Low return to play and performance in national football league athletes after Achilles tendon rupture: A systematic review

doi:10.13105/wjma.v14.i1.111108

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World Journal of Meta-Analysis

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2308-3840

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Meta-Anal. Mar 18, 2026; 14(1): 111108
Published online Mar 18, 2026. doi: 10.13105/wjma.v14.i1.111108

Table 4 Timing of acute Achilles tendon rupture and environmental factors

Ref.	Number of players	Number of Achilles	Preseason practice	Preseason game	Regular season	Practice session during regular season	Post-season game	Quarter	Artificial surface	Grass	Indoor/outdoor	Weather conditions
Chopra et al[14], 2023	5	10	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r
Krill et al[9], 2017	44	44	n/r	n/r	44	n/r	1	1^st: 17, 2^nd: 15, 3^rd: 6, 4^th: 5	20	24	n/r	n/r
Parekh et al[8], 2009	28	31	6	5	20	0	n/r	1^st: 6, 2^nd: 8	15	16	Indoor: 5, outdoor: 26	Sunny: 9, rainy: 9, cloudy: 7, average temperature: 69.7
Yang et al[10], 2019	80	80	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r
Bi et al[4], 2023	52	52	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r
Ready et al[11], 2021	101	101	55	10	34	2	1	n/r	57	44	n/r	Average temperature: 67
McCullough et al[7], 2014	9	9	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r
Jack et al[6], 2017	95	98	63	n/r	35	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r
Krill et al[15], 2018	98	109	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r
Trofa et al[5], 2017	21	21	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r
Mai et al[13], 2016	80	80	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r
Barton et al[12], 2023	63	63	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r	n/r

n/r: Not recorded.

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Citation: Butler JJ, Hedbany D, Lin CC, Vargas L, Kingery MT, Mercer NP, Lezak BA, Tham A, Rubin J, Kennedy JG. Low return to play and performance in national football league athletes after Achilles tendon rupture: A systematic review. World J Meta-Anal 2026; 14(1): 111108
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2308-3840/full/v14/i1/111108.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.13105/wjma.v14.i1.111108

Butler JJ, Hedbany D, Lin CC, Vargas L, Kingery MT, Mercer NP, Lezak BA, Tham A, Rubin J, Kennedy JG. Low return to play and performance in national football league athletes after Achilles tendon rupture: A systematic review. World J Meta-Anal 2026; 14(1): 111108 [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v14.i1.111108]

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