Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and heart disease: A systematic review

Table 1 Studies providing evidence on heart disease and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in never smokers

Study No.	Ref.1	Year2	Location	Type3	Sexes included4	Disease fatality5	Disease definition6	No. of cases7
1	Hirayama[29]	1984	Japan	P16	F	F	IHD	494
2	Garland et al[30]	1985	United States/California	P10	F	F	IHD	19
3	Lee et al[31]	1986	England	CC	M, F	NF	IHD	118
4	Martin et al[32]	1986	United States/Utah	CS	F	NF	PHA	23
5	Svendsen et al[33]	1987	United States	P9	M	F + NF	IHD	69
6	Butler[34]	1988	United States/California	P6	F	F	IHD	808
7	Palmer et al[35]	1988	United States/Not known	CC	F	NF	MI	336
8	Hole et al[36]	1989	Scotland	P12	M, F	F, NF	IHD, A/E	120
9	Jackson[37]	1989	New Zealand	CC	M, F	F + NF	IHD + MI	303
10	Sandler et al[38]	1989	United States/Maryland	P12	M, F	F	AHD	1358
11	Humble et al[39]	1990	United States/Georgia	P20	F	F	CVD	76
12	Dobson et al[40]	1991	Australia	CC	M, F	F + NF	IHD + MI	343
13	Gardiner et al[41]	1992	Scotland	CC	M + F	F + NF	IHD	12
14	La Vecchia et al[42]	1993	Italy	CC	M, F	NF	FMI	113
15	Layard[25]	1995	United States	CC	M, F	F	IHD	1389
169	Le Vois et al[26] (CPS I)	1995	United States	P13	M, F	F	AHD	14891
17	Mannino et al[43]	1995	United States	CS	M + F	NF	CVD	?
18	Muscat et al[44]	1995	United States/4 cities	CC	M, F	NF	NMI	114
19	Tunstall-Pedoe et al[45]	1995	Scotland	CS	M + F	NF	IHD	428
20	Steenland et al[46]	1996	United States	P7	M, F	F	IHD	3819
21	Janghorbani et al[47]	1997	Iran	CC	F	NF	IHD	200
22	Kawachi et al[48]	1997	United States	P10	F	F + NF	IHD + MI	152
23	Ciruzzi et al[49]	1998	Argentina	CC	M, F	NF	FMI	336
24	McElduff et al[50]	1998	Australia	CC	M, F	F + NF	MI	283
25	Spencer et al[51]	1999	Australia	CC	M	NF	FMIS	91
26	He et al[52]	2000	China/Xi’an	CC	F	NF	MI/CS	115
27	Iribarren et al[53]	2001	United States	CS	M, F	NF	HD	4801
28	Rosenlund et al[54]	2001	Sweden	CC	M, F	NF	FMI	334
29	Pitsavos et al[55]	2002	Greece	CC	M + F	NF	FMI/UA	279
309	Enstrom et al[27]	2003	United States/California	P39	M, F	F	IHD	5932
31	Chen et al[56]	2004	Scotland	CS	M + F	NF	IHD	385
32	Nishtar et al5710	2004	Pakistan	CC	M + F	NF	CAD	?
3311	Whincup et al[58]	2004	Great Britain	P21	M	F + NF	IHD	111
34	McGhee et al[59]	2005	Hong Kong	CC	M, F	F	IHD	584
35	Qureshi et al[60]	2005	United States	P11	F	F + NF	CVD	328
							CVD-Stroke	219
36	Hedblad et al[61]	2006	Sweden	P19	M	F + NF	IHD + MI, FMI	91
37	Stranges et al[62]	2006	United States	CC	M, F	NF	FMI	284
38	Teo et al[63]	2006	52 countries	CC	M + F	NF	FMI	6280
39	Wen et al[64]	2006	China/Not known	P6	F	F	CVD	272
							CVD-Stroke	115
40	Eisner et al[65]	2007	United States	P8	M, F	F	CVD	1057
41	Hill et al[66]	2007	New Zealand	P3	M, F	F	IHD	2571
42	Hill et al[66]	2007	New Zealand	P3	M, F	F	IHD	1680
43	He et al[67]	2008	China/Beijing	CS	F	NF	IHD	431
44	Sulo et al[68]	2008	Albania	CC	M + F	NF	ACS	169
45	Vozoris et al[69]	2008	Canada	CS	M + F	NF	HD	1773
46	Ding et al[70]	2009	Hong Kong	CC	F	NF	IHD	314
47	Gallo et al[71]	2010	Europe	P?	M, F	F	CVD12	399
					M + F		IHD	81
48	Hamer et al[72]	2010	England, Scotland	P7	M + F	F	CVD	96
4911	Jefferis et al[73]	2010	Great Britain	P11	M + F	F + NF	FMI	74
50	Peineman et al[74]	2011	Germany	CS	M + F	NF	IHD	128
51	Chen[75]	2012	China/4 provinces	CS	M + F	NF	IHD	405
							MI	171
52	He et al[76]	2012	China/Xi’an	P26	M, F	F	IHD	41
53	Clark et al[77]	2013	Singapore	P16	M, F	F	IHD	311
54	Iversen et al[78]	2013	Norway	P11	M, F	F + NF	FMI	326
55	Kastorini et al[79]	2013	Greece	CC	M + F	NF	ACS	52
56	Rostron[80]	2013	United States	P11	M + F	F	IHD	?
57	Batty et al[81]13	2014	United Kingdom	P17	M, F	F	CVD	98
58	Shiue[82]	2014	Scotland	CS	M + F	NF	MI	255

¹First author of paper, followed by a number to distinguish multiple studies with the same author;

²Year of publication;

³Study types are CC: Case-control, CS: Cross-sectional, P: Prospective. Number after P is estimated mean years of follow-up; ?: Indicates length of follow-up not stated;

⁴M + F indicates only results for combined sexes available; M, F indicates separate sex results available;

⁵F: Fatal; NF: Non-fatal; F + NF indicates only combined results available; F, NF indicates separate results available;

⁶A/E: Angina or ECG abnormality; ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; AHD: Arteriosclerotic heart disease; CAD: Coronary artery disease; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; FMI: First myocardial infarction; FMI/UA: First myocardial infarction or unstable angina; FMIS: First myocardial infarction surviving 28 d, HD: Heart disease; IHD: Ischaemic (coronary) heart disease; MI: Myocardial infarction; MI/CS: Myocardial infarction or coronary stenosis; NMI: Newly diagnosed myocardial infarction; PHA: Previous heart attack. “+” indicates inclusion of cases with either disease, indicates different outcome definitions for fatal and non-fatal analyses respectively;

⁷Number of heart disease cases in never smokers are totals in the study. For analyses relating to some exposure indices, numbers may be lower than this. ? indicates numbers not available;

⁸For study 6 numbers relate only to the spouse-pairs cohort, the AHSMOG cohort including ex-smokers;

⁹Studies 16 and 30 were both part of CPS I. Study 30 covered a smaller geographic area but a longer follow-up period;

¹⁰For study 32, although the source paper does not state that the analyses were restricted to never smokers, this has been confirmed to us by the authors;

¹¹Study 49 included the same male participants as study 33, but started at the end of the follow-up period of that study, so there was no overlap of cases between the two studies;

¹²For study 47, CVD was defined as any circulatory disease excluding cerebrovascular causes;

¹³For study 57, results in never smokers were taken from Supplementary tables supplied by the authors.