ultima system and a trend for a difference with the Vmax system (P=0.09). Reliability assessment for RMR revealed that all instruments had a significantly larger coefficient of variation (CV) (ranging from 4.8% to 10.9%) for RMR compared to the 3.0% CV for the DTC. Reliability assessment for RER data showed none of the instrument CVs was significantly larger than the DTC CV. The results were quite disappointing because none of the instruments equaled the within-person reliability of the DTC. The TrueOne and Vmax systems were the most valid instruments in comparison with the DTC for both RMR and RER assessment. Further testing is needed to identify an instrument with the reliability and validity of the DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Cooper
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA, 1415 Linden St. Madison, WI 53706, ph: 608-261-1902 fax: 608-262-5860
| | - Abigail C. Watras
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA, 1415 Linden St. Madison, WI 53706, ph: 608-261-1902 fax: 608-262-5860
| | - Matthew J. O’Brien
- Pulmonary Lab-University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA. 600 Highland Ave. Madison, WI 53792, ph: 608-263-7001 fax: 608-263-7002
| | - Amy Luke
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University, IL, USA, 2160 South First Avenue Maywood, IL 60153, ph: 708-327-9011 fax: 708-327-9009
| | - Jennifer R. Dobratz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, MN, USA, 1334 Eckles Avenue St. Paul, MN 55108-6099, ph: 612-624-9278 fax: 612-625-5272
| | - Carrie P. Earthman
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, MN, USA, 1334 Eckles Avenue St. Paul, MN 55108-6099, ph: 612-624-9278 fax: 612-625-5272
| | - Dale A. Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA, 1415 Linden St. Madison, WI 53706, ph: 608-261-1902 fax: 608-262-5860
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Luke A, Dugas LR, Ebersole K, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Cao G, Schoeller DA, Adeyemo A, Brieger WR, Cooper RS. Energy expenditure does not predict weight change in either Nigerian or African American women. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:169-76. [PMID: 19056567 PMCID: PMC2647711 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relation between variation in interindividual levels of energy expenditure and weight gain remains controversial. OBJECTIVE To determine whether or not components of the energy budget predict weight change, we conducted an international comparative study in 2 cohorts of women from sociocultural environments that give rise to the extremes of obesity prevalence. DESIGN This was a prospective study with energy expenditure measured at baseline and weight measured annually for 3 y. Participants included 149 women from rural Nigeria and 172 African American women. The energy budget was determined by using respiratory gas exchange and doubly labeled water. Main outcomes included total, resting, and activity energy expenditure and physical activity level (ie, total energy expenditure/resting energy expenditure); baseline anthropometric measures; and annual weight change. RESULTS Mean body mass index (in kg/m(2)) was 23 among the Nigerians and 31 among the African Americans; the prevalences of obesity were 7% and 50%, respectively. After adjustment for body size, no differences in mean activity energy expenditure or physical activity level were observed between the 2 cohorts. In addition, in a mixed-effects, random-coefficient model, interindividual variation in activity energy expenditure at baseline was unrelated to the subsequent pattern of weight change. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that interindividual levels of energy expended during activity do not have a large influence on age-related trends in adiposity. In addition, contrary to expectations, these data suggest that mean activity energy expenditure does not vary substantially between contemporary social groups with low and high prevalences of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Luke
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Ebersole K, Dugas L, Durazo-Arvizu RA, Adeyemo AA, Tayo BO, Omotade OO, Brieger W, Schoeller DA, Cooper RS, Luke A. Energy expenditure and adiposity in Nigerian and African-American women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:2148-54. [PMID: 19186335 PMCID: PMC2861160 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity is a prevalent condition in industrialized societies and is increasing around the world. We sought to assess the relative importance of resting energy expenditure (REE) and activity EE (AEE) in two populations with different rates of obesity. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Women of African descent between 18 and 59 years of age were recruited from rural Nigeria and from metropolitan Chicago. Total EE (TEE) was measured using the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique and REE by indirect calorimetry; AEE was calculated as the difference between TEE and the sum of REE plus a factor for the thermic effect of food. In the analyses all EE parameters were adjusted for body size using a regression method. Comparisons were made between the groups and associations between EE and adiposity examined. RESULTS A total of 149 Nigerian and 172 African-American women completed the protocol. All body size measurements were lower in the Nigerian women. Adjusted TEE and REE were higher in the Nigerian cohort but adjusted AEE did not differ significantly. Adjustment for parity, seasonality, and recent illness did not modify mean AEE or adiposity. In neither cohort was there a meaningful association between measures of AEE and adiposity. DISCUSSION In these cohorts of women from very different environments, AEE did not differ significantly nor was it associated cross-sectionally with adiposity. If generalizable, these findings suggest that reduction in AEE may have less of a role in the development of obesity than anticipated. The possibility remains that variation in type and duration of activity plays a role not captured by total AEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Ebersole
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Lara Dugas
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Ramon A. Durazo-Arvizu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Adebowale A. Adeyemo
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bamidele O. Tayo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | | | - William Brieger
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dale A. Schoeller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard S. Cooper
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Amy Luke
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
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15
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Froehle AW. Climate variables as predictors of basal metabolic rate: New equations. Am J Hum Biol 2008; 20:510-29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Cosar E, Köken G, Sahin FK, Akgün L, Uçok K, Genç A, Yilmazer M. Resting metabolic rate and exercise capacity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2008; 101:31-4. [PMID: 18082748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and exercise capacity (or maximal oxygen consumption [VO2 max]) of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and central adiposity. METHOD In a cross-sectional study, RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry and VO2 max by the Astrand test for 31 women with PCOS and 29 controls matched for age and body mass index, but with a different body fat distribution. Differences between the means were analyzed. RESULTS There were no significant differences in RMR or VO2 max values between the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Central adiposity was not predictive of an altered RMR or of decreased exercise capacity in women with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Cosar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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Cappuccio FP, Kerry SM, Adeyemo A, Luke A, Amoah AGB, Bovet P, Connor MD, Forrester T, Gervasoni JP, Kaki GK, Plange-Rhule J, Thorogood M, Cooper RS. Body size and blood pressure: an analysis of Africans and the African diaspora. Epidemiology 2008; 19:38-46. [PMID: 18091416 PMCID: PMC2830114 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0b013e31815c4d2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood pressure is directly and causally associated with body mass index (BMI) in populations worldwide. However, the relationship may vary across BMI in populations of African origin. METHODS We compared the relationship between blood pressure and BMI in populations of African origin, using 13 samples from Africa, the Caribbean, the United Kingdom and the United States. We had access to data from individual participants for age, height, weight, blood pressure, and treatment of hypertension. Analysis was restricted to 18,072 participants (age 35-64 years; 44% men). We carried out multivariate regression analysis to estimate the relationship between blood pressure and BMI by country and by sex. The use of antihypertensive treatment was taken into account by exclusion and by sensitivity analysis. RESULTS There was a positive relationship between both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and BMI. In men the slopes for systolic blood pressure varied from 0.27 mm Hg per kg/m (95% confidence interval = -0.01 to 0.56) in the United States to 1.72 mm Hg per kg/m (95% confidence interval = 0.92 to 2.53) in Ghana (Kumasi). In women, the slopes varied from 0.08 (-0.54 to 0.72) in South Africa to 1.32 (0.98 to 1.66) in the Republic of Congo. Similar variation in trends was seen for diastolic blood pressure. The higher the BMI, the shallower the slopes [-0.10 (-0.15 to -0.06) for systolic, -0.09 (-0.12 to -0.06) for diastolic]. No differences were seen after excluding persons who were being treated for hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Blood pressure and BMI levels vary among populations of the African diaspora. The effect of BMI on blood pressure levels diminishes as BMI increases. These results suggest a complex relationship among excess body weight, adiposity, and energy expenditure.
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Johnston SL, Souter DM, Tolkamp BJ, Gordon IJ, Illius AW, Kyriazakis I, Speakman JR. Intake compensates for resting metabolic rate variation in female C57BL/6J mice fed high-fat diets. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2007; 15:600-6. [PMID: 17372309 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2007.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The literature is divided over whether variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) is related to subsequent obesity. We set out to see whether the effect of RMR on weight gain in mice could be revealed with high-fat feeding. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Female C57BL/6J mice received a low- (10 kcal%fat n = 47), medium- (45 kcal%fat n = 50), or high-fat diet (60 kcal%fat n = 50) for 12 weeks. Pre-treatment RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. Body composition was estimated using DXA before and after treatment. RESULTS Mice on the high-fat diet gained 39% of body mass, whereas control animals gained 3.5%. There was no interaction between RMR and dietary type on weight gain, and there was no association between weight gain and RMR for any of the treatments. RMR accounted for 2.4% of the variation in pre-treatment food intake corrected for initial body mass; however, the gradient of this relationship indicated that variations in RMR were, on average, compensated for by adjustments in food intake. DISCUSSION Individual variations in RMR did not predispose mice to weight gain independent of the dietary treatment. Deviations from the relationship between RMR and food intake were not associated with weight gain. This suggests that variations in energy expenditure, caused by RMR and physical activity, are closely linked to dietary intake, and, therefore, well compensated. Individual variations in the strength of this association may underpin individual variability in the responses to diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Johnston
- Obesity and Metabolic Health Division, Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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19
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Ramirez-Zea M. Validation of three predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in adults. Public Health Nutr 2007; 8:1213-28. [PMID: 16277831 DOI: 10.1079/phn2005807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo cross-validate three predictive set of equations for basal metabolic rate (BMR) developed by Schofield (Schofield database), Henry (Oxford database) and Cole (Oxford database) using mean values for age, weight, height and BMR of published studies.DesignLiterature review of studies published from 1985 to March 2002.SettingAll studies selected used appropriate methods and followed conditions that met the criteria established for basal metabolism, were performed in healthy adults, and were not part of the Schofield or Oxford database.SubjectsA total of 261 groups of men and women from 175 studies were selected and categorised in three age groups (18.5–29.9, 30.0–59.9, ≥60 years old) and three body mass index (BMI) groups (normal weight, overweight and obese).ResultsLinear regression and concordance correlation analysis showed that the three sets of equations had the same association and agreement with measured BMR, across gender, age, and BMI groups. The agreement of all equations was moderate for men and poor for women. The lowest mean squared prediction errors (MSPRs) were given by Henry equations in men and Cole equations in women. Henry and Cole equations gave lower values than Schofield equations, except for men over 60 years of age. Henry equations were the most accurate in men. None of the three equations performed consistently better in women.ConclusionThese results support the use of Henry equations in men with a wide range of age and BMI. None of the proposed predictive equations seem to be appropriate to estimate BMR in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ramirez-Zea
- Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
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Désilets MC, Garrel D, Couillard C, Tremblay A, Després JP, Bouchard C, Delisle H. Ethnic differences in body composition and other markers of cardiovascular disease risk: study in matched Haitian and White subjects from Quebec. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:1019-27. [PMID: 16861607 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES People of African descent may be at greater risk of metabolic syndrome (MS) compared with whites. We examined the associations among MS markers, body composition, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in black Haitians and in white subjects living in Quebec, Canada. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Forty randomly selected Haitians were matched with 40 white subjects for age, sex, and BMI. Glycemic status and insulin resistance were assessed based on a 3-hour glucose tolerance test. Blood lipids, blood pressure, abdominal fat (computed tomography), and waist circumference (WC) were measured. RMR was estimated by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS Triglycerides were significantly correlated with blood pressure only in Haitians and with the area under the curve for insulin only in whites. Haitians had significantly (p < 0.05) lower triglycerides and higher high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations but higher blood pressure than whites at any given WC value. General linear models showed that Haitians had less visceral adipose tissue than whites for the same WC. RMR was lower among Haitians for any given value of BMI or WC than in whites. Also, WC was more strongly associated with glucose area under the curve and to log-homeostasis model assessment in white than in Haitian subjects. DISCUSSION The MS may be ethnospecific in its features and etiology. The standard anthropometric indices of obesity may not be as effective in populations of African descent compared with whites, unless appropriate cut-off values are defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Désilets
- RANSNUT World Health Organization Collaborating Centre on Nutrition Changes and Development, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Canada
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Luke A, Durazo-Arvizu R, Cao G, Adeyemo A, Tayo B, Cooper R. Positive association between resting energy expenditure and weight gain in a lean adult population. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:1076-81. [PMID: 16685049 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight gain in adulthood is common, from modest gains in developing countries to substantial increases in Western societies. Evidence of the importance of energy expenditure in adult weight change has been limited to studies conducted in Pima Indians, in whom resting energy expenditure (REE) was found to be inversely associated with weight gain. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine whether REE was predictive of weight change in lean Nigerian adults. DESIGN Weight was measured in 744 adults on 2-4 occasions over 5.5 y. REE was measured in the second follow-up examination. Sex-specific, mixed-effects models with REE, fat-free mass, and age as fixed effects were used to test the association between REE and weight change. RESULTS Adults aged >19 y (n = 352 men and 392 women) were included in these analyses. At baseline, the mean (+/-SD) age was 45.9 +/- 16.1 y for the whole population; the mean weight was 61.4 +/- 10.7 and 58.1 +/- 12.1 kg and body mass index (in kg/m(2)) was 21.4 +/- 3.2 and 23.1 +/- 4.0 for men and women, respectively. Over a mean 5.5 y of follow-up, the age-adjusted weight gain was 0.42 kg/y for the men and 0.59 kg/y for the women. In mixed-effects models, REE was positively associated with weight gain in both men and women (P < 0.001). No significant association was observed in participants who lost weight. CONCLUSIONS In contrast with observations in overweight Pima Indians, REE adjusted for body size and composition was positively associated with weight gain in lean Nigerian adults. This suggests either that the potential for differential regulation of body weight in lean compared with overweight populations exists or that the increased REE in this population was the result, rather than cause, of weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Luke
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Kerry SM, Micah FB, Plange-Rhule J, Eastwood JB, Cappuccio FP. Blood pressure and body mass index in lean rural and semi-urban subjects in West Africa. J Hypertens 2005; 23:1645-51. [PMID: 16093908 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjh.0000177536.53409.1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood pressure (BP) is positively related to body mass index (BMI) in persons of both Caucasian and African origin, but the precise nature of the relationship is unclear. OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between BP and BMI in a lean African population. DESIGN A community-based cross-sectional study. METHODS The BMI and BP were measured in 362 men and 592 women aged 40-75 years living in Ashanti, Ghana. In total, 498 lived in semi-urban areas and 456 in rural villages. RESULTS The BMI was higher among semi-urban women [23.1 kg/m (95% confidence interval (CI), 22.5 to 23.6)] than semi-urban men [20.9 kg/m (95% CI, 20.6 to 21.5)], rural men [19.5 kg/m (95% CI, 19.1 to 19.9)] and rural women [19.9 kg/m (95% CI, 19.5 to 20.3)]. For systolic BP in women older than 52 years and in semi-urban women, the relationship was non-linear. The slope of the line below the change point ("knot") was greater than that above it. There was no evidence of non-linearity in men. For diastolic BP only younger women had a significant "knot" point at 18 kg/m. Again, the slope of the line below the "knot" was greater than that above it. In men, however, there was also evidence of a "knot" in younger and rural men, with the slope of the line below the "knot" being less that that above it (unlike in women). CONCLUSIONS The relationship between BP and BMI is not linear, and is possibly sigmoid, but this may vary between subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M Kerry
- Department of Community Health Sciences, St George's, University of London, UK
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Kotoh K, Nakamuta M, Fukushima M, Matsuzaki C, Enjoji M, Sakai H, Nawata H. High relative fat-free mass is important for maintaining serum albumin levels in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1356-60. [PMID: 15761975 PMCID: PMC4250684 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i9.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: In patients with liver cirrhosis, hypoalbuminemia causes edema and ascites, and a reduction in the quality of life. Since musculature is catabolized to supply amino acids for albumin synthesis in malnutritional cirrhotic patients, muscular volume is hypothesized to play an important role in albumin production. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between serum albumin levels and the fat-free mass (FFM) in cirrhotic patients.
METHODS: Fifty-seven patients (26 males and 31 females) with compensated liver cirrhosis were evaluated. Patients with edema or ascites were excluded from the study. Healthy volunteers (n = 104; 48 males and 56 females) were also evaluated as controls. FFM was measured using 5-500 kHz multifrequency bioelectric impedance analysis. To minimize the difference in FFM distribution between males and females, we introduced a new marker, relative FFM (rFFM), which represents the ratio of FFM in a patient relative to that in a volunteer of the same height. Following FFM measurement, the serum albumin levels of patients were assayed monthly.
RESULTS: In patients with active cirrhosis (alanine aminotransaminase [ALT] >50 U/L), both albumin (the difference between maximum and minimum levels) and the standard deviation of albumin levels (SD-albumin) during the observation period showed a significant correlation with rFFM. Multiple linear regression analysis using variables such as rFFM, platelet number, and serum cholesterol levels, choline esterase, albumin, bilirubin, and ALT revealed that rFFM and ALT were significant and independent factors that influenced albumin or SD-albumin in cirrhotic patients.
CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that cirrhotic patients with high rFFM showed less of a decrease in albumin levels, and that the muscle volume is one of the most important factors for maintaining serum albumins level in active cirrhosis. Exercise and protein-rich nutrition at the early stage of liver cirrhosis may be advisable for maintaining or increasing muscular volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kotoh
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Wu X, Luke A, Cooper RS, Zhu X, Kan D, Tayo BO, Adeyemo A. A genome scan among Nigerians linking resting energy expenditure to chromosome 16. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 12:577-81. [PMID: 15090624 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Energy requirements at rest account for 50% to 75% of total energy expenditure. Interindividual variation in resting energy expenditure (REE) has been studied for potential links to obesity and hypertension. REE is a modestly heritable trait, and yet virtually nothing is known about the genetic factors that might influence the familial patterns. The objectives of this study were to identify the genomic regions showing genetic linkage to REE variation in a Nigerian population. For linkage analysis across the genome, three hundred seventy-seven microsatellite markers were typed on DNA from 995 individuals in 153 families. A genome scan was performed using a multipoint variance component method. Heritability of REE was 0.30 after adjustment for body size. The strongest linkage signal was detected on chromosome 16 (16q22.3) with a likelihood of odds of 2.96 (p = 0.08). Linkage evidence (likelihood of odds > 1) was detected on another three chromosomal regions, namely 2q12.1, 8q21.2, and 15p11.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola Medical School, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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Boyne MS, Gaskin P, Luke A, Wilks RJ, Bennett FI, Younger N, Sargeant LA, Adeyemo AA, Cooper RS, Forrester TE. Energetic determinants of glucose tolerance status in Jamaican adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:1666-8. [PMID: 15162140 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
As type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), obesity and sedentary lifestyles are increasing in developing countries, this observational study investigated the role of physical activity on DM2 in Jamaica. Anthropometry, body composition (by bioelectrical impedance analysis) and glucose tolerance status was assessed in 722 adults in 1993 and 1997. Energy expenditure was estimated in a subset using measured resting energy expenditure in combination with self-reported activity recalls. The rates of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were 23.7 and 27.3%, and DM2 were 16.3 and 23.7% among men and women, respectively. After adjusting for body composition, a one-unit increase in physical activity significantly reduced the odds of having diabetes (OR = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.66), but not IGT. Hence, decreased physical activity is a significant independent contributor to the high rates of glucose intolerance in Jamaica. Efforts must be directed at minimizing obesity and increasing physical activity in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Boyne
- Tropical Medicine Research Institute, University of the West Indies, Jamaica
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Luke A, Adeyemo A, Kramer H, Forrester T, Cooper RS. Association Between Blood Pressure and Resting Energy Expenditure Independent of Body Size. Hypertension 2004; 43:555-60. [PMID: 14757780 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000118020.44335.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an important risk factor for hypertension; however, the pathway through which it raises blood pressure (BP) is poorly understood. Body size is also the primary determinant of energy expenditure, and we therefore examined the joint relationship of energy expenditure and body size to blood pressure. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured using respiratory gas exchange in population-based samples of 997 Nigerians and 452 African Americans. In a third sample of 118 individuals, nonresting energy expenditure (ie, physical activity) was measured in addition to REE. The univariate correlation between REE and BP ranged from 0.10 to 0.22 in the 3 samples (P<0.001). In multivariate models, adiposity, whether defined by body mass, fat mass, or leptin, was no longer associated with BP, while REE remained highly significant (P<0.001). The REE-BP association also persisted after adjustment for physical activity measured with doubly labeled water. The odds ratio for hypertension among persons in the highest quartile versus the lowest quartile of REE, after adjustment for body size, was 1.7. This relationship was not the result of hypertension among the obese, because it did not vary across the range of BMI and was the same in lean Nigerians as in obese Americans. These data suggest that metabolic processes represented by REE may mediate the effect of body size on BP. The interrelationship of REE with sympathetic tone, transmembrane ion exchange, or other metabolic processes that determine energy costs at rest could provide physiological explanations for this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Luke
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Tataranni PA, Harper IT, Snitker S, Del Parigi A, Vozarova B, Bunt J, Bogardus C, Ravussin E. Body weight gain in free-living Pima Indians: effect of energy intake vs expenditure. Int J Obes (Lond) 2003; 27:1578-83. [PMID: 12975636 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity results from a chronic imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. However, experimental evidence of the relative contribution of interindividual differences in energy intake and expenditure (resting or due to physical activity) to weight gain is limited. OBJECTIVE To assess prospectively the association between baseline measurements of daily energy metabolism and weight changes by studying free-living adult Pima Indians, one of the most obese populations in the world. DESIGN A study of the pathogenesis of obesity in the Pima Indians living in Southwestern Arizona. The participants were 92 nondiabetic Pima Indians (64M/28F, 35+/-12 y, 35+/-9% body fat; mean+/-s.d.). At baseline, free-living daily energy metabolism was assessed by doubly labeled water and resting metabolic rate (RMR) by indirect calorimetry. Data on changes in body weight (5.8+/-6.5 kg) over a follow-up period of 4+/-3 y were available in 74 (49M/25F) of the 92 subjects. RESULTS The baseline calculated total energy intake (r=0.25, P=0.028) and RMR (r=-0.28, P=0.016) were significantly associated with changes in body weight. The baseline energy expenditure due to physical activity was not associated with changes in body weight. CONCLUSION Using state-of-the-art methods to assess energy intake and expenditure in free-living conditions, we show for the first time that the baseline calculated total energy intake is a determinant of changes in body weight in Pima Indians. These data also confirm that a low RMR is a risk factor for weight gain in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Tataranni
- Clinical Diabetes and Nutrition Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disease, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services,Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA.
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Fernández JR, Shriver MD, Beasley TM, Rafla-Demetrious N, Parra E, Albu J, Nicklas B, Ryan AS, McKeigue PM, Hoggart CL, Weinsier RL, Allison DB. Association of African genetic admixture with resting metabolic rate and obesity among women. OBESITY RESEARCH 2003; 11:904-11. [PMID: 12855761 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2003.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of genetic admixture in explaining phenotypic variation in obesity-related traits in a sample of African-American women (n = 145) and to determine significant associations between obesity traits and admixture genetic markers. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Associations between genetic admixture and BMI, resting metabolic rate, fat mass, fat-free mass, and bone mineral density were tested using linear regression considering the estimation of admixture by 1) a maximum-likelihood approach (MLA) and 2) a Bayesian analysis. RESULTS Both the conservative MLA and the Bayesian approach support an association between African genetic admixture and BMI. Evidence for the associations of African genetic admixture with fat mass and fat-free mass was supported by the Bayesian analysis; the MLA supported an association with bone mineral density. When the individual ancestry informative markers that were used to estimate admixture were tested for associations with BMI, significant associations were identified in chromosomes 1, 11, and 12. DISCUSSION These results provide evidence supporting the application of admixture mapping methods to the identification of genes that result in higher levels of obesity among African-American women. Further research is needed to replicate and further explore these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Fernández
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and the Clinical Nutrition Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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Lovejoy JC, Champagne CM, Smith SR, de Jonge L, Xie H. Ethnic differences in dietary intakes, physical activity, and energy expenditure in middle-aged, premenopausal women: the Healthy Transitions Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74:90-5. [PMID: 11451722 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/74.1.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Menopause is a time of increased risk of obesity in women. The effect of menopause in African American women, in whom obesity is already highly prevalent, is unknown. OBJECTIVE We compared dietary intakes and energy expenditure (EE) between middle-aged, premenopausal African American and white women participating in a longitudinal study of the menopausal transition. DESIGN Dietary intakes by food record, EE by triaxial accelerometer, physical activity by self-report, and body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were compared in 97 white and 52 African American women. Twenty-four-hour and sleeping EE were measured by whole-room indirect calorimetry in 56 women. RESULTS Sleeping EE (adjusted for lean and fat mass) was lower in African American than in white women (5749 +/- 155 compared with 6176 +/- 75 kJ/d; P = 0.02); however, there was no significant difference in 24-h EE between groups. Reported leisure activity over the course of a week was less in African American than in white women (556 +/- 155 compared with 1079 +/- 100 kJ/d; P = 0.02), as were the daily hours spent standing and climbing stairs. Dietary intakes of protein, fiber, calcium, magnesium, and several fatty acids were significantly less in African Americans, whereas there were no observed ethnic differences in intakes of fat or carbohydrate. Body fat within the whole group was positively correlated with total, saturated, and monounsaturated fat intakes and inversely associated with fiber and calcium intakes. Fiber was the strongest single predictor of fatness. CONCLUSION Ethnic differences in EE and the intake of certain nutrients may influence the effect of menopausal transition on obesity in African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Lovejoy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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Weinsier RL. Etiology of obesity: methodological examination of the set-point theory. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2001; 25:103-10. [PMID: 11334058 DOI: 10.1177/0148607101025003103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Weinsier
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA.
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Sun M, Gower BA, Bartolucci AA, Hunter GR, Figueroa-Colon R, Goran MI. A longitudinal study of resting energy expenditure relative to body composition during puberty in African American and white children. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73:308-15. [PMID: 11157329 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/73.2.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) have not been examined longitudinally during puberty. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the influence of pubertal maturation on REE relative to body composition in African American and white children. DESIGN The study included 92 white and 64 African American children (mean age at baseline: 8.3 and 7.9 y, respectively) from Birmingham, AL. The children had 2-5 annual measurements of fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and REE. The Tanner stages of the children ranged from 1 to 5. Mixed-model repeated-measures analyses were used to test the change in REE relative to body composition with increasing Tanner stage among ethnic and sex groups. RESULTS LM increased from Tanner stage 1 to subsequent stages. FM relative to LM decreased from Tanner stage 1 to stages 3, 4, and 5 but not from stage 1 to stage 2. The African American children had relatively higher limb LM and lower trunk LM than did the white children. REE declined with Tanner stage after adjustment for ethnicity, sex, FM, and LM. This decline was significant from Tanner stage 1 to stages 3, 4, and 5 but not to Tanner stage 2. After adjustment for age, Tanner stage, FM, and LM or LM distribution, REE was significantly higher in white than in African American children (by approximately 250 kJ/d). CONCLUSION In a large sample of children at various Tanner stages, we found an ethnic difference in REE after adjustment for age, Tanner stage, FM, and LM that was not explained by the difference in LM distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sun
- Division of Physiology and Metabolism, the Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
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Goran MI, Weinsier RL. Role of environmental vs. metabolic factors in the etiology of obesity: time to focus on the environment. OBESITY RESEARCH 2000; 8:407-9. [PMID: 10968734 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2000.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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