Diabetes distress, the mediator of the poor glycemic control and depression: A meta-analysis

Table 4 The risk of bias assessment and questionnaires used to assess diabetes distress and depression among patients with diabetes

Ref.	Questionnaires used	Selection bias	Comparability bias	Outcome	Total score
Al-Ozairi et al[21]	The PAID, patient health questionnaire-9	5	1	2	8
Alzughbi et al[22]	The 17-item diabetes distress scale and the patient health questionnaire-9	5	1	2	8
Ascher-Svanum et al[23]	Severity of depressed/anxious mood (EuroQol-5D item) and diabetes-related distress (psychological distress domain of the diabetes health profile-18)	4	2	3	9
Asuzu et al[24]	The 17-item diabetes distress scale, and patient health questionnaire	5	2	2	9
Chen et al[25]	The short-form problem areas in diabetes scale, psychological factors questionnaire	4	1	2	7
Cummings et al[26]	The 17-item diabetes distress scale	4	2	3	9
Davis et al[27]	The PAID, patient health questionnaire-9	4	2	3	9
Guo et al[28]	The PAID, patient health questionnaire-9	4	1	3	8
Hayashino et al[29]	The PAID questionnaire, center for epidemiological studies-depression	4	2	3	9
Ismail et al[30]	The patient health questionnaire-9 and PAID scores	4	2	3	9
Khan and Choudhary[31]	Diabetes distress scale-2	5	1	2	8
Matsuba et al[32]	Diabetes distress scale-25-item	5	1	2	8
Nguyen et al[33]	The 17-item diabetes distress scale	5	1	1	8
Pandit et al[12]	The 17-item diabetes distress scale	5	2	2	9
Park et al[34]	The problem areas in diabetes scale	5	1	2	8
Schmitt et al[35]	Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale, diabetes distress scale	5	1	2	8
Sidhu and Tang[36]	Diabetes distress scale, patient health questionnaire-9	5	1	2	8
Totesora et al[37]	PAID-20	5	1	2	8
Bhaskara et al[38]	Diabetes distress scale	5	1	2	8
Huynh et al[39]	Diabetes distress scale	5	1	2	8
Lim et al[40]	The problem area in diabetes
Sasi et al[41]	Diabetes distress scale	5	1	2	8

PAID: Problem areas in diabetes.