• foot-and-mouth disease
• mucosal immunity
• secretory IgA
• systemic immunity
• zinc sulfate

• B4651543386-2022-24 Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency

• IgA
• T cells
• enteric diseases
• long term immune response
• vaccination and controlled human infection model (CHIM)

• Humans
• Animals
• Immunoglobulin A/immunology
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
• Immunity, Mucosal
• Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
• Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
• B-Lymphocytes/immunology
• Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
• T-Lymphocytes/immunology
• Immunity, Innate

• R01 AI036525 NIAID NIH HHS
• U19 AI181108 NIAID NIH HHS

• Glycosylation
• IgA nephropathy
• immunoglobulin A
• microbiota
• mucosal immunity

• Humans
• Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
• Animals
• Gastrointestinal Microbiome/immunology
• Immunoglobulin A/immunology
• Immunoglobulin A/metabolism
• Glomerulonephritis, IGA/immunology
• Dysbiosis/immunology
• Dysbiosis/complications
• Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
• Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
• Dendritic Cells/immunology

• Gastrointestinal Microbiome
• Dysbiosis/therapy
• Dysbiosis/microbiology
• Humans
• HIV Infections/microbiology
• HIV Infections/therapy
• HIV Infections/immunology
• Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy
• Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
• Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/microbiology
• Probiotics/therapeutic use
• Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
• Animals
• Simian Immunodeficiency Virus
• Prebiotics/administration & dosage
• HIV/physiology

• ICI20/00058 Instituto de Salud Carlos III
• Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
• National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

• mucosal immunology
• cellular microbiology
• microbiota
• primary immunodeficiency disorders

• Humans
• Bacteria
• Escherichia coli
• IgA Deficiency/immunology
• IgA Deficiency/microbiology
• Immunoglobulin A
• Immunoglobulin G
• Immunoglobulin M

• NA Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (Technical University of Denmark)
• KAW 2020-0102 Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse (Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation)
• 2019-0132 Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Council)

• auto-antibodies
• celiac disease
• cross reactivity
• dermatitis herpetiformis
• transglutaminase 2
• transglutaminase 3

• Humans
• Celiac Disease
• Dermatitis Herpetiformis
• Immunoglobulin A
• Plasma Cells
• Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2
• Transglutaminases

• SKGJ-MED-017 Stiftelsen KG Jebsen
• WL-IMMUNOLOGY University of Oslo World-Leading Research Program on Human Immunology
• 2020027 South-Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority
• 347471 Academy of Finland
• 347473 Academy of Finland
• 8069 Sigrid Juselius Foundation
• 9AB068 Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital
• 9AC088 Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital
• Academy of Finland

The relationship between IgA nephropathy (IgAN) and Crohn’s disease was reported. IgAN is the most common primary glomerulonephritis and one of the leading causes of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure, and up to 50% of cases progressed to end-stage renal disease within 25 years after IgAN diagnosis. However, specific and effective therapeutic strategies are still lacking. In this review, we discuss the possibility of the mechanism involved in IgAN associated with Crohn’s disease based on the findings of basic and clinical studies. Although the etiology of IgAN associated with Crohn’s disease is not permanent and various factors are thought to be involved, the stabilization of the disease condition of Crohn’s disease is believed to help treat IgAN.

• Crohn’s disease
• IgA nephropathy
• Immunological abnormalities
• Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
• Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
• Nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue

• immunology
• adaptive immunity

• Animals
• Humans
• Clone Cells
• Immunoglobulin A
• Immunoglobulin A, Secretory
• Milk

• R01 GM098539 NIGMS NIH HHS
• R01 AI149431 NIAID NIH HHS
• K01 DK106341 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R01 AI162236 NIAID NIH HHS
• R01 DK078244 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R01 DK082753 NIDDK NIH HHS
• R56 DK078244 NIDDK NIH HHS
• NIH: AI149431, GM098539, DK078244, DK082753, DK106341, and AI162236
• NIH: AI149431, GM098539, DK078244, DK082753, and AI162236
• NIH: DK106341
• NIH: AI149431, DK082753, DK106341

• Antigen binding fragment
• Clonal repertoires
• Immunoglobulin A1
• Serum
• human milk

• Humans
• Immunoglobulin A
• Milk, Human
• Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments

• Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research)

• Lactococcus lactis
• Oral mucosal vaccine
• PDCoV
• S1 protein

• IgA nephropathy
• galactose-deficient IgA1
• gut-associated lymphoid tissue
• nasal-associated lymphoid tissue

Avian influenza (AI) is a serious threat to the poultry industry worldwide. Currently, vaccination efforts are based on inactivated, live attenuated, and recombinant vaccines, where the principal focus is on the type of virus hemagglutinin (HA), and the proposed use of recombinant proteins of AI virus (AIV). The use of antigens produced in microalgae is a novel strategy for the induction of an immune response in the mucosal tissue. The capacity of the immune system in poultry, particularly in mucosa, plays an important role in the defense against pathogens. This system depends on a complex relationship between specialized cells and soluble factors, which confer protection against pathogens. Primary lymphoid organs (PLO), as well as lymphocytic aggregates (LA) such as the Harderian gland (HG) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), actively participate in a local immune response which is mainly secretory IgA (S-IgA). This study demonstrates the usefulness of subunit antigens for the induction of a local and systemic immune response in poultry via ocular application. These findings suggest that a complex protein such as HAr from AIV (H5N2) can successfully induce increased local production of S-IgA and a specific systemic immune response in chickens.

• IgA nephropathy
• Porphyromonas gingivalis
• Streptococcus mutans
• cnm
• dental caries
• infection
• mouse
• oral bacteria
• periodontal bacteria
• periodontitis
• tonsil

• Animals
• Bacterial Infections/complications
• Bacterial Infections/microbiology
• Biomarkers
• Dental Caries/complications
• Dental Caries/microbiology
• Disease Management
• Disease Models, Animal
• Disease Susceptibility
• Gene Expression Regulation
• Glomerulonephritis, IGA/diagnosis
• Glomerulonephritis, IGA/etiology
• Glomerulonephritis, IGA/metabolism
• Glomerulonephritis, IGA/therapy
• Humans
• Immunoglobulin A/immunology
• Immunohistochemistry
• Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
• Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/metabolism
• Microbiota
• Mouth
• Periodontitis/complications
• Periodontitis/microbiology
• Risk Factors

• JP17K09721, JP19K10098, JP20K10225 and 21K08242. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

The stomach is the most common site of origin for extranodal lymphomas, with extranodal marginal zone B-cell of the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT-lymphoma) being the predominant subtype. MALT-lymphoma develops in mucosa associated lymphoid structures acquired by infection or chronic antigenic stimuli and may therefore arise in almost any organ of the human body. In spite of histopathologic similarities between various organs upon first glance, recent findings suggest pronounced differences between different sites, with a variety of features specific to gastric MALT-lymphoma. The objective of this review is to sum up the current knowledge on pathogenesis, molecular pathology, clinical presentation and therapeutic approaches to gastric MALT-lymphoma with in-depth discussion of recent developments.

• Helicobacter pylori
• MALT-lymphoma
• antibiotic therapy
• systemic therapy

• comparison
• donkey
• human
• milk fat globule membrane
• quantitative proteomic

To evaluate the role of CD4⁺ T helper cells in benzalkonium chloride (BAC)-induced ocular surface disorder in C57BL/6 mice.

Topical 0.075% BAC was applied twice daily in C57BL/6 mice for 7 consecutive days; PBS-treated and untreated mice served as controls. Adoptive transfer of CD4⁺ T cells isolated from the BAC-treated mice or PBS-treated mice into nude mice was conducted to identify the roles of CD4⁺ T cells, with untreated nude mice as controls. Oregon green dextran staining, PAS staining, and the phenol red cotton test were carried out in these two models. The gene and protein levels of T-bet, IFN-γ, RORγt, and IL-17 were detected by quantitative RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The activation and subsets of CD4⁺ T cells were identified by double immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry.

An increase in CD4⁺CD69⁺, CD4⁺IFN-γ⁺, and CD4⁺IL-17⁺ cells was induced by BAC in C57BL/6 mice. IFN-γ, IL-17, Th1, Th17, and the transcription factors T-bet and RORγt were increased in BAC-treated mice compared with control mice. In addition, ocular surface damage, including corneal barrier dysfunction, goblet cell loss, and decreased tear production, was induced by BAC. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of CD4⁺ T cells isolated from BAC-treated mice into nude mice resulted in ocular surface manifestations similar to those of direct topical BAC treatment of C57BL/6 mice, including increased CD4⁺ T cells, IFN-γ, IL-17, and ocular surface disorders.

Topical application of BAC induced a dry-eye-like ocular surface disorder partly through the CD4⁺ T cell-mediated inflammatory response.

• HPV-associated cancers
• Human papillomavirus infection
• Natural and vaccine-induced humoral immune responses
• Neutralizing antibody
• Virus-like particle HPV prophylactic vaccine

• Intravital 2-photon microscopy
• Lymphocyte migration
• M cells
• Small intestine

• Commensal bacteria
• Diversification
• Gut
• IgA

Colostrum is the primary source of maternal immunoglobulin A (IgA) for the newborn. IgA participates in protection and regulation mechanisms of the immune response at the neonate’s mucosa. Several studies have evaluated infectious diseases and vaccine protocols effects during pregnancy on maternal milk IgA levels, with the aim to understand lactation protecting effect on newborn. However, most of their results demonstrated that there were no differences in the total IgA levels. In humans, IgA has two subclasses (IgA1 and IgA2), they have an anatomical distribution among mucosal compartments, their levels vary after antigen stimulation and are also seen to describe differential affinities in colostrum. Although there are differences between IgA subclasses in several compartments, these studies have excluded specific colostrum IgA1 and IgA2 determination.

We analyzed data from 900 women in Mexico City. With Pearson correlation, we compared the number of infectious episodes during their pregnancy that was associated with mucosal compartments (skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts) and colostrum IgA subclasses.

We show a correlation between increased colostrum IgA1 levels and the number of infectious episodes at respiratory tract and the skin. In contrast, infections at the gastrointestinal tract correlated with increased IgA2 amounts.

Infections present during pregnancy at certain mucosal site increase specific IgA subclasses levels in human colostrum. These results will help in understanding infections and immunizations effects on maternal IgA at the mammary gland, and their impact on the development and protection of the newborn.

The online version of this article (10.1186/s40748-019-0104-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

• Colostrum
• Gastrointestinal tract
• IgA1
• IgA2
• Immunoglobulin A
• Maternal transfer
• Respiratory tract

It is generally accepted that moderate amounts of exercise improve immune system functions and hence reduce the risk of infection whereas athletes engaged in regular prolonged and/or intensive training have a higher than “normal” incidence of minor infections, especially of the upper respiratory tract (URT, e.g., common cold and influenza). This is likely related to regular acute (and possibly chronic) periods of exercise-induced changes in immune function. URT infections can compromise performance directly if suffered shortly before or during competition or indirectly if suffered at other times via effects on training and/or physiological adaptations. This chapter covers the effects of exercise (acute and chronic), both positive and negative, on immune function and consequent infection risk, and considers the current state-of-the-art for monitoring and assessing this in athletes.

Background: The use of therapeutic antibodies for the treatment of neurological diseases is of increasing interest. Nose-to-brain drug delivery is one strategy to bypass the blood brain barrier. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) plays an important role in transepithelial transcytosis of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Recently, the presence of the FcRn was observed in nasal respiratory mucosa. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of functional FcRn in olfactory mucosa and to evaluate its role in drug delivery. Methods: Immunoreactivity and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of FcRn was determined in ex vivo porcine olfactory mucosa. Uptake of IgG was performed in a side-by-side cell and analysed by immunofluorescence. Results: FcRn was found in epithelial and basal cells of the olfactory epithelium as well as in glands, cavernous bodies and blood vessels. Allogenic porcine IgGs were found time-dependently in the lamina propria and along axonal bundles, while only small amounts of xenogenic human IgGs were detected. Interestingly, lymphoid follicles were spared from allogenic IgGs. Conclusion: Fc-mediated transport of IgG across the nasal epithelial barrier may have significant potential for intranasal delivery, but the relevance of immune interaction in lymphoid follicles must be clarified to avoid immunogenicity.

• NALT
• antibody
• drug delivery
• lymphoid follicles
• nasal mucosa
• neuronal bundles
• nose to brain
• olfactory epithelium
• permeation
• respiratory epithelium

Chemokines are an extensive family of small proteins which, in conjunction with their receptors, guide the chemotactic activity of various immune cells throughout the body. CCL28, β- or CC chemokine, is involved in the host immunity at various epithelial and mucosal linings. The unique roles of CCL28 in several facets of immune responses have attracted considerable attention and may represent a promising approach to combat various infections. CCL28 displays a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, as well as fungi. Here, we will summarize various research findings regarding the antimicrobial activity of CCL28 and the relevant mechanisms behind it. We will explore how the structure of CCL28 is involved with this activity and how this function may have evolved. CCL28 displays strong homing capabilities for B and T cells at several mucosal and epithelial sites, and orchestrates the trafficking and functioning of lymphocytes. The chemotactic and immunomodulatory features of CCL28 through the interactions with its chemokine receptors, CCR10 and CCR3, will also be discussed in detail. Thus, in this review, we emphasize the dual properties of CCL28 and suggest its role as an anchoring point bridging the innate and adaptive immunity.

•

Chemokines play a vital role in cell migration in response to a chemical gradient by a process known as chemotaxis.

• Adjuvants
• Antimicrobial proteins
• Chemokines
• Innate immunity
• Mucosal responses

• Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
• Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
• Administration, Oral
• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Antibody Formation
• Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
• Bacterial Vaccines/therapeutic use
• Cell Culture Techniques
• Cell Proliferation/drug effects
• Cells, Cultured
• Chronic Disease
• Cytokines/biosynthesis
• Cytokines/blood
• Female
• Humans
• Immunity, Cellular
• Immunity, Mucosal
• Interleukin-2/pharmacology
• Lymphocytes/drug effects
• Lymphocytes/physiology
• Lymphocytes/ultrastructure
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Mitogens/pharmacology
• Time Factors
• Urinary Tract Infections/immunology
• Urinary Tract Infections/therapy
• Vaccines, Combined/administration & dosage
• Vaccines, Combined/therapeutic use

High levels of exercise in athletes result in temporary immunosuppression, which could increase the susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections. Understanding of immunological mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon could enable optimization of training schemes for elite athletes and avoidance of infection-related episodes of absence during sports championships. The aim of this study was to detect genes that may be responsible for modulation of individual susceptibility to infections. The blood and saliva samples were collected from 10 healthy, medically examined kayakers (4 females and 6 males) aged 24.7 ± 2.3 years. All samples were taken in the morning, after overnight fasting, in a seated position. The ELISA method was used to determine the levels of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and interleukin 5 (IL-5). Whole genome expression in blood was assessed using microarrays. The study did not reveal any significant correlation between genome expression and sIgA concentration. However, low expression of a gene involved in protection against the common cold – secretoglobin 1C1 (SCGB1C1) – was detected in athletes with high IL-5 concentrations (corrected p = 0.00065; fold change = 3.17). Our results suggest that blood expression of the SCGB1C1 gene might be a marker of susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections in athletes.

• Athletes
• Cytokine
• Gene expression
• Immunoglobulin
• Secretory IgA
• Upper Respiratory Infection

• Development
• PISIS
• Respiratory immune system
• Secretory IgA
• Swine

• Animals
• Animals, Newborn
• Antibody Formation
• Bronchi/immunology
• Colostrum/metabolism
• Humans
• Immune System/growth & development
• Immune System/metabolism
• Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
• Immunoglobulin A, Secretory/metabolism
• Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
• Immunoglobulin M/metabolism
• Models, Animal
• Receptors, Polymeric Immunoglobulin/metabolism
• Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism
• Swine
• Swine, Miniature
• Trachea/immunology

The present study was aimed to elucidate the histomorphology of ileal and jejunal Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of buffalo calves and their structural comparison.

The study was conducted on neonatal (n=10) and pre-pubertal (n=10) buffalo calves. The age of the postnatal buffalo calves was estimated by their temporary and permanent dentition.

The study revealed that several layers of oval to elongate elliptical lymphoid follicles were observed in submucosa on the anti-mesenteric side in the ileum of early neonatal calves. However, the follicles at this age, in jejunum were of all shapes present within one layer. The interfollicular space was occupied by the interfollicular tissue, which was diffuse and wider around jejunal lymphoid follicles as compared to ileal lymphoid follicles. However, toward the pubertal stage, the number of layers of lymphoid follicles was reduced in ileum due to involution while it remained similar in number in jejunum at this stage.

The ileal Peyer’s patches were found to have started involution more or less around reaching puberty, whereas the jejunal Peyer’s patches appear to be functional throughout the lifespan of the animal.

• Peyer’s patch
• histomorphology
• ileum
• jejunum
• lymphoid follicle

• Colitis
• Gut
• Homing receptor
• Systemic IL-12
• T cell
• α4β7

The follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) selectively transports prions, viruses, pathogenic bacteria, commensal microflora, and even secretory IgA (SIgA)-immune complexes from the intestinal lumen to underlying gut-associated lymphoid tissues like Peyer’s patches. The FAE consists of a single layer of columnar epithelial cells that includes enterocytes and M (microfold) cells, intermingled with dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and naïve and memory B and T lymphocytes. In this report we describe a population of IgA⁺ cells that reside within and immediately below the FAE in mouse Peyer’s patches. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis indicated that the FAE-associated IgA⁺ cells were negative for surface antigen markers specific for B cells (B220), T cells (CD3), DCs (CD11c), and plasma cells (CD138). The IgA⁺ cells were also negative Ki-67 and IRF4, indicating that they are not mature B cells or plasma cells. The IgA⁺ cells were, however, often found in close proximity to DCs, leading us to speculate that the population of IgA⁺ cells in the FAE constitutes an atypical subset of B cells involved in mucosal antigen surveillance and/or immune recall.

• Animals
• B-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
• Cell Membrane/metabolism
• Dendritic Cells/cytology
• Enterocytes/cytology
• Epithelial Cells/cytology
• Female
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
• Immunoglobulin A/immunology
• Immunoglobulin M/immunology
• Intestinal Mucosa/microbiology
• Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
• Macrophages/metabolism
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Microscopy, Fluorescence
• Peyer's Patches/immunology
• Phenotype
• T-Lymphocytes/cytology

• R01 HD061916 NICHD NIH HHS
• R01HD061916 NICHD NIH HHS

Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) mediates the mucosal immune system, which provides the first line of defense against inhaled and ingested pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Lactobacillus plantarum AYA increases the IgA level of Peyer’s patch (PP) cells, but the recommended amount of consumption and the mechanism of action remains unclear. Better understanding of these is essential to development of L. plantarum AYA for use in functional foods. Therefore, we investigated the dose-response effect (in vivo) and mechanism (in vitro) of IgA enhancement induced by L. plantarum AYA. In the small intestine of the mice fed a diet containing 0.03% or 0.3% of L. plantarum AYA powder for 4 weeks, the IgA levels were significantly increased. Thus, it is suggested that the recommended amount of consumption of L. plantarum AYA is about 0.72 mg per day. In addition, the bacterial cell wall fraction significantly enhanced the IgA production level of murine PP cells in the in vitro assay. The ability of whole cells and the cell wall fraction to enhance IgA levels was significantly inhibited by an anti-Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) antibody, which suggests that the cell wall fraction of L. plantarum AYA increases the IgA level via TLR-2. These findings indicate that L. plantarum AYA is a potential functional food source that maintains mucosal immunity.

• Lactobacillus plantarum AYA
• Peyer’s patch
• Toll-like receptor 2
• cell wall
• immunoglobulin A
• probiotics

• Foxp3
• IgA
• PD-1
• bacteria
• germinal center

• Cortisol
• IgA
• IgG
• IgM
• Saliva
• Wound healing