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Akinmoladun O, Hatch QM. Anal Cryptoglandular Suppuration: Evidence-Based Management. Surg Clin North Am 2024; 104:491-501. [PMID: 38677815 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Anal suppurative processes are commonly encountered in surgical practice. While the initial therapeutic intervention is philosophically straightforward (incision and drainage), drainage of the appropriate space and treatment of the subsequent fistula in ano require a thorough understanding of perianal anatomy and nuanced decision making. Balancing the risk of fecal incontinence with simple fistulotomy versus the higher risk of fistula recurrence with all sphincter-sparing fistula treatments can be a challenge for surgeons and patients alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladapo Akinmoladun
- Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center General Surgery, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA 98431, USA
| | - Quinton M Hatch
- Department of Surgery, Madigan Army Medical Center General Surgery Residency, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, WA 98431, USA.
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Zinicola R, Cracco N, Rossi G, Giuffrida M, Giacometti M, Nicholls RJ. Acute supralevator abscess: the little we know. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2022; 104:645-649. [PMID: 35133205 PMCID: PMC9685962 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2021.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute supralevator abscess (SLA) is an uncommon and complicated form of anorectal sepsis. Its correct management is crucial to avoid complex iatrogenic fistula formation. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to determine the incidence of SLA and the surgical outcome with particular reference to the direction of drainage. METHODS A search of Medline, PubMed and the Cochrane Library was performed to identify all studies reporting surgical drainage of SLA. FINDINGS A total of 19 studies were identified, including 563 patients. The only two prospective studies reported an incidence of SLA of 10% and 3% in 68 and 100 patients, respectively, with anorectal sepsis. In 17 retrospective studies, the incidence ranged from 0% to 28%. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed routinely in only one study. The surgical anatomical classification of the abscess was described in six studies diagnosed at surgery. The direction of surgical drainage whether 'inwards' (into the lumen) or 'outwards' (into the ischioanal fossa) was stated in only six studies. In two of these, the direction of drainage was contradictory to the recommendation made by Parks et al. Recurrent sepsis was reported in eight studies and ranged from 0% to 53%. CONCLUSIONS Detailed and prospective data on acute SLA are lacking. Its real incidence is unclear and it is not possible to analyse surgical outcomes conclusively according to different direction of drainage. The routine use of MRI in complicated anorectal sepsis would specify the surgical anatomy of SLA before any drainage is carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Cracco
- IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | - M Giacometti
- General Surgery San Biagio Hospital, Domodossola, Italy
| | - RJ Nicholls
- Imperial College London and St Mark’s Hospital, UK
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Bender F, Eckerth L, Fritzenwanker M, Liese J, Askevold I, Imirzalioglu C, Padberg W, Hecker A, Reichert M. Drug resistant bacteria in perianal abscesses are frequent and relevant. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14866. [PMID: 36050427 PMCID: PMC9436980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Perianal abscesses are frequent diseases in general surgery. Principles of standard patient care are surgical drainage with exploration and concomitant treatment of fistula. Antiinfective therapy is frequently applied in cases of severe local disease and perianal sepsis. However, the role of microbiologic testing of purulence from perianal abscesses is disputed and the knowledge concerning bacteriology and bacterial resistances is very limited. A retrospective cohort study was performed of consecutive patients (≥ 12 years of age) from a tertiary care hospital, who underwent surgical treatment for perianal abscess from 01/2008 to 12/2019. Subdividing the cohort into three groups regarding microbiological testing results: no microbiological testing of purulence (No_Swab, n = 456), no detection of drug resistant bacteria [DR(−), n = 141] or detection of bacteria with acquired drug resistances from purulence [DR(+), n = 220]. Group comparisons were performed using Kruskall–Wallis test and, if applicable, followed by Dunn´s multiple comparisons test for continuous variables or Fishers exact or Pearson’s X2 test for categorical data. Fistula persistence was estimated by Kaplan Meier and compared between the groups using Log rank test. Corralation analysis between perioperative outcome parameters and bacteriology was performed using Spearman´s rho rank correlation. Higher pretherapeutic C-reactive protein (p < 0.0001) and white blood cell count (p < 0.0001), higher rates of supralevatoric or pararectal abscesses (p = 0.0062) and of complicated fistula-in-ano requiring drainage procedure during index surgery (p < 0.0001) reflect more severe diseases in DR(+) patients. The necessity of antibiotic therapy (p < 0.0001), change of antibiotic regimen upon microbiologic testing results (p = 0.0001) and the rate of re-debridements during short-term follow-up (p = 0.0001) were the highest, the duration until definitive fistula repair was the longest in DR(+) patients (p = 0.0061). Escherichia coli, Bacteroides, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species with acquired drug resistances were detected frequently. High rates of resistances against everyday antibiotics, including perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis were alarming. In conclusion, the knowledge about individual bacteriology is relevant in cases of complex and severe local disease, including locally advanced infection with extended soft tissue affection and perianal sepsis, signs of systemic inflammatory response as well as the need of re-do surgery for local debridements during short-term and fistula repair during long-term follow-up. Higher rates of acquired antibiotic resistances are to be expected in patients with more severe diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Bender
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplant and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Strasse 7, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lukas Eckerth
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplant and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Strasse 7, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Moritz Fritzenwanker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Juliane Liese
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplant and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Strasse 7, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ingolf Askevold
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplant and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Strasse 7, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Can Imirzalioglu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Schubertstrasse 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Winfried Padberg
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplant and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Strasse 7, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplant and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Strasse 7, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Reichert
- Department of General, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplant and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital of Giessen, Rudolf-Buchheim Strasse 7, 35390, Giessen, Germany.
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Lightner AL, Ashburn JH, Brar MS, Carvello M, Chandrasinghe P, van Overstraeten ADB, Fleshner PR, Gallo G, Kotze PG, Holubar SD, Reza LM, Spinelli A, Strong SA, Tozer PJ, Truong A, Warusavitarne J, Yamamoto T, Zaghiyan K. Fistulizing Crohn's disease. Curr Probl Surg 2020; 57:100808. [PMID: 33187597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2020.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Lightner
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Surgical Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH.
| | - Jean H Ashburn
- Department of Surgery, Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Mantaj S Brar
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON; Zane Cohen Center for Digestive Diseases, Toronto, ON; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, ON
| | - Michele Carvello
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Anthony de Buck van Overstraeten
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON; Zane Cohen Center for Digestive Diseases, Toronto, ON; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, ON
| | | | - Gaetano Gallo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paulo Gustavo Kotze
- IBD Outpatient Clinics, Colorectal Surgery Unit, Catholic University of Parana (PUCPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Stefan D Holubar
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease Surgical Institute, Cleveland Clinic, OH
| | - Lillian M Reza
- Fistula research Unit, St Mark's Hospital and academic institute, London, UK
| | - Antonino Spinelli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Colon and Rectal Surgery Unit, Italy; Humanitas University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Italy
| | - Scott A Strong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Philip J Tozer
- Fistula research Unit, St Mark's Hospital and academic institute, London, UK
| | - Adam Truong
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Takayuki Yamamoto
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center & Department of Surgery, Yokkaichi Hazu Medical Center, Yokkaichi, Japan
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Schiano di Visconte M, Piccoli G, Brusciano L, Docimo L, Veronese M. A mini-invasive procedure for the treatment of supralevator abscess of cryptoglandular origin by extrasphincteric extension: preliminary results at 1-year follow-up. Int J Colorectal Dis 2019; 34:763-767. [PMID: 30645671 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-019-03243-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the preliminary results of a mini-invasive procedure for the treatment of supralevator abscesses (SLA) of cryptoglandular origin by extrasphincteric extension. METHOD In this clinical study, an innovative two-stage procedure was tested for the surgical treatment of SLA. As first step and as a preparation for surgery, the interventional radiologist positioned a CT-guided percutaneous perianal guidewire inside the abscess cavity under local anesthesia. As second step, the surgeon performed an abscess incision and drainage around the guidewire, with a complete debridement of all the necrotic tissue. If a complex anal fistula was identified, a loose seton was placed in situ. RESULTS Nine patients, comprising 5 men (55%) and 4 women (45%), underwent the above-mentioned two-stage procedure to treat SLA of cryptoglandular origin. Median age was 32 years (range, 25-42 years). A silicone draining seton was placed during the surgical procedure in 5 patients (55%), since a coexisting fistula was also revealed by surgery. A repeat surgery, along with a new drainage procedure, was required in one patient out of nine (11.1%) for a complete wound healing. The complete wound healing was achieved after a median of 30 days (range, 26-38). At the 1-year follow-up, the healing rate was 89%. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of SLA of cryptoglandular origin by using this innovative two-stage procedure may be a safe and convenient surgical option to effectively decrease the risk of recurrence and anal sphincteric injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Schiano di Visconte
- Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases Center, Department of General Surgery, "S. Maria dei Battuti" Hospital, Via Brigata Bisagno 4, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Piccoli
- Department of Radiology, "S. Maria dei Battuti" Hospital, Via Brigata Bisagno 4, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
| | - Luigi Brusciano
- Division of General, Mininvasive and Obesity Surgery, University of Study of Campania "Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovico Docimo
- Division of General, Mininvasive and Obesity Surgery, University of Study of Campania "Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Veronese
- Department of Radiology, "S. Maria dei Battuti" Hospital, Via Brigata Bisagno 4, 31015, Conegliano, TV, Italy
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