Immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: Combination strategies

Table 1 List of systemic therapies utilized in combination therapy

Drug class	List of agents	Mechanism of action
PD-1 inhibitors	Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, Camrelizumab, Tislelizumab	Inhibits PD-1 receptor from binding to PD-L1
PD-L1 inhibitors	Atezolizumab, Durvalumab, Avelumab	Inhibits PD-L1 ligand from binding to PD-1 receptor
CTLA-4 inhibitors	Ipilimumab, Tremelimumab	Inhibits CTLA-4 receptor from binding to CD80 or CD86
OX40 agonists	INCAGN01876, INCAGN01949	Activates OX40 receptor via direct binding
Multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors	Sorafenib, Cabozantinib, Lenvatinib, Regorafenib, Apatinib	Inhibits signaling from multiple tyrosine kinases
VEGF or VEGFR inhibitors	Ramucirumab, Bevacizumab	Inhibits VEGF interaction with VEGFR
Phosphaplatins	PT-112	Activates tumor cell apoptosis, inhibits angiogenesis

VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR: Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.