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Tate JE, Cortese MM, Offit PA, Parashar UD. Rotavirus Vaccines. PLOTKIN'S VACCINES 2023:1005-1024.e11. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-79058-1.00053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
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Cui Q, Fu Q, Zhao X, Song X, Yu J, Yang Y, Sun K, Bai L, Tian Y, Chen S, Jia R, Zou Y, Li L, Liang X, He C, Yin L, Ye G, Lv C, Yue G, Yin Z. Protective effects and immunomodulation on piglets infected with rotavirus following resveratrol supplementation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192692. [PMID: 29466421 PMCID: PMC5821335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV), belonging to Reoviridae family, is the leading cause of acute severe viral diarrhea in children (under 5 years old) and infant animals worldwide. Although vaccines are commonly used to prevent infection, episodes of diarrhea caused by RV frequently occur. Thus, this study was conducted to determine whether resveratrol had protective effects against RV infection in piglets. Following pretreatment with resveratrol dry suspension through adding into the basal diet for 3 weeks, the piglets were orally challenged with RV. We found that resveratrol could alleviate diarrhea induced by RV infection. Resveratrol-treatment inhibited the TNF-α production, indicating that the anti-RV activity of resveratrol may be achieved by reducing the inflammatory response. The IFN-γ level was elevated in 10mg/kg/d resveratrol-treated group and 30mg/kg/d resveratrol-treated group after RV infection. The ratios of CD4+/CD8+ in resveratrol-treated groups were the same as that in mock infected group, suggesting that resveratrol could maintain the immune function in RV-infected piglets. It was found that resveratrol could alleviate diarrhea induced by RV infection. These results revealed that resveratrol dry suspension could be a new control measure for RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Cui
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuting Fu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinghong Zhao
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiankang Yu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shufan Chen
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zou
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lixia Li
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Changliang He
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Natural Medicine Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Li JT, Wei J, Guo HX, Han JB, Ye N, He HY, Yu TT, Wu YZ. Development of a human rotavirus induced diarrhea model in Chinese mini-pigs. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7135-7145. [PMID: 27610023 PMCID: PMC4988310 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish a new animal model for the research of human rotavirus (HRV) infection, its pathogenesis and immunity and evaluation of potential vaccines.
METHODS: 5-d, 30-d and 60-d-old Chinese mini-pigs, Guizhou and Bamma, were inoculated with a single oral dose of attenuated strain Wa, G1, G3 of HRV, and PBS (control), respectively, and fecal samples of pigs from 0 to 7 d post infection (DPI) were collected individually. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect HRV antigen in feces. The HRV was tested by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). The sections of the intestinal tissue were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to observe the morphologic variation by microscopy. Immunofluorescence was used to determine the HRV in intestinal tissue. HRV particles in cells of the ileum were observed by electron micrography.
RESULTS: When inoculated with HRV, mini-pigs younger than 30 d developed diarrhea in an age-dependent manner and shed HRV antigen of the same inoculum, as demonstrated by RT-PCR. Histopathological changes were observed in HRV inoculated mini-pigs including small intestinal cell tumefaction and necrosis. HRV that was distributed in the small intestine was restricted to the top part of the villi on the internal wall of the ileum, which was observed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Virus particles were observed in Golgi like follicles in HRV-infected neonatal mini-pigs. Guizhou mini-pigs were more sensitive to HRV than Bamma with respect to RV antigen shedding and clinical diarrhea.
CONCLUSION: These results indicate that we have established a mini-pig model of HRV induced diarrhea. Our findings are useful for the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of HRV infection.
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Yang X, Twitchell E, Li G, Wen K, Weiss M, Kocher J, Lei S, Ramesh A, Ryan EP, Yuan L. High protective efficacy of rice bran against human rotavirus diarrhea via enhancing probiotic growth, gut barrier function, and innate immunity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15004. [PMID: 26459937 PMCID: PMC4602212 DOI: 10.1038/srep15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that rice bran (RB) was able to reduce human rotavirus (HRV) diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs. Here, we investigated its effect on the growth of diarrhea-reducing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Escherichia coli Nissle (EcN), and the resulting effects on HRV diarrhea, gut epithelial health, permeability and innate immune responses during virulent HRV challenge. On 3, 5, and 7 days of age pigs were inoculated with 2 × 104 colony-forming-units LGG+EcN to initiate colonization. Daily RB supplementation (replacing 10% calorie intake) was started at 5 days of age and continued until euthanasia. A subset of pigs in each group was challenged orally with 105 focus-forming-units of virulent HRV at 33 days of age. RB completely prevented HRV diarrhea in LGG+EcN colonized pigs. RB significantly promoted the growth of both probiotic strains in the gut (~5 logs) and increased the body-weight-gain at 4–5 weeks of age compared to non-RB group. After HRV challenge, RB-fed pigs had significantly lower ileal mitotic index and villus width, and significantly increased intestinal IFN-γ and total IgA levels compared to non-RB group. Therefore, RB plus LGG+EcN colonization may represent a highly effective therapeutic approach against HRV and potentially a variety of other diarrhea-inducing enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Erica Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacob Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Abstract
Swine are used in biomedical research as models for biomedical research and for teaching. This chapter covers normative biology and behavior along with common and emerging swine diseases. Xenotransplantation is discussed along with similarities and differences of swine immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Columbia Center of Translational Immunology, Department of Surgery; Institute of Comparative Medicine; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Michael Swindle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Charleston, SC, USA
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of rotavirus infection was examined after experimental infection of conventional and specific-pathogen-free (SPF) turkey poults. In six experiments birds were exposed to turkey rotavirus isolates Tu-1 or TU-2 or the chicken isolate Ch-1 at 7, 10 or 42 days of age. Poults were examined between 1 and 24 days post-infection (dpi) for diarrhoea, gross and histopathologic lesions, virus excretion in the intestinal tract, viral antigen in intestinal epithelial cells, and the development of serum antibodies. Between 2 and 5 dpi watery droppings were observed in conjunction with remarkable paleness of the intestinal tract which was grossly observable. Maximum viral replication occurred between 2 and 5 dpi, during which period viral antigen could be demonstrated in the epithelial cells of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. Sporadically, virus antigen-positive cells were seen in the cecum. As early as 4 to 5 dpi rotavirus antibodies could be detected by indirect immunofluorescence assays. Remarkable leukocyte infiltration of the lamina propria, vacuolation of the epithelial cells and scalloping of the villous surface at the tips were observed in the intestine of infected birds. Infection with rotavirus caused a significant impairment at 2 and 4 dpi of absorption of D-xylose from the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Yason
- Department of Avian and Aquatic Animal Medicine, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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McNulty MS, Allan GM, Todd D, McFerran JB, McKillop ER, Collins DS, McCracken RM. Isolation of rotaviruses from turkeys and chickens: demonstration of distinct serotypes and RNA electropherotypes. Avian Pathol 2008; 9:363-75. [PMID: 18770274 DOI: 10.1080/03079458008418420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Six isolates of rotavirus were made from turkeys and two from chickens. Three of these required trypsin treatment for isolation and serial passage in cell cultures. The remainder were isolated without trypsin treatment. Most of these viruses were isolated in chick embryo liver cell cultures from the faeces of birds aged under 1 week. In six of the eight instances, rotavirus isolation was associated with enteric disturbance, characterised by signs such as diarrhoea, poor or abnormal appetite, abnormally fluid or gaseous intestinal contents or increased mortality. Cross immunofluorescence tests showed that while avian and mammalian rotaviruses shared a common group antigen, the avian viruses were more closely related to each other than to the Nebraska calf rotavirus isolate. On the basis of serum neutralisation tests seven of the eight avian rotaviruses were grouped into three serotypes, with two turkey isolates (Ty1 and Ty3) and a chicken (Ch1) virus being the prototype strains. The remaining virus, Ty2, was intermediate in type between Ty1 and Ch1. Analysis of the RNA of these viruses by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that they could also be grouped into a number of electropherotypes. The isolates which were serologically distinct were also electrophoretically distinct. Similarly the five isolates which belonged to the Ty3 sero-type were electrophoretically identical. Analysis of the serological and electrophoretic differences suggested that RNA segment 5 may code for a type-specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S McNulty
- Veterinary Research Laboratories, Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Clark HF, Offit PA, Parashar UD, Ward RL. Rotavirus vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Svennerholm AM, Steele D. Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. Progress in enteric vaccine development. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2004; 18:421-45. [PMID: 15123079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Enteric infections resulting in diarrhoea are among the most important causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children in developing countries. They are also a common cause of disease among travellers to Africa, Asia and Latin America. Recently, effective, live and inactivated oral and parenteral vaccines against some of the most severe enteric infections-cholera and typhoid fever-have been licensed in several countries. Different candidate vaccines against rotavirus, Shigella and ETEC diarrhoea have also been developed and tested for safety and immunogenicity in developed as well as in developing countries. The protective efficacy of several of these vaccines has also been tested, either in human volunteer challenge studies or in field trials. In this chapter we describe the properties and availability of the recently licensed vaccines and present an update on the diverse efforts being made to achieve new or improved vaccines against the most prevalent enteropathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Mari Svennerholm
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Göteborg University Vaccine Institute (GUVAX), Göteborg University, P.O. Box 435, Göteborg S-405 30, Sweden.
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Ciarlet M, Conner ME, Finegold MJ, Estes MK. Group A rotavirus infection and age-dependent diarrheal disease in rats: a new animal model to study the pathophysiology of rotavirus infection. J Virol 2002; 76:41-57. [PMID: 11739670 PMCID: PMC135688 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.1.41-57.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are major pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis in children and animals. To determine if group A rotavirus replicates and induces disease in rats, antibody-negative Lewis neonatal or adult rats were inoculated orally with tissue culture-adapted human (Wa, WI61, and HAL1166), simian (rhesus rotavirus [RRV] and SA11), bovine (WC3), lapine (ALA), or porcine (OSU) rotavirus strains, wild-type murine (EC(wt)) rotavirus strain, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Rotavirus infection in rats was evaluated by (i) clinical findings, (ii) virus antigen shedding or infectious virus titers in the feces or intestinal contents measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or fluorescent-focus assay, (iii) histopathological changes in the small intestine, (iv) distribution of rotavirus antigen in small-intestine sections by immunofluorescence, and (v) growth rate. Rotavirus infection of 5-day-old but not > or =21-day-old rats resulted in diarrhea that lasted from 1 to 10 days postinoculation. The severity of disease and spread of infection to naIve littermates differed depending on the virus strain used for inoculation. The duration of virus antigen shedding following infection was considerably prolonged (up to 10 days) in neonatal rats compared to that in 21-day-old rats (1 or 2 days). Based on lack of virus antigen shedding and disease induction, the murine EC(wt) rotavirus was the only strain tested that did not infect rats. Histopathological changes in the small-intestine mucosa of 5-day-old RRV-inoculated rats but not of PBS-inoculated rats was limited to extensive enterocyte vacuolation in the ileum. In RRV-inoculated neonatal rats, rotavirus antigen was detected in the epithelial cells on the upper half of the intestinal villi of the jejunum and ileum. In addition, infection of neonatal rats with RRV but not with PBS resulted in reduced weight gain. Rats infected with group A rotaviruses provide a new animal model with unique features amenable to investigate rotavirus pathogenesis and the molecular mechanisms of intestinal development, including physiological factors that may regulate age-dependent rotavirus-induced diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Ciarlet
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Ciarlet M, Gilger MA, Barone C, McArthur M, Estes MK, Conner ME. Rotavirus disease, but not infection and development of intestinal histopathological lesions, is age restricted in rabbits. Virology 1998; 251:343-60. [PMID: 9837799 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The rabbit model of rotavirus infection has proved to be useful for assessing active immunity and protection after infection or vaccination with virus or virus-like particles. One limitation of the rabbit model is that after experimental infection of rabbits, clinical diarrhea is not routinely induced. Lack of diarrhea in the rabbit model has been proposed to be due to the fluid absorptive capability of the cecum or attenuation of virus strains through tissue culture adaptation. To test whether a wild-type lapine rotavirus strain BAP (BAPwt) isolated from diarrheic rabbits would cause disease on passage in rabbits, 1-, 2-, 10-, and 16-week-old rabbits were orally inoculated with BAPwt, its tissue culture-adapted counterpart strain (BAP-2), tissue culture-adapted lapine strain ALA, or PBS. Lapine rotavirus infection in 1-week-old, but not >/=2-week-old, rabbits resulted in the development of disease characterized by soft, wet, yellow-to-brownish-green partially formed-to-liquid stools observed only at the time of virus antigen shedding. The level and duration of virus shedding after infection were prolonged in 1-week-old rabbits compared with rabbits >/=2 weeks of age. Although diarrhea was not observed beyond the first 2 weeks of life, histopathological changes, including villus shortening and fusion, increased vacuolation of epithelial cells, and mononuclear infiltration of the lamina propria, were observed throughout the small intestine between 12 and 120 h after ALA infection in 1-week-old, 1- to 2-month-old, and 11-month-old rabbits. In 11-month-old rabbits, onset of intestinal damage appeared to be slightly delayed, was less severe, and was not observed in the duodenum. There were no differences in the immune responses to rotavirus infection in rabbits of different age groups (1 week to 5 years of age). All lapine rotavirus-inoculated rabbits seroconverted and were protected from virus challenge at 28 days postinoculation. Like in mice, rotavirus disease is age restricted in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ciarlet
- Division of Molecular Virology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
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Narita M, Kimura K, Tanimura N, Arai S, Uchimura A. Immunohistochemical demonstration of spread of Aujeszky's disease virus to the porcine central nervous system after intestinal inoculation. J Comp Pathol 1998; 118:329-36. [PMID: 9651809 PMCID: PMC7130404 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(07)80008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) was injected into the duodenal lumen of eight specific pathogen-free pigs aged 5 weeks. The infected pigs did not show any diarrhoea or nervous symptoms, but they developed characteristic necrotizing enteritis and myenteric plexitis, accompanied by follicular necrosis in the Peyer's patches. ADV antigen was detected in the submucosa of the dome area of Peyer's patches, lymphatic follicles, Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses, solar ganglia and thoracic spinal ganglia. These findings suggest that ADV spreads from the intestinal mucosa to the central nervous system via the autonomic nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Narita
- National Institute of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ibaraki, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Greenberg
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305
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HALL G, PARSONS K, WAXLER G, BUNCH K, BATT R. Effects of dietary change and rotavirus infection on small intestinal structure and function in gnotobiotic piglets. Res Vet Sci 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(18)31209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Herrington DA, Tzipori S, Robins-Browne RM, Tall BD, Levine MM. In vitro and in vivo pathogenicity of Plesiomonas shigelloides. Infect Immun 1987; 55:979-85. [PMID: 3557621 PMCID: PMC260448 DOI: 10.1128/iai.55.4.979-985.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence suggests that Plesiomonas shigelloides is an enteric pathogen. We conducted in vitro, animal, and volunteer studies on P. shigelloides isolates from patients with diarrhea. Five strains gave a negative keratoconjunctivitis reaction in guinea pigs and did not invade HeLa cells. Genetic probes for heat-stable enterotoxins related to those of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and for gene sequences common to the invasiveness plasmids of Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive E. coli were negative. Heat-labile enterotoxins were not found when a modified GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used. Rabbits did not develop diarrhea but were transiently colonized when inoculated with up to 10(11) P. shigelloides CFU using the reversible intestinal tie adult rabbit diarrhea model. A very large plasmid (between 118 and 312 megadaltons) was found in all isolates. Strain P012 was cured of its plasmid by novobiocin. This strain, but not its cured derivative, invaded the mucosa of the distal ileum of gnotobiotic piglets given 10(10) CFU. At a lower inoculum (10(9) CFU), strain P012 induced inflammation of the colonic mucosa and diarrhea at day 6. The same isolate was fed to 33 healthy volunteers in doses of 1 X 10(3) to 4 X 10(9) CFU. Thirty-six percent of the volunteers shed the organism, but none became ill. These data are only weakly supportive of a role for P. shigelloides in diarrheal illness and suggest the need for more studies with other strains to better understand its pathogenicity.
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Abstract
Faecal samples from 232 domestic pigs raised on concrete, 98 free-ranging village pigs, and five wild boar showed 46.6 (108/232), 54 (53/98) and 80% (4/5) prevalence of coccidian oocysts, respectively. Eight species of Eimeria, and Isospora suis, were recovered. In their descending order of predominance in the pigs raised on concrete, the species of coccidia were E. debliecki (26.7%), E. scabra (22.4%), E. neodebliecki (19.8%), E. porci (15.5%), E. suis (11.6%), E. polita (8.6%), E. perminuta (7%), E. spinosa (5.6%) and I. suis (3.9%). The first five species listed above predominated in the village pigs as well. E. polita, E. spinosa and I. suis were not found in the wild boar. I. suis oocysts prevailed in 8.3% of the 36 sows on concrete, and in 11.1% (3/27) of those which were positive for coccidia. Isosporoid oocysts were absent in the village sows. Of the 125 less than 24-day-old piglets, 29.6% were diarrhoeic, and of these, 43.2% were positive for coccidia. Four of the 16 (25%) coccidia-positive, diarrhoeic piglets, and four of the 37 (10.8%) coccidia-positive non-diarrhoeic piglets shed I. suis oocysts, an observation which seems to weaken the present contention that I. suis is the primary causative agent of neonatal porcine coccidiosis. The highest mean number of oocysts per gram faeces (23,550) was recorded from the diarrhoeic farm piglets on concrete, and the lowest of 6,100 from the gestating farm sows. Mean opg data revealed very little significant quantitative variation between the corresponding age groups of the free-ranging village pigs and the commercially-farmed ones. One of the most interesting findings in the study was that the sows were more frequently infected than all other age groups.
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Pospischil A, Hess RG, Bachmann PA, Baljer G. Experimental infection of caesarean derived, colostrum deprived calves with bovine rotaviruses and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC): a histological, electromicroscopic, and morphometric investigation. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1986; 33:196-205. [PMID: 3529753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1986.tb00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Pospischil A, Stiglmair-Herb MT, Hess RG, Bachmann PA, Baljer G. Ileal Peyer's patches in experimental infections of calves with rotaviruses and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: a light and electron microscopic and enzyme histochemical study. Vet Pathol 1986; 23:29-34. [PMID: 3080839 DOI: 10.1177/030098588602300105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of rotaviruses and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli administered in various sequences to cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived calves was studied using light and electron microscopy. The structure of the lymphoid tissue in the ileum, the number of mitoses in the crypts, number of intraepithelial lymphocytes, and enzyme histochemistry (alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, beta-galactosidase, and leucinaminopeptidase) of the ileal dome epithelium were evaluated. The area of lymphoid follicles in Peyer's patches of the ileum was investigated morphometrically. Monoinfections with either rotavirus or enterotoxigenic E. coli induced a significant increase in lymphoid follicle area, but did not affect dome epithelial cells. Dual infections did not consistently affect the follicle area, but the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes and the mitotic indices exceeded those of comparable monoinfections. Changes in activity of enzymes in the ileal dome epithelial area were minor.
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Abstract
Passive immunity against enteric viral infections is dependent upon the continual presence in the gut lumen of a protective level of specific antibodies. This article examines methods currently used to enhance the titre and duration of specific antibody in the mammary secretions of cows and pigs, with particular reference to rotavirus and coronavirus infections. In addition, some of the potential problems to be found in attempting to produce vaccines against these viral infections are outlined.
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Coussement W, Ducatelle R, Charlier G, Okerman L, Hoorens J. Pathology of experimental colibacillosis in rabbits. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1984; 31:64-72. [PMID: 6372336 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1984.tb01282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Abstract
Three parameters of rotavirus infection, i.e., clinical disease, viral antigen in infected intestines, and infectious virus in feces, were assessed in infant mice nursed by mothers with or without preexisting rotavirus antibody. Diarrhea was the only consistent sign of clinical disease, and its course followed that of infection by about 1 day. Infected intestinal epithelial cells, except crypt cells, were observed by immunofluorescence microscopy in the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. Infection progressed in a proximal-to-distal direction with time. Viral antigen appeared in intestinal tissue later, was present in lower amounts, and disappeared sooner from infants nursed by mothers with preexisting rotavirus antibody, indicating that protection was passively transferred to these infants although the course of clinical disease was not changed.
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Narita M, Fukusho A, Shimizu Y. Electron microscopy of the intestine of gnotobiotic piglets infected with porcine rotavirus. J Comp Pathol 1982; 92:589-97. [PMID: 6296207 PMCID: PMC7130348 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(82)90011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Five gnotobiotic piglets inoculated orally with porcine rotavirus developed an enteric lesion. Electron microscopy of the mucosal epithelium 12 h after inoculation showed that the virus penetrates into the absorptive cells between microvilli, possibly by a pinocytic mechanism. Afterwards, virus particles were most often seen within dilated cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER). These infected cells showed a range of changes, such as disruption of the microvilli, loss of cytoplasmic density and deposition of lipid droplets. Subsequently, most of the epithelial cells were desquamated from the villi. The interaction of virus and intestinal cells thus indicates that rotavirus is pathogenic for the epithelial cells.
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Coussement W, Ducatelle R, Debouck P, Hoorens J. Pathology of experimental CV777 coronavirus enteritis in piglets. I. Histological and histochemical study. Vet Pathol 1982; 19:46-56. [PMID: 6280359 DOI: 10.1177/030098588201900108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived piglets were infected oronasally with CV777 coronavirus on the second or third day of life. Two uninfected piglets were controls. They were killed at 96 and 120 hours after birth. After an incubation period of 22 to 36 hours, all principals showed severe diarrhea. The principals were killed between 12 and 120 hours after infection. Exfoliation of enterocytes were seen first in the piglet killed 24 hours after infection (two hours after the diarrhea began). From that time on, shortening and fusion of villi was present in all small intestinal parts. Affected cells showed vacuolation. The histochemical study showed that infected piglets had decreased activity of all four enzymes studied. The light microscope showed no lesions in the absorptive colonic epithelium. The significance of the lesions in relation to intestinal dysfunction is discussed, and lesions are compared to those of transmissible gastroenteritis and porcine rotavirus infection.
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The pathogenesis of an enteric infection in pigs, experimentally induced by the coronavirus-like agent, CV 777. Vet Microbiol 1981. [PMCID: PMC7117293 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(81)90007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sixteen 2–3-days-old caesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets were each dosed oro-nasally with 2 ml of a bacteria-free filtrate containing 104 pig-infectious-doses of CV 777. The piglets were killed at intervals of 12 to 120 h after infection. The coronvirus-like agent caused a local infection of the intestinal tract which resulted in villous atrophy, malabsorption and diarrhea. The pathogenesis of this infection was similar to that of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), a known coronaviral infection of pigs. However, where were some differences. By immunofluorescent staining, CV 777 antigens were not only detected in the epithelial cells covering the small intestinal villi, but also in the cells of the colonic surface epithelium. Occasional fluorescence was also seen in the small intestinal crypt epithelium, but the regenerative capacity of the crypts was not affected. The progress of intestinal epithelial cell infection by CV 777 was much slower than that in TGE, resulting in a longer incubation period and in less drastic epithelial cell destruction. The infection of regenerating cells occurred to a much higher degree during the late stage of a CV 777 infection than has been observed in TGE.
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Abstract
An outbreak of coccidiosis on two Belgian farms is described. Diarrhea started in piglets at 9 or 10 days of life. Zero to three pigs died per litter. The morbidity rate varied from 70 to 90 per cent. Histological examination of the intestines revealed shortening of villi and different stages of the life cycle of coccidia were seen in the enterocytes. Virological examination was negative for corona-, corona-like, and rotavirus. A haemolytic E. coli strain was isolated in one case. As for treatment, good results were obtained by the adding of 1 kg amproleum pre-mix per ton sow feed. Scouring pigs were treated orally with 2 cc of an amprol solution once a day. The diarrhea stopped one day after treatment.
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Abstract
A brief presentation is given of the enteric viral infections of young animals. The general characteristics of rotaviruses, coronaviruses and parvoviruses are reported, and the different aspects of the diseases associated with these viruses are discussed. Certain suggestions are made regarding the prevention of these diseases.
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Debouck P, Pensaert M. Experimental infection of pigs with Belgian isolates of the porcine rotavirus. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE B. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. SERIES B 1979; 26:517-26. [PMID: 231875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.1979.tb00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pearson GR, McNulty MS. Ultrastructural changes in small intestinal epithelium of neonatal pigs infected with pig rotavirus. Arch Virol 1979; 59:127-36. [PMID: 218530 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine of piglets orally infected with rotavirus was examined by electron microscopy 18, 24, 48 and 60 hours after infection. At 18 and 24 hours after infection columnar epithelial cells covered the villi. Infected epithelial cells tended to be less electron-dense than uninfected cells and were more numerous at 24 hours after infection. Two types of rotavirus particle were seen, usually within dilated cisternae of the RER: non-enveloped particles measuring 50 to 60 nm and enveloped particles measuring 65 to 75 nm. Non-membrane bound viroplasm containing electron-dense cores was encountered outside the cisternae 18 and 24 hours after infection. Tubular structures measuring 44 to 56 nm were often found in nuclei of infected cells. Single-membraned (44 to 55 nm) and double-membraned tubules (70 to 80 nm) associated with viral manufacture were found in the cytoplasm of infected cells. At 48 and 60 hours after infection a proportion of villous epithelial cells were cuboidal. Virus particles were detected in only a few epithelial cells and nuclear and cytoplasmic tubules were not seen. At all times after infection some infected cells showed a reduction in the number and size of the microvilli comprising the brush border.
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Snodgrass DR, Angus KW, Gray EW, Menzies JD, Paul G. Pathogenesis of diarrhoea caused by astrovirus infections in lambs. Arch Virol 1979; 60:217-26. [PMID: 116623 PMCID: PMC7086881 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimental infection of 2-day-old gnotobiotic lambs with lamb astrovirus produced mild diarrhoea after an incubation period of about 48 hours. No other clinical symptoms developed. Infection was studied by immunofluorescent and histological examination of tissues from the lambs. Astroviruses infected only mature villus epithelial cells and subepithelial macrophages in the small intestine, where they produced partial villus atrophy. Infected enterocytes were replaced with cuboidal cells from the crypts, and the lesion gradually healed by 5 days after infection. No serological relationship was detected by immunofluorescence between lamb astrovirus antigen in gut sections and antisera to either calf or human astrovirus.
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