Paradigm shift in clubfoot care strategies in Pakistan: A meta-analysis over three decades

doi:10.13105/wjma.v14.i2.118716

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World Journal of Meta-Analysis

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2308-3840

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Meta-Analysis

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Meta-Anal. Jun 18, 2026; 14(2): 118716
Published online Jun 18, 2026. doi: 10.13105/wjma.v14.i2.118716

Table 5 Age at initiation of treatment: Surgical vs conservative approaches

Year range	Publications				mean ± SD age (months)
Year range	Total	Surgical (n)	Conservative (n)	Non-clinical (n)	At presentation	Surgical	Conservative
1990-1999	4	4	0	0	13.8 ± 12.8	13.8 ± 12.8	N/A
2000-2009	11	5	5	1	20.9 ± 16.1	45.0 ± 30.5	16.8 ± 11.8
2010-2019	47	13	27	7	11.2 ± 15.6	54.2 ± 38.1	8.5 ± 7.0
2020-2025	63	4	44	15	9.5 ± 9.0	85.0 ± 45.0	7.7 ± 6.4
Total	125	26	76	23	11.4 ± 14.2	54.8 ± 39.6	8.2 ± 7.1

Surgical vs conservative: Mean difference = 46.6 months (95%CI: 41.2-52.0), P < 0.001; trend: Age at presentation decreased over time (r = -0.89, P < 0.001) - reflects early detection + Ponseti awareness. N/A: Not applicable.

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Citation: Bhatti A, Mazar Baloch S, Morcuende JA, Jaffri K, Bhatti MY. Paradigm shift in clubfoot care strategies in Pakistan: A meta-analysis over three decades. World J Meta-Anal 2026; 14(2): 118716
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2308-3840/full/v14/i2/118716.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.13105/wjma.v14.i2.118716

Bhatti A, Mazar Baloch S, Morcuende JA, Jaffri K, Bhatti MY. Paradigm shift in clubfoot care strategies in Pakistan: A meta-analysis over three decades. World J Meta-Anal 2026; 14(2): 118716 [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v14.i2.118716]

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