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Gritsiuta AI, Reep G, Parupudi S, Petrov RV. Optimizing the management of anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy: a narrative review of salvage strategies and outcomes. J Gastrointest Surg 2025; 29:102069. [PMID: 40280464 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2025.102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2025] [Revised: 04/09/2025] [Accepted: 04/20/2025] [Indexed: 04/29/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic leaks (ALs) after esophagectomy remain a major postoperative complication, leading to increased morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and higher mortality. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and perioperative care, AL management lacks standardized protocols. This review aimed to evaluate current salvage strategies, including conservative, endoscopic, and surgical approaches, to optimize outcomes and reduce complications. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases to identify studies published between 2000 and 2025 on AL management after esophagectomy. Peer-reviewed clinical trials, guidelines, and expert consensus reports were reviewed, focusing on minimally invasive and surgical interventions, patient outcomes, and emerging treatment strategies. RESULTS AL management strategies were classified into 3 primary approaches. Conservative management includes nutritional support, antibiotic therapy, and percutaneous drainage, particularly for contained leaks. Endoscopic interventions, such as self-expanding metal stents and endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure, have shown high success rates, with vacuum-assisted closure achieving superior closure outcomes. Hybrid techniques, including stent-over-sponge and vacuum-assisted closure-stent, are emerging as promising alternatives. Surgical interventions remain the gold standard for severe or refractory leaks with options, including primary repair, esophageal diversion, and delayed conduit reconstruction. CONCLUSION A multidisciplinary approach is crucial for optimizing AL management, incorporating enhanced recovery protocols, early risk assessment, and individualized treatment plans. Endoscopic techniques have reduced the need for surgical revisions, but surgical intervention remains necessary for severe cases. Future research should focus on refining treatment algorithms, integrating novel technologies, and establishing standardized guidelines to improve patient survival and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Gritsiuta
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
| | - Gabriel Reep
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sreeram Parupudi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Roman V Petrov
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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Richter F, Conrad C, Hoffmann J, Reichert B, von Schoenfels W, Schafmayer C, Egberts JH, Becker T, Ellrichmann M. Endoluminal Vacuum Therapy Using a New "Fistula Sponge" in Treating Defects of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract-A Comparative, Retrospective Cohort Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:1105. [PMID: 39064534 PMCID: PMC11279286 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60071105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Anastomotic insufficiencies (AI) and perforations of the upper gastrointestinal tract (uGIT) result in high morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic stent placement and endoluminal vacuum therapy (EVT) have been established as surgical revision treatment options. The Eso-Sponge® is the only licensed EVT system with limitations in treating small defects (<10 mm). Therefore, a fistula sponge (FS) was developed for the treatment of such defects as a new therapeutic approach. The aim of this study was to evaluate both EVT options' indications, success rates, and complications in a retrospective, comparative approach. Materials and Methods: Between 01/2018 and 01/2021, the clinical data of patients undergoing FS-EVT or conventional EVT (cEVT; Eso-Sponge®, Braun Melsungen, Melsungen, Germany) due to AI/perforation of the uGIT were recorded. Indication, diameter of leakage, therapeutic success, and complications during the procedure were assessed. FSs were prepared using a nasogastric tube and a porous drainage film (Suprasorb® CNP, Lohmann & Rauscher, Rengsdorf, Germany) sutured to the distal tip. Results: A total of 72 patients were included (20 FS-EVT; 52 cEVT). FS-EVT was performed in 60% suffering from AI (cEVT = 68%) and 40% from perforation (cEVT = 32%; p > 0.05). FS-EVT's duration was significantly shorter than cEVT (7.6 ± 12.0 d vs. 15.1 ± 14.3 d; p = 0.014). The mean diameter of the defect was 9 mm in the FS-EVT group compared to 24 mm in cEVT (p < 0.001). Therapeutic success was achieved in 90% (FS-EVT) and 91% (cEVT; p > 0.05). Conclusions: EVT comprises an efficient treatment option for transmural defects of the uGIT. In daily clinical practice, fistulas < 10 mm with large abscess formations poses a special challenge since intraluminal cEVT usually is ineffective. In these cases, the concept of extraluminal FS placement is safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Richter
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (F.R.); (J.H.); (B.R.); (W.v.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Claudio Conrad
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Julia Hoffmann
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (F.R.); (J.H.); (B.R.); (W.v.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Benedikt Reichert
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (F.R.); (J.H.); (B.R.); (W.v.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Witigo von Schoenfels
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (F.R.); (J.H.); (B.R.); (W.v.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | | | - Thomas Becker
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; (F.R.); (J.H.); (B.R.); (W.v.S.); (T.B.)
| | - Mark Ellrichmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany;
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Takeuchi H, Yoshimura S, Daimon M, Sakina Y, Seki Y, Ishikawa S, Kouno Y, Tashiro J, Kawasaki S, Mori K. Late-onset lethal complication of non-surgically managed massive gastric conduit necrosis after esophagectomy: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2024; 10:148. [PMID: 38884681 PMCID: PMC11182997 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-024-01955-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric conduit necrosis (GCN) after esophagectomy is a serious complication that can prove fatal. Herein, we report a rare case of GCN with a severe course that improved with conservative treatment. CASE PRESENTATION We present the case of a 78-year-old male patient who underwent an Ivor Lewis esophagectomy and developed a massive GCN. The patient was critically ill in the initial phase but recovered quickly; he also had a ruptured gallbladder and a bleeding jejunal ulcer. On the 22nd postoperative day, massive GCN was revealed on endoscopy. Considering the recovery course, careful observation with a decompressing nasal gastric tube was the treatment of choice. The GCN was managed successfully, having been completely replaced by fine mucosa within 9 months postoperatively. The patient completed his follow-up visit 5 years after surgery without any evident disease recurrence. Five and a half years after the surgery, the patient presented with progressive weakness and deterioration of renal function. Gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a large ulcer at the anastomotic site. Three months later, computed tomography revealed a markedly thin esophageal wall, accompanied by adjacent lung consolidation. An esophagopulmonary fistula was diagnosed; surgery was not considered, owing to the patient's age and markedly deteriorating performance status. He died 2013 days after the diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Massive GCN after esophagectomy often requires emergency surgery to remove the necrotic conduit. However, this report suggests that a conservative approach can save lives and preserve the gastric conduit in these cases, thereby augmenting the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takeuchi
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kanda Izumi-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Yoshimura
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kanda Izumi-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Daimon
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kanda Izumi-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Sakina
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kanda Izumi-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seki
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kanda Izumi-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Shintaro Ishikawa
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kanda Izumi-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Kouno
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kanda Izumi-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Jo Tashiro
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kanda Izumi-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Seiji Kawasaki
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kanda Izumi-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Mori
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, 1 Kanda Izumi-Cho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-8643, Japan.
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Kamarajah SK, Markar SR. Navigating complexities and considerations for suspected anastomotic leakage in the upper gastrointestinal tract: A state of the art review. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2024; 70:101916. [PMID: 39053974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2024.101916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
This state-of-the-art review explores the intricacies of anastomotic leaks following oesophagectomy and gastrectomy, crucial surgeries for globally increasing esophageal and gastric cancers. Despite advancements, anastomotic leaks occur in up to 30 % and 10 % of oesophagectomy and gastrectomy cases, respectively, leading to prolonged hospital stays, substantial impact upon short- and long-term health-related quality of life and greater mortality. Recognising factors contributing to leaks, including patient characteristics and surgical techniques, are vital for preoperative risk stratification. Diagnosis is challenging, involving clinical signs, biochemical markers, and various imaging modalities. Management strategies range from non-invasive approaches, including antibiotic therapy and nutritional support, to endoscopic interventions such as stent placement and emerging vacuum-assisted closure devices, and surgical interventions, necessitating timely recognition and tailored interventions. A step-up approach, beginning non-invasively and progressing based on treatment success, is more commonly advocated. This comprehensive review highlights the absence of standardised treatment algorithms, emphasizing the importance of individualised patient-specific management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivesh K Kamarajah
- Department of Global Health and Surgery, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sheraz R Markar
- Surgical Intervention Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Surgery, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Edmondson J, Hunter J, Bakis G, O’Connor A, Wood S, Qureshi AP. Understanding Post-Esophagectomy Complications and Their Management: The Early Complications. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7622. [PMID: 38137691 PMCID: PMC10743498 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophagectomy is a technically complex operation performed for both benign and malignant esophageal disease. Medical and surgical advancements have led to improved outcomes in esophagectomy patients over the past several decades; however, surgeons must remain vigilant as complications happen often and can be severe. Post-esophagectomy complications can be grouped into early and late categories. The aim of this review is to discuss the early complications of esophagectomy along with their risk factors, work-up, and management strategies with special attention given to anastomotic leaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alia P. Qureshi
- Division of General Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Machall 3186, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.E.)
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Zhao Y, Ma Y, Bai Z, Wang T, Song D, Li T. Comparison of central venous catheter thoracic drainage and traditional closed thoracic drainage following minimally invasive surgery for esophageal carcinoma: a retrospective analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 18:267. [PMID: 37794478 PMCID: PMC10552284 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02373-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness and safety of central venous catheter thoracic drainage (CVCTD) with traditional closed thoracic drainage (TCTD) after minimally invasive surgery for esophageal cancer. METHODS We conducted a retrospective investigation of 103 patients who underwent minimally invasive esophageal cancer surgery at our institution between January 2017 and December 2019. Among them, 44 patients underwent CVCTD, while 59 received TCTD. We compared the following outcomes between the two cohorts: drainage volume, duration of drainage, postoperative complications (including pleural effusion, pulmonary infection, atelectasis, anastomotic leakage, etc.), length of hospital stay, and postoperative pain assessment. RESULTS No significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups regarding postoperative thoracic drainage, the timing of postoperative tube removal, or postoperative complications. However, significant disparities were noted in the duration of postoperative hospitalization, drainage tube healing time, and pain threshold among the esophageal cancer patients in both cohorts (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION CVCTD is a secure and potent alternative to TCTD following minimally invasive surgery for esophageal carcinoma. It potentially contributes to reducing the incidence of postoperative complications while curtailing the duration of hospitalization. Additional research is warranted to substantiate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhao
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology II, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No.804 Shengli Road, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Zhixia Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology II, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No.804 Shengli Road, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Dong Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology II, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No.804 Shengli Road, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, Ningxia, 750004, China
| | - Tao Li
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
- Department of Surgical Oncology II, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No.804 Shengli Road, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, Ningxia, 750004, China.
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7
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Ubels S, Verstegen MHP, Klarenbeek BR, Bouwense S, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Daams F, van Det MJ, Griffiths EA, Haveman JW, Heisterkamp J, Nieuwenhuijzen G, Polat F, Schouten J, Siersema PD, Singh P, Wijnhoven B, Hannink G, van Workum F, Rosman C. Treatment of anastomotic leak after oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer: large, collaborative, observational TENTACLE cohort study. Br J Surg 2023; 110:852-863. [PMID: 37196149 PMCID: PMC10364505 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znad123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic leak is a severe complication after oesophagectomy. Anastomotic leak has diverse clinical manifestations and the optimal treatment strategy is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of treatment strategies for different manifestations of anastomotic leak after oesophagectomy. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was performed in 71 centres worldwide and included patients with anastomotic leak after oesophagectomy (2011-2019). Different primary treatment strategies were compared for three different anastomotic leak manifestations: interventional versus supportive-only treatment for local manifestations (that is no intrathoracic collections; well perfused conduit); drainage and defect closure versus drainage only for intrathoracic manifestations; and oesophageal diversion versus continuity-preserving treatment for conduit ischaemia/necrosis. The primary outcome was 90-day mortality. Propensity score matching was performed to adjust for confounders. RESULTS Of 1508 patients with anastomotic leak, 28.2 per cent (425 patients) had local manifestations, 36.3 per cent (548 patients) had intrathoracic manifestations, 9.6 per cent (145 patients) had conduit ischaemia/necrosis, 17.5 per cent (264 patients) were allocated after multiple imputation, and 8.4 per cent (126 patients) were excluded. After propensity score matching, no statistically significant differences in 90-day mortality were found regarding interventional versus supportive-only treatment for local manifestations (risk difference 3.2 per cent, 95 per cent c.i. -1.8 to 8.2 per cent), drainage and defect closure versus drainage only for intrathoracic manifestations (risk difference 5.8 per cent, 95 per cent c.i. -1.2 to 12.8 per cent), and oesophageal diversion versus continuity-preserving treatment for conduit ischaemia/necrosis (risk difference 0.1 per cent, 95 per cent c.i. -21.4 to 1.6 per cent). In general, less morbidity was found after less extensive primary treatment strategies. CONCLUSION Less extensive primary treatment of anastomotic leak was associated with less morbidity. A less extensive primary treatment approach may potentially be considered for anastomotic leak. Future studies are needed to confirm current findings and guide optimal treatment of anastomotic leak after oesophagectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Ubels
- Department of Surgery, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek H P Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Klarenbeek
- Department of Surgery, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Bouwense
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mark I van Berge Henegouwen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Daams
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Cancer Treatment and Quality of Life, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J van Det
- Department of Surgery, ZGT Hospital Group, Almelo, The Netherlands
| | - Ewen A Griffiths
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jan Willem Haveman
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joos Heisterkamp
- Department of Surgery, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fatih Polat
- Department of Surgery, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Schouten
- Department of Intensive Care, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Siersema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pritam Singh
- Department of Surgery, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
- Department of Surgery, Regional Oesophago-Gastric Unit, Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK
| | - Bas Wijnhoven
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjon Hannink
- Department of Operating Rooms, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans van Workum
- Department of Surgery, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel Rosman
- Department of Surgery, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Azevedo I, Ortigão R, Pimentel-Nunes P, Bastos P, Silva R, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Libânio D. Anastomotic Leakages after Surgery for Gastroesophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on Endoscopic versus Surgical Management. GE PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2023; 30:192-203. [PMID: 37387719 PMCID: PMC10305273 DOI: 10.1159/000527769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2025]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION With the increase of esophageal and gastric cancer, surgery will be more often performed. Anastomotic leakage (AL) is one of the most feared postoperative complications of gastroesophageal surgery. It can be managed by conservative, endoscopic (such as endoscopic vacuum therapy and stenting), or surgical methods, but optimal treatment remains controversial. The aim of our meta-analysis was to compare (a) endoscopic and surgical interventions and (b) different endoscopic treatments for AL following gastroesophageal cancer surgery. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis, with search in three online databases for studies evaluating surgical and endoscopic treatments for AL following gastroesophageal cancer surgery. RESULTS A total of 32 studies comprising 1,080 patients were included. Compared with surgical intervention, endoscopic treatment presented similar clinical success, hospital length of stay, and intensive care unit length of stay, but lower in-hospital mortality (6.4% [95% CI: 3.8-9.6%] vs. 35.8% [95% CI: 23.9-48.5%]. Endoscopic vacuum therapy was associated with a lower rate of complications (OR 0.348 [95% CI: 0.127-0.954]), shorter ICU length of stay (mean difference -14.77 days [95% CI: -26.57 to -2.98]), and time until AL resolution (17.6 days [95% CI: 14.1-21.2] vs. 39.4 days [95% CI: 27.0-51.8]) when compared with stenting, but there were no significant differences in terms of clinical success, mortality, reinterventions, or hospital length of stay. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic treatment, in particular endoscopic vacuum therapy, seems safer and more effective when compared with surgery. However, more robust comparative studies are needed, especially for clarifying which is the best treatment in specific situations (according to patient and leak characteristics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Azevedo
- MEDCIDS - Departamento de Medicina da Comunidade, Informação e Decisão em Saúde/CINTESIS (Center for Health Technology and Services Research), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ortigão
- Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pimentel-Nunes
- Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Bastos
- Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Silva
- Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Dinis-Ribeiro
- MEDCIDS - Departamento de Medicina da Comunidade, Informação e Decisão em Saúde/CINTESIS (Center for Health Technology and Services Research), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Libânio
- MEDCIDS - Departamento de Medicina da Comunidade, Informação e Decisão em Saúde/CINTESIS (Center for Health Technology and Services Research), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Gastroenterology Department, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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9
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Kita R, Kobayashi H, Kondo M, Kaihara S. Impact of intravenous injection of glucagon on anastomotic leakage in esophagectomy. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16442. [PMID: 37292332 PMCID: PMC10245153 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy affects the early postoperative state and prognosis. However, effective measures to prevent anastomotic leakage in esophagogastric anastomosis have not been established. Methods This single-center, retrospective, observational study included 147 patients who underwent esophagectomy for esophageal cancer between 2010 and 2020. Glucagon was administered to extend the gastric tube in patients who underwent esophagectomy from January 2016. The patients were divided into two groups: a glucagon-treated group (2016-2020) and a control group (2010-2015). The incidence of anastomotic leakage was compared between the two groups for evaluation of the preventive effects of glucagon administration on anastomotic leakage. Results The length of the gastric tube from the pyloric ring to the final branch of the right gastroepiploic artery was extended by 2.8 cm after glucagon injection. The incidence of anastomotic leakage was significantly lower in the glucagon-treated group (19% vs. 38%; p = 0.014). Multivariate analysis showed that glucagon injection was the only independent factor associated with a reduction in anastomotic leakage (odds ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval, 0.07-0.87). Esophagogastric anastomosis was performed proximal to the final branch of the right gastroepiploic artery in 37% patients in the glucagon-treated group, and these cases showed a lower incidence of anastomotic leakage than did those with anastomosis distal to the final branch of the right gastroepiploic artery (10% vs. 25%, p = 0.087). Conclusions Extension of the gastric tube by intravenous glucagon administration during gastric mobilization in esophagectomy for esophageal cancer may be effective in preventing anastomotic leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Kita
- Department of Surgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Surgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Masato Kondo
- Department of Surgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kaihara
- Department of Surgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
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10
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Schäfer C. Don't be afraid of black holes: Vacuum sponge and vacuum stent treatment of leaks in the upper GI tract-a case series and mini-review. Front Surg 2023; 10:1168541. [PMID: 37206354 PMCID: PMC10191254 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2023.1168541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of leaks in the upper gastrointestinal tract has been revolutionized by the advent of covered self-expanding metal stents (cSEMS), endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT), and recently, vacuum stent therapy (VST). In this retrospective study, we report the experiences with EVT and VST at our institution. Patients and methods Twenty-two patients (15 male, 7 female) with leaks in the esophagus, at the esophago-gastric junction or anastomotic leaks underwent EVT by placing a sponge connected to a negative pressure pump into or near the leak. VST was applied in three patients. Results EVT led to closure of the leak in 18 of 22 Patients (82%). In 9 patients (41%), EVT was followed by application of a cSEMS. One patient (5%) died during the hospital stay due to an aorto-esophageal fistula near the leak, four others (18%) due to underlying disease. The stricture rate was 3/22 (14%). All three patients in whom VST was applied had closure of the leak and recovered. Reviewing the literature, we identified sixteen retrospective series of ten or more patients (n = 610) with an overall closure rate for EVT of 84%. In eight additional retrospective observations, a comparison between the efficacy of EVT and cSEMS therapy was performed that revealed a success rate of 89% and 69%, respectively (difference not significant, chi-square test). For VST, two small series show that closure is possible in the majority of patients. Conclusion EVT and VST are valuable options in the treatment of leaks in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
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Ubels S, Lubbers M, Verstegen MHP, Bouwense SAW, van Daele E, Ferri L, Gisbertz SS, Griffiths EA, Grimminger P, Hanna G, Hubka M, Law S, Low D, Luyer M, Merritt RE, Morse C, Mueller CL, Nieuwenhuijzen GAP, Nilsson M, Reynolds JV, Ribeiro U, Rosati R, Shen Y, Wijnhoven BPL, Klarenbeek BR, van Workum F, Rosman C. Treatment of anastomotic leak after esophagectomy: insights of an international case vignette survey and expert discussions. Dis Esophagus 2022; 35:doac020. [PMID: 35411928 PMCID: PMC9753084 DOI: 10.1093/dote/doac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anastomotic leak (AL) is a severe complication after esophagectomy. Clinical presentation of AL is diverse and there is large practice variation regarding treatment of AL. This study aimed to explore different AL treatment strategies and their underlying rationale. This mixed-methods study consisted of an international survey among upper gastro-intestinal (GI) surgeons and focus groups with expert upper GI surgeons. The survey included 10 case vignettes and data sources were integrated after separate analysis. The survey was completed by 188 respondents (completion rate 69%) and 6 focus groups were conducted with 20 international experts. Prevention of mortality was the most important goal of primary treatment. Goals of secondary treatment were to promote tissue healing, return to oral feeding and safe hospital discharge. There was substantial variation in the preferred treatment principles (e.g. drainage or defect closure) and modalities (e.g. stent or endoVAC) within different presentations of AL. Patients with local symptoms were treated by supportive means only or by non-surgical drainage and/or defect closure. Drainage was routinely performed in patients with intrathoracic collections and often combined with defect closure. Patients with conduit necrosis were predominantly treated by resection and reconstruction of the anastomosis or by esophageal diversion. This mixed-methods study shows that overall treatment strategies for AL are determined by vitality of the conduit and presence of intrathoracic collections. There is large variation in preferred treatment principles and modalities. Future research may investigate optimal treatment for specific AL presentations and aim to develop consensus-based treatment guidelines for AL after esophagectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Ubels
- Department of Surgery, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Merel Lubbers
- Department of Surgery, ZGT Hospital Group Twente, Almelo, The Netherlands
| | - Moniek H P Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan A W Bouwense
- Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elke van Daele
- Department of Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Ferri
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suzanne S Gisbertz
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewen A Griffiths
- Department of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Peter Grimminger
- Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - George Hanna
- Department of Surgery, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Michal Hubka
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, SE USA
| | - Simon Law
- Department of Surgery, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Donald Low
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, SE USA
| | - Misha Luyer
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Robert E Merritt
- Department of Surgery, Ohio State University - Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher Morse
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carmen L Mueller
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Magnus Nilsson
- Department of Surgery, Department of Upper Abdominal Diseases, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John V Reynolds
- Department of Surgery, Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ulysses Ribeiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Riccardo Rosati
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, San Raffaele Hospital IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Yaxing Shen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bas P L Wijnhoven
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Klarenbeek
- Department of Surgery, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans van Workum
- Department of Surgery, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel Rosman
- Department of Surgery, Radboud Institute of Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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12
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Adequate Management of Postoperative Complications after Esophagectomy: A Cornerstone for a Positive Outcome. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225556. [PMID: 36428649 PMCID: PMC9688292 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophagectomy for cancer is one of the most complex procedures in visceral surgery. Postoperative complications negatively affect the patient's overall survival. They are not influenced by the histology type (adenocarcinoma (AC)/squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)), or the surgical approach (open, laparoscopic, or robotic-assisted). Among those dreadful complications are anastomotic leak (AL), esophago-respiratory fistula (ERF), and chylothorax (CT). METHODS In this review, we summarize the methods to avoid these complications, the diagnostic approach, and new therapeutic strategies. RESULTS In the last 20 years, both centralization of the medical care, and the development of endoscopy and radiology have positively influenced the management of postoperative complications. For the purpose of their prevention, perioperative measures have been applied. The treatment includes conservative, endoscopic, and surgical approaches. CONCLUSIONS Post-esophagectomy complications are common. Prevention measures should be known. Early recognition and adequate treatment of these complications save lives and lead to better outcomes.
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13
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Kang H, Ben-David K, Sarosi GA, Thomas RM. Routine Radiologic Assessment for Anastomotic Leak Is Not Necessary in Asymptomatic Patients After Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer. J Gastrointest Surg 2022; 26:279-285. [PMID: 35037179 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-021-05219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic leaks (AL) are a major source of post-esophagectomy morbidity and patients are often initially asymptomatic. Debate exists on timing and utility of imaging to detect AL post-esophagectomy. We sought to evaluate the efficacy and timing of radiographic AL evaluation in esophageal cancer patients post-esophagectomy. METHODS A retrospective database of esophageal cancer patients who underwent esophagectomy at a single institution from 2004 to 2020 was used to determine the utilization, timing, and sensitivity of radiologic testing for AL post-esophagectomy. RESULTS Seventy-six patients were identified of which 37 (49%) had a cervical anastomosis. Sixty-four (84%) underwent 71 "asymptomatic radiographic leak tests" (ARLT), 7 of which had 2 different tests, including: 41 fluoroscopic esophagrams (58%), 18 CT-esophagrams (25%), and 12 upper GI studies (17%). Seventeen patients (22%) developed clinical signs of AL (hemodynamic instability, leukocytosis) and underwent "symptomatic radiographic leak tests" (SRLT) with fluoroscopic esophagram (n = 9, 12%), CT-esophagram (n = 7, 9%), or upper GI study (n = 1, 1%). ARLT and SRLT were positive in 2/64 (3%) and 17/17 (100%) patients, respectively, for 19 total ALs (25%). Among the 17 SRLT( +) patients, 1 was also ARLT( +), 13 were initially ARLT( -), and 3 were not evaluated by ARLT. The median postoperative day for ARLT and SRLT was 4.0 (IQR 3.0-5.5) and 9.0 days (IQR 6.0-13.0), respectively, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.005). The sensitivity and specificity of ARLT for detecting AL were 13.3% and 100.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Based on the low ARLT sensitivity, routine use of imaging to detect asymptomatic ALs post-esophagectomy may be limited. Symptomatic ALs were often present in a delayed fashion, even after initial negative imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol Kang
- University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kfir Ben-David
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - George A Sarosi
- Section of General Surgery, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100109, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Ryan M Thomas
- Section of General Surgery, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL, USA. .,Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, PO Box 100109, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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14
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Richter F, Hendricks A, Schniewind B, Hampe J, Heits N, von Schönfels W, Reichert B, Eberle K, Ellrichmann M, Baumann P, Egberts JH, Becker T, Schafmayer C. OUP accepted manuscript. BJS Open 2022; 6:6572150. [PMID: 35451010 PMCID: PMC9023777 DOI: 10.1093/bjsopen/zrac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anastomotic leakage (AL) after oesophagectomy and oesophageal perforations are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Minimally invasive endoscopy is often used as first-line treatment, particularly endoluminal vacuum therapy (EVT). The aim was to assess the performance of the first commercially available endoluminal vacuum device (Eso-Sponge®) in the management of AL and perforation of the upper gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Methods The Eso-Sponge® registry was designed in 2014 as a prospective, observational, national, multicentre registry. Patients were recruited with either AL or perforation within the upper GIT. Data were collected with a standardized form and transferred into a web-based platform. Twenty hospitals were enrolled at the beginning of the study (registration number NCT02662777; http://www.clinicaltrials.gov). The primary endpoint was successful closure of the oesophageal defect. Results Eleven out of 20 centres recruited patients. A total of 102 patients were included in this interim analysis; 69 patients with AL and 33 with a perforation were treated by EVT. In the AL group, a closure of 91 per cent was observed and 76 per cent was observed in the perforation group. The occurrence of mediastinitis (P = 0.002) and the location of the defect (P = 0.008) were identified as significant predictors of defect closure. Conclusions The Eso-Sponge® registry offers the opportunity to collate data on EVT with a uniform, commercially available product to improve standardization. Our data show that EVT with the Eso-Sponge® is an option for the management of AL and perforation within the upper GIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Richter
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Hendricks
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bodo Schniewind
- Department of General Surgery and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Hampe
- Medical Department I, University Hospital Dresden, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nils Heits
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Witigo von Schönfels
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Benedikt Reichert
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katrin Eberle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Sophien-u. Hufeland Hospital, Weimar, Germany
| | - Mark Ellrichmann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Medical Centre Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Petra Baumann
- Aesculap AG, Medical Scientific Affairs, Tuttlingen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Becker
- Department of General, Visceral-, Thoracic-, Transplantation- and Paediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Clemens Schafmayer
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence to: Clemens Schafmayer, Department of General Surgery, University Hospital Rostock Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany (e-mail: )
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15
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Early detection of anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy using drain amylase levels. Esophagus 2021; 18:522-528. [PMID: 33641017 DOI: 10.1007/s10388-021-00827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of anastomotic leakage (AL) after esophagectomy is essential to minimize postoperative complications. In this study, we hypothesized that drain amylase levels may be useful for early AL detection, and measuring drain amylase levels could reduce severe postoperative AL incidence. We, therefore, analyzed the usefulness of measuring drain fluid amylase levels after esophagectomy, in esophageal cancer patients. METHODS From January 2016 to March 2020, 134 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent surgical resection with esophagogastric anastomosis in the cervical region were included. The patients were divided into a group whose cervical drain fluid amylase levels were not measured (No-AMY Group) and a group whose cervical drain fluid amylase levels were measured daily until postoperative day (POD) 7 (AMY Group). The incidence of severe AL was compared between groups. In the AMY Group, we also investigated the association between AL and drain amylase levels. RESULTS Drain amylase levels were significantly higher in AL-positive cases than in AL-negative cases (P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed the drain amylase level cut-off value for AL diagnosis was 1800 U/L on POD 2 (Area under the curve = 0.835; P = 0.027). The incidence of ≥ grade III AL was significantly lower in the AMY Group than in the No-AMY Group (2 vs. 10%, P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS Cervical drain fluid amylase levels can be a useful screening method for early detection of AL after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer and may help reduce incidence of severe postoperative AL.
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16
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Schizas D, Michalinos A, Syllaios A, Dellaportas D, Kapetanakis EI, Hadjigeorgiou G, Vergadis C, Lasithiotakis K, Liakakos T. Staged esophagectomy: surgical legacy or a bailout option? Surg Today 2020; 50:1323-1331. [PMID: 31612330 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-019-01894-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Staged esophagectomy was developed in the mid-twentieth century in an attempt to reduce high rates of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Nowadays, the operation has almost been abandoned due to its significant disadvantages, especially the need for multiple surgeries, inability of patients to feed between operations, and morbidity of esophageal stoma. However, staged esophagectomy is still occasionally useful for very high-risk patients and in particular cases, for example multiple cancers of the aerodigestive tract and emergent esophagectomy. Staged esophagectomy is based on the division of surgical stress into two operations, which gives the patient time to recover before final restoration. Gastric tube ischemic preparation may be a more important mechanism in staged esophagectomy. This approach may survive and expand with the application of ischemic gastric pre-conditioning through embolization or laparoscopic ligation of the gastric arteries, which is a less explored and promising technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Schizas
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital Ag, Thoma 17 str. Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Adamantios Michalinos
- Department of Anatomy, European University of Cyprus, Diogenous 6 Str, CY-2404, Engomi, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Athanasios Syllaios
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital Ag, Thoma 17 str. Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysios Dellaportas
- Second Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion University Hospital, Vasillisis Sofias 76 str, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil I Kapetanakis
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Rimini 1 Str. Chaidari, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Hadjigeorgiou
- Department of Anatomy, European University of Cyprus, Diogenous 6 Str, CY-2404, Engomi, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chrysovalantis Vergadis
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital Ag, Thoma 17 str. Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Lasithiotakis
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Panepistimiou 12 str, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theodoros Liakakos
- First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital Ag, Thoma 17 str. Goudi, Athens, Greece
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Chevallay M, Jung M, Chon SH, Takeda FR, Akiyama J, Mönig S. Esophageal cancer surgery: review of complications and their management. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1482:146-162. [PMID: 32935342 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Esophagectomy, even with the progress in surgical technique and perioperative management, is a highly specialized surgery, associated with a high rate of complications. Early recognition and adequate treatment should be a standard of care for the most common postoperative complications: anastomotic leakage, pneumonia, atrial fibrillation, chylothorax, and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. Recent progress in endoscopy with vacuum and stent placement, or in radiology with embolization, has changed the management of these complications. The success of nonoperative treatments should be frequently reassessed and reoperation must be proposed in case of failure. We have summarized the clinical signs, diagnostic process, and management of the frequent complications after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Chevallay
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Minoa Jung
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Seung-Hun Chon
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Junichi Akiyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Stefan Mönig
- Division of Visceral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Pu S, Chen H, Zhou C, Yu S, Liao X, Zhu L, He J, Wang B. Major Postoperative Complications in Esophageal Cancer After Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy Compared With Open Esophagectomy: An Updated Meta-analysis. J Surg Res 2020; 257:554-571. [PMID: 32927322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the existing literature comparing cardiopulmonary complications after minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) with open esophagectomy (OE) and conduct a meta-analysis based on the relevant studies. METHODS A systematic search for articles was performed in Medline, Embase, Wiley Online Library, and the Cochrane Library. The relative risks or odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by using fixed or random-effects models. The I2 and X2 tests were used to test for statistical heterogeneity. We performed a metaregression for the pulmonary complications with the adenocarcinoma proportion and tumor stage. Publication bias and small-study effects were assessed using Egger's test and Begg's funnel plot. RESULTS A total of 30,850 participants were enrolled in the 63 studies evaluated in the meta-analysis. Arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary complications, gastric tip necrosis, anastomotic leakage, and vocal cord palsy were chosen as outcomes. The occurrence rate of arrhythmia was significantly lower in patients receiving MIE than in patients receiving OE (OR = 0.69; 95% CI = 0.53-0.89), with heterogeneity (I2 = 30.7%, P = 0.067). The incidence of pulmonary complications was significantly lower in patients receiving MIE (OR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.45-0.63) but heterogeneity remained (I2 = 72.1%, P = 0.000). The risk of gastric tip necrosis (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.07-2.05) after OE was lower than that after MIE. Anastomotic leakage, pulmonary embolism, and vocal cord palsy showed no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS MIE has advantages over OE, especially in reducing the incidence of arrhythmia and pulmonary complications. Thus, MIE can be recommended as the preferred alternative surgery method for resectable esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Pu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaan'xi Province, China
| | - Heyan Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaan'xi Province, China
| | - Can Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaan'xi Province, China
| | - Shibo Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaan'xi Province, China
| | - Xiaoqin Liao
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaan'xi Province, China
| | - Lizhe Zhu
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaan'xi Province, China
| | - Jianjun He
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaan'xi Province, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaan'xi Province, China.
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Gao C, Xu G, Wang C, Wang D. Evaluation of preoperative risk factors and postoperative indicators for anastomotic leak of minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy: a single-center retrospective analysis. J Cardiothorac Surg 2019; 14:46. [PMID: 30819240 PMCID: PMC6394086 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-019-0864-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy is an important surgical approach for esophageal cancer. Anastomotic leak is one of its common and serious complications. We assumed that the preoperative risk factors and postoperative indicators would predict or detect anastomotic leak. METHODS Between December 2016 and July 2017, patients underwent minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy were identified and their preoperative variables and postoperative test indicators were recorded. Fisher's exact test, 2-tailed unpaired t test, nonparametric test and logistic regression were used to compare these datum between patients with or without anastomotic leak (AL). Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve was used to identify the best cut-off value of drainage amylase concentration for distinguishing anastomotic leak. RESULTS In all the 96 patients included, 12 patients were diagnosed as anastomotic leak by the esophagram. No differences in preoperative variables were observed between patients with and without AL. Patients in AL group appeared to have a lower prealbumin concentration in AL group on POD (postoperative day) 4(P = 0.05), POD 5(P = 0.04), POD 6 (P = 0.06). Prealbumin concentration cutoff value of 128 g/L on postoperative day 5 is 100.00% sensitive and 50.00% specific for predicting esophageal leaks. Drain amylases levels were higher in patients with anastomotic leak than those without anastomotic leak on POD 3(P = 0.03), POD 4(P = 0.01), POD 5(P < 0.001), POD 6(P < 0.001). The drain amylase cutoff value of 85 IU/L on postoperative day 4 was 75.00% sensitive and 84.00% specific for detecting esophageal leaks; the cutoff value of 65 IU/L on postoperative day 5 was 91.67% sensitive and 80.77% specific. The cutoff of 55/L on POD 6 is 100% sensitive and 86.96% specific. CONCLUSION Drainage amylase concentration on postoperative days may help to discover anastomotic leak in early stage after minimally invasive McKeown esophagectomy. Prealbumin concentration below 128 g/L on POD 5 might be potential risk factor for anastomotic leak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, No.34 Yanggongjing, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, No.34 Yanggongjing, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Changyong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, No.34 Yanggongjing, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, No.34 Yanggongjing, Qinhuai District, Nanjing, 210002, China.
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Manghelli JL, Ceppa DP, Greenberg JW, Blitzer D, Hicks A, Rieger KM, Birdas TJ. Management of anastomotic leaks following esophagectomy: when to intervene? J Thorac Dis 2019; 11:131-137. [PMID: 30863581 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.12.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Esophagectomy is the mainstay treatment for early stage and locoregionally advanced esophageal cancer. Anastomotic leaks following esophagectomy are associated with numerous detrimental sequelae. The management of anastomotic leaks has evolved over time. The present study is a single-institution experience of esophageal leak management over an 11-year period, in order to identify when these can be managed nonoperatively. Methods All patients undergoing esophagectomy with gastric reconstruction at our institution between 2004 and 2014 were identified. Preoperative patient characteristics and perioperative factors were reviewed. Failure of initial leak treatment was defined as need for escalation of therapy. Length of stay (LOS) and postoperative mortality were the primary outcomes. Follow-up was obtained through institutional medical records and the Social Security Death Index. Results Sixty-one of 692 (8.8%) patients developed an anastomotic leak. Forty-six patients (75.4%) first underwent observation, which was successful in 35 patients. Predictors of successful observation included higher preoperative albumin (P=0.02), leak diagnosed by esophagram (P=0.004), and contained leaks (P=0.01). Successful observation was associated with shorter LOS (P=0.001). Predictors of mortality included lower preoperative serum albumin (P=0.01) and induction therapy (P=0.03). Thirty and 90-day mortality among patients who developed an anastomotic leak were 9.8% and 16.7%, respectively. Conclusions Over half of anastomotic leaks were managed successfully with observation alone and did not require additional interventions. We have identified factors that may predict successful therapy with observation in these patients. Further research is warranted to determine more timely interventions for patients likely to fail conservative management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Manghelli
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, USA
| | - DuyKhanh P Ceppa
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Jason W Greenberg
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, USA
| | - David Blitzer
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Adam Hicks
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Karen M Rieger
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Thomas J Birdas
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine; Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, USA
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Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Liu W, Wang J, Liu G, Li C, Ding W. Practice of cervical end-esophageal exteriorization in patients with severe intrathoracic anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy. J Int Med Res 2018; 46:5090-5098. [PMID: 30088426 PMCID: PMC6300953 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518790405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to summarize the clinical experience of severe intrathoracic anastomotic leakage encountered in clinical practice by using cervical end-esophageal exteriorization. Methods We undertook a retrospective review of four patients who developed severe anastomotic leakage after subtotal esophagectomy at our department. Four patients with a life-threatening condition and failed conservative management were re-operated on from the original incision using an exteriorized cervical end-esophageal gastric conduit. We returned the gastric conduit to the abdomen and placed a feeding jejunostomy or gastrostomy catheter. Until inflammation was controlled, we re-established intestinal continuity with the gastric or colon conduit, pulled up to the neck by a retrosternal channel. Results Four patients with esophagectomy and severe intrathoracic anastomotic leakage underwent re-operation. The gastric conduit was returned to the abdomen and cervical end-esophageal exteriorization was performed. Inflammation was rapidly controlled after surgery. Three patients received a second re-operation to re-establish intestinal continuity on days 63, 63, and 16 after the first re-operation. One patient refused re-operation to re-establish intestinal continuity. All four patients survived. Conclusion Cervical end-esophageal exteriorization in patients with severe intrathoracic anastomotic leakage results in rapid control of inflammation. This creates an opportunity to re-establish gastrointestinal continuity, leading to survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- 1 Department of Tumor Chemotherapy, Tumor Hospital of Wuwei, Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Yanshan Zhang
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Yinguo Zhang
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Wenling Liu
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Jihong Wang
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Guowei Liu
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Chao Li
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Wuwei, Gansu, China
| | - Wanshen Ding
- 2 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tumor Hospital of Wuwei, Gansu, China
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Hagens ERC, Anderegg MCJ, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Gisbertz SS. International Survey on the Management of Anastomotic Leakage After Esophageal Resection. Ann Thorac Surg 2018; 106:1702-1708. [PMID: 29883644 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic leakage is one of the most severe complications following esophageal surgery, leading to significant morbidity, prolonged hospital stay, considerable costs, decreased quality of life, and increased mortality. Management of anastomotic leakage is complicated and has currently not been standardized. The objective of this research is to gain insight into the different opinions on anastomotic leakage management among upper gastrointestinal surgeons and verify the need for diagnostic and treatment guidelines. METHODS Surgeons with interest in esophageal surgery were invited to participate in an international online questionnaire. The survey consisted of questions pertaining to the surgeons' experience, operation techniques, management routine, and opinion on future international guidelines on the treatment of anastomotic leakage. RESULTS Of the 331 invited surgeons, 40% participated in the survey. Among the 129 responders, 90.7% use laboratory diagnostics and 62.8% use imaging or endoscopy postoperatively on a routine basis to detect anastomotic leakage. In case of suspected anastomotic leakage, the most chosen diagnostic imaging modalities were computed tomography scan (35.7%) or dynamic swallow investigation (33.3%). Independent from the clinical manifestations, participants of this survey treat patients very differently. More than 70% of the responders agreed that there is a need for diagnostic and therapeutic international guidelines on anastomotic leakage management. CONCLUSIONS This survey shows that there is no standardized guideline for diagnostic workup or management of anastomotic leakage and that there is a need for an international guideline regarding the optimal management of anastomotic leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza R C Hagens
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten C J Anderegg
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Suzanne S Gisbertz
- Department of Surgery, Academic Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Shoji Y, Takeuchi H, Fukuda K, Nakamura R, Wada N, Kawakubo H, Kitagawa Y. Air Bubble Sign: A New Screening Method for Anastomotic Leakage After Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2018; 25:1061-1068. [PMID: 29318416 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-017-6327-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast esophagography often is performed to screen for anastomotic leakage (AL) after esophagectomy. However, its sensitivity remains low. Adverse events also have been reported. This report describes a new screening method to detect AL on computed tomography (CT) after esophagectomy. METHODS From January 2012 to December 2015, 185 patients with esophageal cancer underwent surgical resection at the authors' institution. The study comparatively reviewed patient characteristics, surgical outcomes, and findings from postoperative CT images and contrast esophagrams of 142 patients who underwent esophagectomy followed by primary gastric conduit reconstruction through a posterior mediastinum route. RESULTS In this study, 24 patients (15.5%) had AL (leakage-positive group), and 120 patients (84.5%) did not (leakage-negative group). Both groups had comparable backgrounds. The number of air bubbles around the anastomotic site and the mediastinal space on postoperative CT images were significantly greater in the leakage-positive group than in the leakage-negative group. The cutoff value for the number of air bubbles required for a positive diagnosis of AL ("air bubble sign") was calculated to be 3 by receiver operating characteristic curve. Compared with contrast esophagography, the air bubble sign on CT demonstrated a significantly higher sensitivity (86.4 vs. 50.0%) and an equivalent specificity (95.8 vs. 100.0%). Contrast esophagography altered the postoperative management of only five patients (3.5%). CONCLUSIONS A positive air bubble sign on CT is an objective and noninvasive screening method for AL after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer and may replace contrast esophagography as a screening test for AL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Shoji
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroya Takeuchi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Kazumasa Fukuda
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rieko Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihito Wada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kawakubo
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Kitagawa
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Schaible A, Brenner T, Hinz U, Schmidt T, Weigand M, Sauer P, Büchler MW, Ulrich A. Significant decrease of mortality due to anastomotic leaks following esophageal resection: management makes the difference. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2017; 402:1167-1173. [PMID: 28975494 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-017-1626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Anastomotic leakage is the most frequent cause of postoperative mortality following esophageal surgery. However, no gold standard for diagnosing and managing leakage has been established. Continuous clinical judgment is extremely important; therefore, to optimize the management of leakage, we established a special group for decision-making in cases of suspected leakage in the early postoperative period. METHODS Between January 2010 and December 2016, 234 consecutive patients underwent elective esophageal resection with a thoracoabdominal incision. In 2014, we established a group consisting of a surgeon, surgical endoscopist, and anesthesiologist for decision-making in cases of suspected leakage. They discussed emerging problems and decided on further diagnostics or therapy. The data were documented prospectively and compared to the years prior to 2014. RESULTS Two hundred and thirty-four consecutive patients were enrolled in the study, 110 in the years 2010-2013 (group A), and 124 in the years 2014-2016 (group B). Neither patients' characteristics nor the rate of anastomotic leakage differed significantly between the two study groups. The hospital mortality rate was 10% (11 patients) in group A and 4.8% (six patients) in group B. Most interestingly, mortality due to anastomotic leakage was 35% in group A (9/26), whereas it decreased significantly to 6.5% (2/31 patients) (P < 0.001) in group B. CONCLUSIONS Our data clearly demonstrated that optimizing the management of anastomotic leakage by making team decisions can lead to a significant decrease in mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schaible
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thorsten Brenner
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulf Hinz
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Weigand
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Sauer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus W Büchler
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of General Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Rodrigues-Pinto E, Pereira P, Ribeiro A, Moutinho-Ribeiro P, Lopes S, Macedo G. Self-expanding metal stents in postoperative esophageal leaks. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2017; 108:133-7. [PMID: 26786230 DOI: 10.17235/reed.2016.3987/2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative esophageal leaks have a high morbidity and mortality. Self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) have been used as an alternative to re-operation. AIM Evaluating predictors of success of SEMS in postoperative esophageal leaks. METHODS Retrospective study of patients with postoperative esophageal leaks referred for SEMS placement in a reference center during a period of 3 years. Technical success was defined as closure of the leak in barium swallow at 15 days. Clinical success was considered as endoscopic and/or radiographic confirmation of closure after stent removal. RESULTS Thirteen patients placed SEMS. Median follow-up was 58 days. Leaks had a median size of 20 mm. Time between surgery and SEMS placement was 20 days. One patient died 2 days after SEMS placement and one had worsening of the fistula after SEMS expansion. Time till stent migration was 9 days. Technical success was achieved in 9 of 11 patients, with clinical success without recurrence in 5 patients. All leaks with less than 20 mm were solved endoscopically. Technical and clinical success was higher when time between surgery and SEMS placement was lower, even though without statistical significance (respectively, p = 0.228 and 0.374). In the 8 patients who died during follow-up, median survival was 59 days. CONCLUSIONS Technical success of SEMS was higher than 80%; however, due to high morbidity and mortality, only 45% of patients had their stent removed. Lower time from diagnosis to SEMS placement and leak size less than 20 mm may be associated with better results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Pereira
- Gastroenterology, Centro Hospital São João, Portugal
| | | | | | - Susana Lopes
- Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar S. João, Portugal
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Endoskopische Vakuumtherapie bei Ösophagusläsionen. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HERZ THORAX UND GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-016-0069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Schaible A, Ulrich A, Hinz U, Büchler MW, Sauer P. Role of endoscopy to predict a leak after esophagectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2016; 401:805-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00423-016-1486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
The management of conduit necrosis during or after esophagectomy requires the assembly of a multidisciplinary team to manage nutrition, sepsis, intravenous access, reconstruction, and recovery. Reconstruction is most often performed as a staged procedure. The initial surgery is likely to involve esophageal diversion onto the chest where possible, making an effort to preserve esophageal length. Optimization of patients before reconstruction enhances outcomes following reconstruction with either jejunum or colon after gastric conduit failure. Maintaining enteral access for feeding at all times is imperative. Management of patients should be performed at high-volume esophageal centers performing regular reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Dickinson
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, MA-12-00-1, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Shanda H Blackmon
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, MA-12-00-1, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Guo J, Chu X, Liu Y, Zhou N, Ma Y, Liang C. Choice of therapeutic strategies in intrathoracic anastomotic leak following esophagectomy. World J Surg Oncol 2014; 12:402. [PMID: 25547979 PMCID: PMC4320535 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7819-12-402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to analyze our experience with management of intrathoracic anastomotic leak after esophagectomy. Methods Clinical data from 33 patients who developed intrathoracic anastomotic leak were evaluated retrospectively. These patients were selected from 1867 patients undergoing resection carcinoma of the esophagus and reconstruction between January 2003 and December 2012. Results Surgical intervention and the reformed “three-tube method” were applied in 13 and 20 patients, respectively. The overall incidence of intrathoracic anastomotic leakage was 1.8%. The median time interval from esophagectomy to diagnosis of leak was 9.7 days. Sixteen patients were confirmed as having leakage by oral contrast computed tomography (CT). Age and interval from surgery to diagnosis of leak were identified as statistically significant parameters between contained and uncontained groups. Moreover, patients with hypoalbuminemia had a longer time to leak closure than patients without hypoalbuminemia. Six patients died from intrathoracic anastomotic leak, with a mortality rate of 18.2%. There was no statistically significant difference in the time to leak closure between patients who underwent surgical exploration and those who received conservative treatment. Conclusions Intrathoracic anastomotic leak after esophagectomy was associated with significant mortality. Once intrathoracic anastomotic leakage following esophagectomy was diagnosed or highly suspected, individualized management strategies should be implemented according to the size of the leak, extent of the abscess, and status of the patient. In the majority of patients with anastomotic leak, we preferred the strategy of conservative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Chaoyang Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, PLA General Hospital, 28# Fuxing Street, Beijing, China.
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Mennigen R, Senninger N, Laukoetter MG. Novel treatment options for perforations of the upper gastrointestinal tract: Endoscopic vacuum therapy and over-the-scope clips. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7767-7776. [PMID: 24976714 PMCID: PMC4069305 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic management of leakages and perforations of the upper gastrointestinal tract has gained great importance as it avoids the morbidity and mortality of surgical intervention. In the past years, covered self-expanding metal stents were the mainstay of endoscopic therapy. However, two new techniques are now available that enlarge the possibilities of defect closure: endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT), and over-the-scope clip (OTSC). EVT is performed by mounting a polyurethane sponge on a gastric tube and placing it into the leakage. Continuous suction is applied via the tube resulting in effective drainage of the cavity and the induction of wound healing, comparable to the application of vacuum therapy in cutaneous wounds. The system is changed every 3-5 d. The overall success rate of EVT in the literature ranges from 84% to 100%, with a mean of 90%; only few complications have been reported. OTSCs are loaded on a transparent cap which is mounted on the tip of a standard endoscope. By bringing the edges of the perforation into the cap, by suction or by dedicated devices, such as anchor or twin grasper, the OTSC can be placed to close the perforation. For acute endoscopy associated perforations, the mean success rate is 90% (range: 70%-100%). For other types of perforations (postoperative, other chronic leaks and fistulas) success rates are somewhat lower (68%, and 59%, respectively). Only few complications have been reported. Although first reports are promising, further studies are needed to define the exact role of EVT and OTSC in treatment algorithms of upper gastrointestinal perforations.
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Cools-Lartigue J, Andalib A, Abo-Alsaud A, Gowing S, Nguyen M, Mulder D, Ferri L. Routine contrast esophagram has minimal impact on the postoperative management of patients undergoing esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21:2573-9. [PMID: 24682648 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3654-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Routine contrast esophagram is frequently performed after esophagectomy in order to detect occult anastomotic leak (AL). This modality has a low sensitivity, and its routine use has been called into question. Accordingly, we sought to demonstrate the clinical impact of routine contrast esophagography in the management of patients undergoing esophagectomy for malignant disease. METHODS All patients undergoing esophagectomy from 2005 to 2011 for malignancy at a North American University hospital were identified from a prospectively collected database. Barium esophagram (BE) was performed within the first week postoperatively. Patients were dichotomized according to whether they had an AL, and the sensitivity and specificity of BE was determined. The clinical impact of the BE result, defined as cessation of enteral feeding, additional interventions, or delay in discharge, was determined. RESULTS Overall, 221 patients underwent esophagectomy. Thirty (13.6 %) developed an AL, of which 10 (30 %) had a positive BE, 12 (40 %) had a negative BE, and 8 (26.7 %) had no BE and were diagnosed clinically (1/8), by computed tomography (CT) (3/8), endoscopically (3/8), or at reoperation (1/7). AL in patients with a negative BE was confirmed clinically (4/12), by CT (6/12), endoscopically (1/12), or at reoperation (1/12). The sensitivity and specificity of BE was 45.5 and 97.8 %, respectively. BE altered postoperative management in 8/221 (3.6 %) patients, with 5/221 (2.3 %) undergoing therapeutic intervention. Conversely, 3/221 (1.4 %) patients demonstrated clinically insignificant AL, delaying discharge and feeding without intervention. CONCLUSION Contrast esophagram is not an effective screening modality for AL when employed routinely following esophagectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Cools-Lartigue
- Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Radiologic versus endoscopic evaluation of the conduit after esophageal resection: a prospective, blinded, intraindividually controlled diagnostic study. Surg Endosc 2014; 28:2078-85. [PMID: 24519029 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-014-3435-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic leakage is a major complication in esophageal surgery. Although contrast swallow is performed by many surgical centers before reintroduction of oral intake to exclude anastomotic leakage postoperatively, endoscopy is increasingly used in this situation and may be superior. This study compares radiographic contrast study and endoscopy for the identification of local complications after subtotal esophagectomy. METHODS Between January 2006 and September 2007, a prospective, blinded, intraindividually controlled study was conducted in patients who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy due to esophageal cancer. A radiographic contrast study was performed prior to endoscopy on postoperative day 5-7. Technical feasibility, sensitivity, and specificity of the radiologic and endoscopic evaluations of the esophageal substitute were described. RESULTS Radiographic contrast study was possible in only 64% of the patients (35 of 55). The contrast study could not be performed in 20 patients due to contraindications or mechanical ventilation. Endoscopy could be performed in all patients (p < 0.001). Pathologic findings were detected in 13 patients by endoscopy but in only 1 patient by contrast swallow. Leakage of the anastomosis or the conduit was correctly detected in 7 patients by endoscopy but in only 1 patient by contrast swallow (p = 0.01). Endoscopy detected focal conduit necrosis or ischemia in six additional patients. Contrast studies showed false-positive results in two patients. Both sensitivity and specificity of endoscopy were 100%, while sensitivity and specificity of the contrast study were only 20 and 94%. No complications resulted from postoperative endoscopy or radiologic imaging. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic evaluation of the esophageal substitute in the early postoperative course is possible in all patients without complications. Endoscopy is superior to the contrast study in detecting pathological findings after esophageal reconstruction. Radiologic contrast swallow in the early postoperative days is often not possible, has no further relevance, and should be replaced by endoscopic evaluation.
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Selective decontamination of the digestive tract in gastrointestinal surgery: useful in infection prevention? A systematic review. J Gastrointest Surg 2013; 17:2172-8. [PMID: 24114683 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-013-2379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal surgery is associated with a high incidence of infectious complications. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract is an antimicrobial prophylaxis regimen that aims to eradicate gastrointestinal carriage of potentially pathogenic microorganisms and represents an adjunct to regular prophylaxis in surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS Relevant studies were identified using bibliographic searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database (period from 1970 to November 1, 2012). Only studies investigating selective decontamination of the digestive tract in gastrointestinal surgery were included. RESULTS Two randomized clinical trials and one retrospective case-control trial showed significant benefit in terms of infectious complications and anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery. Two randomized controlled trials in esophageal surgery and two randomized clinical trials in gastric surgery reported lower levels of infectious complications. CONCLUSION Selective decontamination of the digestive tract reduces infections following esophageal, gastric, and colorectal surgeries and also appears to have beneficial effects on anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery. We believe these results provide the basis for a large multicenter prospective study to investigate the role of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in colorectal surgery.
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Saira Chowdhury, Orla Hynes. Nutrition in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer. Nutr Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118788707.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schniewind B, Schafmayer C, Voehrs G, Egberts J, von Schoenfels W, Rose T, Kurdow R, Arlt A, Ellrichmann M, Jürgensen C, Schreiber S, Becker T, Hampe J. Endoscopic endoluminal vacuum therapy is superior to other regimens in managing anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy: a comparative retrospective study. Surg Endosc 2013; 27:3883-90. [PMID: 23708716 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-013-2998-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy is a life-threatening complication. No comparative outcome analyses for the different treatment regimens are yet available. METHODS In a single-center study, data from all esophagectomy patients from January 1995 to January 2012, including tumor characteristics, surgical procedure, postoperative anastomotic leakage, leakage therapy regimens, APACHE II scores, and mortality, were collected, and predictors of patient survival after anastomotic leakage were analyzed. RESULTS Among 366 resected patients, 62 patients (16 %) developed an anastomotic leak, 16 (26 %) of whom died. Therapy regimens included surgical revision (n = 18), endoscopic endoluminal vacuum therapy (n = 17), endoscopic stent application (n = 12), and conservative management (n = 15). APACHE II score at the initiation of treatment for leakage was the strongest predictor of in-hospital mortality (p < 0.0017). Conservatively managed patients showed mild systemic illness (mean APACHE II score 5) and no mortality. In systemically ill patients matched for APACHE II scores (mean, 14.4), endoscopic endoluminal vacuum therapy patients had lower mortality (12 %) compared to surgically treated (50 %, p = 0.01) cases and patients managed by stent placement (83 %, p = 00014, log rank test). No other clinical or laboratory parameters significantly influenced patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic endoluminal vacuum therapy was the best treatment of anastomotic leakage in systemically ill patients after esophagectomy in this retrospective analysis. It should therefore be considered an important instrument in the management of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Schniewind
- Department of General and Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Strasse 3 (Haus 18), 24105, Kiel, Germany,
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Werner J, Sauer P. Nahtinsuffizienz intestinaler Anastomosen: Endoskopische und laparoskopische Therapieoptionen. Visc Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1159/000348266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
<b><i>Hintergrund: </i></b>Anastomoseninsuffizienzen stellen die schwerwiegendste septische Komplikation nach viszeralchirurgischen Eingriffen dar. Neben der chirurgischen Therapie sind zunehmend endoskopische Behandlungsoptionen möglich. <b><i>Methode: </i></b>Literaturübersicht. <b><i>Ergebnisse: </i></b>Therapieoptionen von Anastomoseninsuffizienzen sind abhängig von der klinischen Symptomatik, der Art der Anastomose, der Defektgröße, den lokalen Gewebeverhältnissen sowie dem Zeitpunkt der Diagnose. Bei einer Nekrose oder Minderdurchblutung der Viszeralorgane müssen diese operativ reseziert werden. Prinzipiell sind alle operativen Revisionseingriffe auch laparoskopisch durchführbar. Bei erhaltener Gewebeperfusion können die Leckagen lokal übernäht oder endoskopisch verschlossen werden. Die Ergebnisse für die Stenttherapie nach Ösophagus- und Magenresektionen sind für moderne Stents sehr Erfolg versprechend. Im Gegensatz dazu sind die Ergebnisse der endoskopischen Stenttherapie bei Insuffizienz nach kolorektalen Eingriffen enttäuschend; dafür steht hier mit der Schwammtherapie eine vielversprechende endoskopische Alternative zur Verfügung. <b><i>Schlussfolgerung: </i></b>Die aktuellen Daten zeigen, dass neue laparoskopische und endoskopische Optionen zur Therapie von Anastomoseninsuffizienzen bestehen, die jedoch noch in prospektiven und randomisierten Studien evaluiert werden müssen.
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Endoscopic vacuum therapy of anastomotic leakage and iatrogenic perforation in the esophagus. Surg Endosc 2012; 27:2040-5. [PMID: 23247743 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-012-2707-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of anastomotic leakage and iatrogenic esophageal perforation has shifted over recent decades from aggressive surgery to conservative and, recently, endoscopic therapy alternatives. The authors present their results for endoscopic vacuum therapy used to treat both entities. METHODS In the authors' institution, 17 cases of anastomotic leakage and 7 cases of iatrogenic perforation due to interventional endoscopy or rigid panendoscopy with either intraluminal or intracavitary endoscopic vacuum therapy were treated. RESULTS In 23 of 24 cases, the endoscopic treatment was successful. The median duration of therapy was 11 days (range, 4-46 days). All 7 cases of iatrogenic perforation and 16 of 17 anastomotic leakage cases were cured after a median therapy duration of 5 and 12 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic vacuum therapy is applicable for a wide range of esophageal defects. In the authors' experience, it has seemed to be the best choice for iatrogenic perforations and has been a potent supplement in the management of anastomotic leakages.
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Pathak D, Pennefather SH, Russell GN, Al Rawi O, Dave I, Gilby S, Page RD. Phenylephrine infusion improves blood flow to the stomach during oesophagectomy in the presence of a thoracic epidural analgesia. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2012; 44:130-3. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of endoscopy in diagnosing anastomotic leaks after esophagectomy. METHODS One hundred consecutive postesophagectomy patients, all having reconstruction using the stomach, underwent endoscopy in the first week after operation. The anastomosis and gastric mucosa were examined for evidence of ischemia, necrosis, and leak. RESULTS There was no evidence that the procedure caused damage to the anastomosis or gastric conduit. The results of 79 examinations were normal, 15 showed gastric ischemia, 2 showed a leak, and 4 showed ischemia plus leakage. The 15 patients with ischemia alone were monitored with a repeat endoscopy after a further week: a late leak developed in 1 patient that was diagnosed at the second examination. No further leaks developed subsequently, making endoscopy 100% accurate in the diagnosis of leaks after esophagectomy. CONCLUSIONS Esophagoscopy within 1 week of esophagectomy is a safe and highly accurate method of diagnosing leaks and provides unique information on the condition of the stomach. We believe it allows a more targeted approach to patient care in the context of anastomotic healing and in the treatment of leaks.
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Elbe P, Lindblad M, Tsai J, Juto JE, Henriksson G, Agustsson T, Lundell L, Nilsson M. Non-malignant respiratory tract fistula from the oesophagus. A lethal condition for which novel therapeutic options are emerging. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2012. [PMID: 23184563 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivs478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fistulas between the oesophagus and the respiratory tract can occur as a complication to anastomotic dehiscence after oesophageal resection, without any signs of local residual tumour growth. Other causes that are, by definition, benign may rarely prevail. The traditional therapeutic approach is to divert the proximal portion of the oesophagus and transpose the conduit into the abdominal cavity. With the introduction and development of self-expandable metal stents (SEMS), new therapeutic options have emerged for these severe complications. We have evaluated our stent-based strategy for managing these life-threatening situations. METHODS At Karolinska University Hospital, all patients admitted with an oesophago-respiratory fistula during the period 2003-2011 followed a stent-based strategy. On clinical suspicion, a prompt computed tomography scan was performed with contrast ingestion, to visualize the status of the anastomosis and the potential communications. Often an endoscopy was done to assess the oesophagus and the conduit. The respiratory tree was inspected through a concomitant bronchoscopy. The double-stent strategy presently applied meant that covered self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) were applied on the alimentary and airway sides to adequately cover the fistula orifice on both sides. The subsequent clinical course determined the ensuing therapeutic strategy. RESULTS During the study period, 17 cases with oesophago-respiratory fistulas were treated at our unit, of which 13 exhibited fistulation following an oesophageal resection due to cancer and 4 cases had a benign underlying disease. The cancer patients did not show any obvious demographic profile when it came to the cancer sub-location, histological type of cancer, or treatment with neoadjuvant chemo- and radiochemotherapy. There was an equal distribution between hand-sutured and stapled anastomoses. In 10 of the cases, the anastomoses were located in the upper right chest; the remainder in the neck, and all reconstructions were carried out by a tubulized stomach. The diagnosis of the fistula tract between the anastomotic area and the respiratory tract was attained on the 15th postoperative day (median), with a range from 5 to 24 days. CONCLUSIONS When an oesophago-respiratory fistula is diagnosed, even in a situation where no neoplastic tissue is prevailing, attempts should be made to close the fistula tract by SEMS from both directions, i.e. from the oesophageal as well as the respiratory side. By this means, a majority of these patients can be initially managed conservatively with prospects of a successful outcome, although virtually all will eventually require a single-stage resection and reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Elbe
- Division of Surgery, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
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Kuehn F, Schiffmann L, Rau BM, Klar E. Surgical endoscopic vacuum therapy for anastomotic leakage and perforation of the upper gastrointestinal tract. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:2145-50. [PMID: 22948839 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-012-2014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emergency operations for perforations and anastomotic leakage of the upper gastrointestinal tract are associated with a high overall morbidity and mortality rate. An endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) has been established successfully for anastomotic leakage after rectal resection but only limited data exist for EVT of the upper GI tract. METHODS We report on a series of nine patients treated with EVT for defects of the upper intestinal tract between March 2011 and May 2012. In four patients, initial endoscopic sponge placement was performed in combination with open surgical revision. Median follow-up was 189 (range, 51-366) days. RESULTS In total, 52 vacuum sponges were placed in upper GI defects of nine patients. Indication for EVT were anastomotic leakage after esophageal resection or gastrectomy (n = 5) and iatrogenic or spontaneous esophageal perforations (n = 4). The mean number of sponge insertions was six (range, 1-13) with a mean changing interval of 3.5 days (range, 2-5). A successful vacuum therapy for upper intestinal defects was achieved in eight of nine patients (89 %). CONCLUSION EVT is a promising approach for postoperative, iatrogenic, or spontaneous lesions of the upper GI tract. If necessary the endoscopic procedure can be combined with operative revision for better control of the local septic focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kuehn
- Department of General, Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, University of Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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Tang H, Xue L, Hong J, Tao X, Xu Z, Wu B. A method for early diagnosis and treatment of intrathoracic esophageal anastomotic leakage: prophylactic placement of a drainage tube adjacent to the anastomosis. J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 16:722-7. [PMID: 22125174 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anastomotic leakage is a severe complication after esophagectomy, which results in high mortality and morbidity. In this study, we will preset a drainage tube adjacent to the anastomosis and evaluate its effect in the diagnosis and treatment of anastomotic leakage. METHOD We undertook a retrospective review of 414 patients who underwent partial esophageal resection or cardia resection with intrathoracic esophagogastric anastomosis. The patients were divided into two groups (Tube group and no-tube group) according to whether a drainage tube was placed adjacent to the anastomotic stoma during the surgical procedure. The leakage rate, time to diagnosis, time to flush, time to recovery, and patient outcome were analyzed. RESULT The leakage rate in the tube group was 5.35% (6/112) while it was 3.64% (11/302) in the no-tube group. The total mortality among patients with anastomotic leakage was 29.41%. In the tube group, all the patients were definitively diagnosed the same day on which suspicion of leakage occurs while the patients in the no-tube group required further examination to diagnose. In the no-tube group, the patients required placement of a drainage tube with the help of computed tomography or ultrasonic examination while there was no need for further procedures in the tube group. The days to flush and recovery in the tube group were 23.4 ± 5.94 and 32.2 ± 10.84, respectively, while, in the no-tube group, it was 80.71 ± 48.41 and 98.14 ± 56.24 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In conclusion, prophylactic implantation of a drainage tube adjacent to the esophageal anastomosis is a good method for rapid diagnosis and treatment of leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, No.415 Fengyang Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, 200003, China
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Nguyen NT, Rudersdorf PD, Smith BR, Reavis K, Nguyen XMT, Stamos MJ. Management of gastrointestinal leaks after minimally invasive esophagectomy: conventional treatments vs. endoscopic stenting. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15:1952-60. [PMID: 21904963 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1658-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastrointestinal leak is a dreaded complication after esophagectomy. Conventional treatments for leak include conservative therapy, surgical reoperation, and even complete gastrointestinal (GI) diversion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of endoluminal stenting in the management of esophagogastric leak after esophagectomy. METHODS Data on 18 (11.3%) of 160 patients who developed postoperative leaks after minimally invasive esophagectomy were reviewed. Indications for esophagectomy included carcinoma (n = 14), Barrett's with high-grade dysplasia (n = 3), and benign stricture (n = 1). Neoadjuvant therapy was used in 57.1% of patients with carcinoma. The first nine patients underwent conventional treatments for leak whereas the latter nine patients underwent endoscopic esophageal covered stenting as primary therapy. There were 5 cervical and 13 intrathoracic anastomotic leaks. Main outcome measures included patient characteristics, types of treatment, length of hospital stay, morbidity, and mortality. RESULTS Subjects were 16 males and 2 females with a mean age of 66 years. In the conventional treatment group, leaks were treated with neck drainage (n = 4), GI diversion (n = 2), and thoracoscopic drainage with or without repair or T-tube placement (n = 3). In the endoscopy group, all leaks were treated with endoscopic covered stenting with or without percutaneous drainage (n = 9). Control of leaks occurred in 89% of patients in the conventional treatment group vs. 100% of patients in the endoscopic stenting group. Three patients in the conventional treatment group (33%) required esophageal diversion compared to none of the patients in the endoscopy group. The 60-day or in-hospital mortality was 0% for both groups. CONCLUSION In our clinical practice, there has been a shift in the management of esophagogastric anastomotic leaks to nonsurgical therapy using endoscopic esophageal covered stenting. Endoluminal stenting is a safe and effective alternative in the management of GI leaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninh T Nguyen
- Department of Surgery, University of California Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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End-to-end versus end-to-side esophagogastrostomy after esophageal cancer resection: a prospective randomized study. Ann Surg 2011; 254:226-33. [PMID: 21725230 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31822676a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare single-layered hand-sewn cervical end-to-side (ETS) anastomosis with end-to-end (ETE) anastomosis in a prospective randomized fashion. BACKGROUND The preferred organ used for reconstruction after esophagectomy for cancer is the stomach. Previous studies attempted to define the optimal site of anastomosis and anastomotic techniques. However, anastomotic stricture formation and leakage still remain an important clinical problem. METHODS From May 2005 to September 2007, 128 patients (64 in each group) were randomized between ETE and ETS anastomosis after esophagectomy for cancer with gastric tube reconstruction. Routine contrast swallow studies and endoscopy were performed. Anastomotic stricture within 1 year, requiring dilatation, was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints were anastomotic leak rate and mortality. RESULTS Ninety-nine men and 29 women underwent esophagectomy and gastric tube reconstruction. Benign stenosis of the anastomosis, for which dilatation was required, occurred more often in the ETE group (40% vs. ETS 18%, P < 0.01) after 1 year of follow-up. The overall (clinical and radiological) anastomotic leak rate was lower in the ETE group (22% vs. ETS 41%, P = 0.04). Patients with an ETE anastomosis suffered less often from pneumonia; 17% versus ETS 44%, P = 0.002 and had subsequently significantly shorter in-hospital stay (15 days vs. 22 days, P = 0.02). In-hospital mortality did not differ between both groups. CONCLUSION ETS anastomosis is associated with a lower anastomotic stricture rate, compared to ETE anastomosis. However, prevention of stricture formation was at high costs with increased anastomotic leakage and longer in-hospital stay. This study is registered with the Dutch Trial Registry and carries the ID number OND1317772.
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D'Cunha J, Rueth NM, Groth SS, Maddaus MA, Andrade RS. Esophageal stents for anastomotic leaks and perforations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 142:39-46.e1. [PMID: 21683837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intrathoracic esophageal anastomotic leaks and perforations are very morbid and challenging problems. Esophageal stents are increasingly playing an integral role in the management of these patients. Our objective was to report our experience with esophageal stent placement for anastomotic leaks and perforations and to provide a treatment algorithm. METHODS We performed a review of patients with stent placement for esophagogastric anastomotic leaks or esophageal perforation from March 2005 to August 2009. A prospective database was used to collect data. Success was defined as endoscopic defect closure, negative esophagram, and resumption of oral intake. Failure was defined as no change in leak size or clinical signs of ongoing infection. We collected and analyzed patient demographics, diagnosis, clinical history, and poststent outcomes using descriptive statistics. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients underwent esophageal stent placement for anastomotic leaks (n = 22) and perforations (n = 15). The median time from original procedure to diagnosis of leak or perforation was 6 days (0-420 days). Nineteen patients (51%) had 21 associated procedures for source control. We placed 94 stents (mean = 2.7 stents/patient); 16 patients (43%) required more than 1 stenting procedure (mean = 1.8 procedures/patient). The median time to restoration of esophageal integrity was 33 days (7-120 days). There were 22 successes (59%); 2 failures were secondary to undrained abscess. Only 2 failures occurred in the last 15 patients (88% success). Strictures did not develop in any patients. Serious complications occurred in 3 patients (stent erosion, leak enlargement, fatal gastroaortic fistula). CONCLUSIONS Esophageal stents can potentially play an integral role in the management of anastomotic leaks and perforations. Success depends on appropriate procedures for source control and surgeon experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D'Cunha
- Division of Thoracic and Foregut Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn 55455, USA.
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Williams RN, Hall AW, Sutton CD, Ubhi SS, Bowrey DJ. Management of esophageal perforation and anastomotic leak by transluminal drainage. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15:777-81. [PMID: 21360206 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1472-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The management of esophageal perforations and leaks remains a challenge. Although there are broad management principles, each situation may require a different surgical approach. The aim of this report was to describe the management of these esophageal crises by transluminal drainage via a transabdominal approach. METHODS Between 2005 and 2009, patients with anastomotic or gastric staple line leak (n = 4) or esophageal perforation (n = 2) underwent transabdominal surgery and transluminal drainage. This simple technique has, to the best of our knowledge, not been previously reported. RESULTS All six patients survived. The median intensive care unit and hospital stays were 12 days (range 0-32) and 63 days (range 32-99), respectively. At a median follow-up time of 25 months (range 15-60), five of the six patients remain alive and well. One patient with node positive esophageal carcinoma has died from relapsed disease. CONCLUSIONS Transabdominal transluminal drainage should be added to the list of potential techniques that can be employed in management of esophageal leaks and perforations. It is a valuable adjunct to the armamentarium of the esophageal surgeon for dealing with these challenging situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Williams
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Level 6 Balmoral Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Infirmary Square, Leicester, LE1 5WW, UK
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Complicaciones de la anastomosis esofagogástrica en la operación de Ivor Lewis. Cir Esp 2011; 89:175-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ciresp.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hu Z, Yin R, Fan X, Zhang Q, Feng C, Yuan F, Chen J, Jiang F, Li N, Xu L. Treatment of intrathoracic anastomotic leak by nose fistula tube drainage after esophagectomy for cancer. Dis Esophagus 2011; 24:100-7. [PMID: 20819102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2050.2010.01102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal anastomotic leak remains a lethal complication after esophagectomy for cancer. The aim of the present study is to describe an effective new management, nose fistula tube drainage (NFTD), to treat postoperative intrathoracic leaks. From July 2003 to August 2009, 41 of 4132 patients (0.99%) requiring transthoracic esophagectomy for esophageal and cardiac carcinoma had developed an intrathoracic esophageal anastomotic leak in our hospital as well as another three patients with similar conditions from other hospitals, excluding three patients with gastric necrosis (two) and tracheo-esophageal fistula (one); 23 patients were treated by NFTD, and the remaining 18 patients were treated by conventional chest tube drainage (CCTD). Clinical records of these patients were reviewed and analyzed, including the healing of the leak, mortality, and morbidity. In the NFTD group, 4 patients (17.4%) died, 1 patient (4.3%) required reoperation, and 18 patients (78.3%) healed. However, in the CCTD group, 3 patients (16.7%) died, 1 patient (5.5%) required reoperation, and 14 patients (77.8%) healed. As compared with the CCTD group, patients of the NFTD group had a shorter intensive care course (11.95 vs 33.62 days, P= 0.01) and hospital stay (39.74 vs 77.54 days, P= 0.02). Although this novel NFTD management did not significantly decrease mortality when compared with CCTD, it could gain more effective drainage than CCTD and eventually shorten hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Hu
- Department of Surgery, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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Weidenhagen R, Hartl WH, Gruetzner KU, Eichhorn ME, Spelsberg F, Jauch KW. Anastomotic leakage after esophageal resection: new treatment options by endoluminal vacuum therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 2010; 90:1674-81. [PMID: 20971288 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anastomotic leakage after esophagectomy is an important determinant of early and late morbidity and mortality. Control of the septic focus is essential when treating patients with anastomotic leakages. Surgical and endoscopic treatment options are limited. METHODS Between 2005 and 2009, we treated 6 patients who experienced an intrathoracic anastomotic leakage after esophageal resection. After all established therapeutic measures had failed, we explored the feasibility of an endoscopically assisted mediastinal vacuum therapy. RESULTS We were able to heal intrathoracic esophageal leakages in all 6 patients without any local complications and without the need for reoperation. One patient died because of a progressive pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS Endoscopic vacuum-assisted closure of anastomotic leakages may help to overcome the limitations that are associated with intermittent endoscopic treatment and conventional drainage therapy. Our preliminary results suggest that this new concept may be suitable for those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Weidenhagen
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Fritscher-Ravens A, Hampe J, Grange P, Holland C, Olagbeye F, Milla P, von Herbay A, Jacobsen B, Seehusen F, Hadeler KG, Mannur K. Clip closure versus endoscopic suturing versus thoracoscopic repair of an iatrogenic esophageal perforation: a randomized, comparative, long-term survival study in a porcine model (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 72:1020-6. [PMID: 21034902 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal full-thickness wall repair is an important but unsolved issue in endoscopy. It is unknown how well endoscopic clip closure (ECC) and endoscopic closure with suturing (ECS) perform compared with the criterion standard of thoracoscopic closure (TC). OBJECTIVE Comparison of technical success, feasibility, long-term patency, complications, and histological quality of the different closure techniques (ECC, ECS, TC) for esophageal perforations. DESIGN Comparative animal study. SETTING Approved animal facility. SUBJECTS Eighteen pigs. INTERVENTIONS Eighteen pigs were randomized, 6 each into 3 groups (ECC, ECS, TC). After endoscopic wall incision and mediastinoscopy, closure was performed by using 1 of the 3 techniques. After 8 to 12 weeks, pre-euthanasia endoscopic, necropsy, histological, and morphometric analyses were performed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT Long-term survival and histological quality of the repair. RESULTS The closure of the esophageal incisions was successful in all pigs. On days 2 and 6, 1 animal died of mediastinitis, 1 in the ECS group because of reflux of gastric contents into the mediastinum before the repair and 1 in the TC group because of leakage of the sutured closure (P = 1.0). No strictures were seen on prenecropsy endoscopy. At necropsy, 1 mediastinal abscess was found in an ECS animal (P = 1.0). Minor complications included periesophageal adhesions and reactive lymph nodes in 3 of 6 (ECC group) and 5 of 6 (TC and ECS groups). Histology showed muscle layer defects up to 12 mm in width and 21 mm in length, with a trend toward smaller defect size of width and length in the ECS group of animals. LIMITATIONS Animal study of limited size. CONCLUSIONS Overall, ECS and ECC performed similarly to TC. ECS showed the smallest histological defects in the long-term repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fritscher-Ravens
- Interdisciplinary Endoscopy, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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