Therapeutic applications of dental pulp stem cells in regenerating dental, periodontal and oral-related structures

Table 4 Preclinical and clinical studies obtained from the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases related to bone regeneration using dental pulp stem cells

Ref.	Strategy	Model	Defect/site of cell implantation	Cell number	Cell source	Cell application
Yamada et al[49], 2010	Scaffold-free	Dogs	Mandibular bone defects were prepared using a trephine bur with a diameter of 10 mm	1 × 107	hDPSCs	Cavities filled with DPSCs/PRP
Liu et al[50], 2011	Scaffold-based	Rabbit	A segmental critical size defect (10 mm × 4 mm × 3 mm) was prepared in the alveolar bone	1 × 106	Autologous DPSCs	DPSCs were seeded onto nano- hydroxyapatite/collagen/PLLA and implanted in-vivo
Fujii et al[51], 2018	Scaffold-free	Mice	3.5 mm calvarial defects	NA	Autologous DPSCs	Cell sheet transplantation
Mohammed et al[52], 2019	Scaffold-based	Rabbit	Craniofacial bone defect in the left side of TMJ	2 × 106	hDPSCs	DPSCs were loaded on gel foam
Chamieh et al[53], 2019	Scaffold-based	Rat	Non-critical defects of the tibia in rats	106 cells/mL	hDPSCs	Loaded on a lyophilized and hydrolyzed collagen sponge (Hemospon®)
d’Aquino et al[54], 2009	Scaffold-based	Human	Defect without walls, of at least 1.5 cm in height	1 × 107	Autologous DPSCs	Cells endorsed with a syringe onto collagen sponge scaffold

DPSCs: Dental pulp stem cells; hDPSCs: Human dental pulp stem cells; NA: Not available; PRP: Platelet-rich plasma.