• Body composition
• Body mass index
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Immunotherapy
• Overall survival

• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Body Mass Index
• Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
• Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality
• Prognosis
• Liver Neoplasms/therapy
• Liver Neoplasms/mortality
• Middle Aged
• Body Composition
• Aged
• Immunotherapy
• Retrospective Studies
• Sarcopenia
• Intra-Abdominal Fat

• LLRGJ20220191 Henan Provincial Medical Science and Technology Research Project
• 232102311080 Henan Provincial Science and Technology Project
• 23A320033 Key Scientific Research Project of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province
• 232102521031 Henan Province International Science and Technology Cooperation Project
• 82141127 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 2021-I2M-C&T-B-057 CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences
• 2023YFC3403800 National Key Research and Development Program of China

• Alzheimer’s disease
• cancer
• heme
• heme oxygenase
• mitochondria

• NA Cecil H. and Ida Green Distinguished Chair

• lung cancer
• obesitology
• obesity
• oncology
• programmed death ligand-1
• pulmonology

• Adipose tissue
• Body composition
• Body mass index
• Non-small cell lung cancer
• Skeletal muscle

• Male
• Female
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/complications
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
• Sarcopenia/pathology
• Retrospective Studies
• Lung Neoplasms/complications
• Lung Neoplasms/pathology
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed
• Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
• Adipose Tissue

• 2023ZDXM010 Key Project of Chongqing Joint Science and Health Project
• CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX1286 Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Project
• 2023MSXM038 Chongqing Joint Science and Technology Commission Project
• Jcd202287 Decision Consulting and Management Innovation Project of Shapingba District
• KJQN202300128 Chongqing Education Commission science and technology research project
• Chongqing Natural Science Foundation Project

• adiposity
• immunotherapy
• inflammation
• melanoma
• obesity
• tumor biomarkers

• cancer
• carcinogenesis
• ghrelin
• growth hormone secretagogue receptor
• pathology
• prognosis

• AdipoRon
• adiponectin
• neoplasms
• osteosarcoma
• therapy

• Animals
• Bone Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Bone Neoplasms/metabolism
• Bone Neoplasms/pathology
• Humans
• Neoplasm Proteins/agonists
• Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
• Osteosarcoma/drug therapy
• Osteosarcoma/metabolism
• Osteosarcoma/pathology
• Piperidines/therapeutic use
• Receptors, Adiponectin/agonists
• Receptors, Adiponectin/metabolism

• body mass index
• cancer
• elderly
• mortality
• obesity paradox
• prognosis

• colorectal cancer
• lung
• obesity
• oligometastases
• surgery

• body composition
• immune checkpoint inhibitor
• non-small cell lung cancer
• obesity
• overall survival
• sarcopenia
• tyrosine kinase inhibitor

• HMW oligomers
• NSCLC
• adiponectin
• adiponectin receptors
• lung cancer

Ghrelin is an endogenous peptide hormone mainly produced in the stomach. It has been known to regulate energy homeostasis, stimulate secretion of growth hormone, and mediate many other physiologic effects. Various effects attributed to ghrelin contribute to many aspects of cancer development and progression. Accordingly, a large body of evidence has emerged about the association of ghrelin with several types of cancer in scales of cell-line, animal, and human studies. However, existing data are controversial. This controversy occurs in two main domains: one is the controversial results in local effects of ghrelin on different types of human cancer cell-lines; the second is the apparent disagreement in the results of in-vitro and clinical studies that investigated ghrelin association to one type of cancer. These inconsistencies have hampered the indications to consider ghrelin as a potential tumor biomarker or therapeutic agent in cancer patients. Previous studies have reviewed different parts of current literature about the ghrelin-cancer relationship. Although they have highlighted these controversial results in various ways, no specific recommendations have been given to address it. In this study, we comprehensively reviewed in-vitro, in-vivo, and clinical studies and attempted to use the following approaches to unravel the inconsistencies detected: (a) to distinguish local and systemic effects of ghrelin in interpreting its summary clinical role in each cancer; (b) scrutinizing factors that regulate local effects of ghrelin and could justify different effects of ghrelin on different cancer cell-lines. These approaches could have notable implications for future in-vitro and clinical studies.

• cancer
• carcinogenesis
• ghrelin
• orexigenic
• prognosis

Adiponectin is one of the most important adipocytokines secreted by adipocytes and is called a “guardian angel adipocytokine” owing to its unique biological functions. Adiponectin inversely correlates with body fat mass and visceral adiposity. Identified independently by four different research groups, adiponectin has multiple names; Acrp30, apM1, GBP28, and AdipoQ. Adiponectin mediates its biological functions via three known receptors, AdipoR1, AdipoR2, and T-cadherin, which are distributed throughout the body. Biological functions of adiponectin are multifold ranging from anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory to anti-cancer. Lower adiponectin levels have been associated with metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. A plethora of experimental evidence supports the role of obesity and increased adiposity in multiple cancers including breast, liver, pancreatic, prostrate, ovarian, and colorectal cancers. Obesity mediates its effect on cancer progression via dysregulation of adipocytokines including increased production of oncogenic adipokine leptin along with decreased production of adiponectin. Multiple studies have shown the protective role of adiponectin in obesity-associated diseases and cancer. Adiponectin modulates multiple signaling pathways to exert its physiological and protective functions. Many studies over the years have shown the beneficial effect of adiponectin in cancer regression and put forth various innovative ways to increase adiponectin levels.

• adiponectin
• cancer
• obesity

Tumorigenesis and progression of cancer are complex processes which transformed cells and stromal cells interact and co-evolve. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors cause the mutations of cells. The survival of transformed cells critically depends on the circumstances which they reside. The malignant transformed cancer cells reprogram the microenvironment locally and systemically. The formation of premetastatic niche in the secondary organs facilitates cancer cells survival in the distant organs. This review outlines the current understanding of the key roles of premalignant niche and premetastatic niche in cancer progression. We proposed that a niche facilitates survival of transformed cells is characteristics of senescence, stromal fibrosis and obese microenvironment. We also proposed the formation of premetastatic niche in secondary organs is critically influenced by primary cancer cells. Therefore, it suggested that strategies to target the niche can be promising approach to eradicate cancer cells.

• co-evolution
• premalignant niche
• premetastatic niche

Early detection of cancers is challenging for lack of specific biomarkers. Adiponectin is an adipokine predominantly derived from adipocytes and hypoadiponectinemia has been reported to associate with risk of many types of cancers. However, available evidence is controversial. Some studies show that increased adiponectin levels correlate with cancer risk. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis of the association between circulating adiponectin levels and cancer development. A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Wiley Online Library and Cochrane Library was conducted for eligible studies involving circulating adiponectin and malignancies from inception to August 8, 2015. Standard mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated by use of a random-effect model. Funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test were conducted to examine the risk of publication bias. 107 studies were included with 19,319 cases and 25,675 controls. The pooled analysis indicated that circulating adiponectin levels were lower in patients with various cancers than in controls, with a pooled SMD of −0.334 μg/ml (95% CI, −0.465 to −0.203, P = 0.000). No evidence of publication bias was observed. Circulating high molecular weight adiponectin levels were also lower in cancer patients than in controls, with a pooled SMD of −0.502 μg/ml (95% CI, −0.957 to −0.047, P = 0.000). This meta-analysis provides further evidence that decreased adiponectin levels is associated with risk of various cancers. Hypoadiponectinemia may represent a useful biomarker for early detection of cancers.

• adiponectin
• biomarker
• diagnosis
• malignancy
• meta-analysis

• Chinese Han population
• cadherin 13 (CDH13)
• non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
• single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

• NSCLC
• adiponectin
• bronchoalveolar lavage
• serum

• Clinical care
• Lung cancer
• Obesity paradox
• Prognosis
• Surgical outcome

• cachexia
• leptin
• lung cancer
• meta-analysis
• risk

• Case-Control Studies
• Humans
• Leptin/metabolism
• Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
• Prognosis

We aimed to investigate prognostic effects of plasma levels of ghrelin before and after gastrectomy in gastric cancer (GC).

We followed 81 GC patients up to 3 years in this study. They were candidates for curative gastrectomy with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Plasma levels of total and active ghrelins before and after the operation were assessed. Association of plasma levels of ghrelin with survival were assessed and adjusted for other potential prognostic factors using Cox regression analyses.

Both total and active ghrelins dropped after gastrectomy (P<0.001 for both). Multiple Cox models revealed worse survival for patients with postoperative total ghrelins below median (hazards ratio (HR)=2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–5.41) or 25th percentile (HR=4.29, 95% CI: 1.48–12.44) compared with patients with higher ghrelin levels. In case of preoperative total ghrelin, patients with either second or third quartiles of plasma ghrelin showed worse survival compared with patients with the lowest quartile (HR=2.67, 95% CI: 1.11–6.38 for second quartile, and HR=2.32, 95% CI: 1.01–5.35 for third quartile vs. the lowest quartile). However, there was no difference between patients with the highest and lowest quartiles (HR=0.78, 95% CI: 0.22–2.73). Similar pattern was observed for preoperative active ghrelin (HR=4.92, 95% CI: 1.80–13.54 for second quartile, and HR=2.87, 95% CI: 1.11–7.38 for third quartile vs. the lowest quartile). Advanced TNM stage (HR=4.88, 95% CI: 1.10–21.77), cachexia (HR=2.99, 95% CI: 1.35–6.63), and receiving no neoadjuvant chemotherapy (HR=2.02, 95% CI: 1.04–3.92) were other poor prognostic factors.

Preoperative and postoperative plasma levels of ghrelin could predict survival of GC patients with different patterns. This prognostic effect was independent of stage and cachexia. Measurement of plasma ghrelin in GC patients could complement conventional staging for more precise risk-stratification of the patients. Extrinsic admirations of ghrelin after total gastrectomy has potentials to improve survival of GC patients.

• Asthma
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Curcumin
• Cystic fibrosis
• Lung
• Pulmonary fibrosis

• cachexia
• cancer
• ghrelin
• in vivo
• metastasis
• tumor growth

• Animals
• Ghrelin/analogs & derivatives
• Ghrelin/blood
• Ghrelin/genetics
• Ghrelin/therapeutic use
• Humans
• Neoplasms/blood
• Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Neoplasms/genetics
• Receptors, Ghrelin/agonists

• I01 BX002807 BLRD VA
• R03 DK095082 NIDDK NIH HHS
• T32 AG000183 NIA NIH HHS

• Adiponectin
• cancer
• therapeutic target

• Adiponectin/genetics
• Adiponectin/metabolism
• Adult
• Aged
• Animals
• Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
• Blotting, Western
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
• Cell Line, Tumor
• Cell Movement/drug effects
• Cell Movement/genetics
• Curcumin/pharmacology
• Female
• Humans
• Immunohistochemistry
• Kaplan-Meier Estimate
• Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Lung Neoplasms/genetics
• Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
• Male
• Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism
• Mice, SCID
• Middle Aged
• NF-kappa B/metabolism
• Neoplasm Metastasis
• RNA Interference
• Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Signal Transduction/drug effects
• Signal Transduction/genetics
• Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Studies have come to conflicting conclusions about whether adiponectin (APN) expression is associated with cancer prognosis. To help resolve this question, we meta-analyzed the available evidence.

PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Chinese Biological Medical Database and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database were systematically searched to identify all eligible studies examining APN expression and prognosis for patients with any type of cancer. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) related to overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated.

Ten studies involving 999 patients were meta-analyzed. Analysis across all patients revealed no significant association between high/positive APN expression and DFS, but they did show a significant association between high/positive APN expression and OS (HR 1.51, 95 %CI 1.21 to 1.89). Subgroup analysis showed that high/positive APN expression in non-Asians was significantly associated with both DFS (HR 1.36, 95 % CI 1.03 to 1.80) and OS (HR 1.53, 95 %CI 1.20 to 1.96), but no such associations were observed in Asians. In addition, high/positive APN expression was significantly associated with OS across all patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HR 1.89, 95 %CI 1.20 to 2.98).

The available evidence suggests that high/positive APN expression is associated with poor prognosis for patients with various carcinomas, especially for non-Asian cancer patients and for all patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. These findings should be confirmed and extended in large, well-designed studies.

• Cancer
• Depression
• Ghrelin
• Leptin
• Weight

Obesity is a major health problem strongly increasing the risk for various severe related complications such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, diabetic retinopathy, and cancer. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that produces biologically active molecules defined “adipocytokines,” protein hormones with pleiotropic functions involved in the regulation of energy metabolism as well as in appetite, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, atherosclerosis, cell proliferation, and so forth. In obesity, fat accumulation causes dysregulation of adipokine production that strongly contributes to the onset of obesity-related diseases. Several advances have been made in the treatment and prevention of obesity but current medical therapies are often unsuccessful even in compliant patients. Among the adipokines, adiponectin shows protective activity in various processes such as energy metabolism, inflammation, and cell proliferation. In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge regarding the protective properties of adiponectin and its receptors, AdipoRs (“adiponectin system”), on metabolic complications in obesity and obesity-related diseases. Adiponectin, exhibiting antihyperglycemic, antiatherogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties, could have important clinical benefits in terms of development of therapies for the prevention and/or for the treatment of obesity and obesity-related diseases.

瘦素系统在肺部炎症反应、癌症发生发展等过程中发挥重要作用，但是其在肿瘤微环境中的作用机理、对肺癌的诊断价值仍不明晰。本文就瘦素系统与非小细胞肺癌之间的关系，从瘦素及其受体在循环和肿瘤组织中的表达变化、瘦素信号转导通路、瘦素与调节性T细胞的相互作用和瘦素及其受体的基因多态性等方面进行叙述，以期为非小细胞肺癌的诊治提供新方法。

• cisplatin/pemetrexed
• leptin
• lung adenocarcinoma
• prognosis

• Biomarker
• Leptin
• Lung cancer