Development and validation of a model to determine risk of refractory benign esophageal strictures

Table 1 Characteristics of 507 patients with benign esophageal strictures

Category		N (%) / M (range) n = 507
Sex	Female	178 (35.1)
	Male	329 (64.9)
Age (yr)	-	58 (16-88)
Etiology1	Post-ESD/ESTD	78 (15.4)
	Achalasia	148 (29.2)
	Caustic	13 (2.6)
	Postoperative	246 (48.5)
	Peptic	3 (0.6)
	Trauma	2 (0.4)
	Mixed	2 (0.4)
	Post-radiation	1 (0.2)
	Iatrogenic	14 (2.8)
Location of strictures1	Cervical	40 (7.9)
	Thoracic	315 (62.1)
	Ventral	152 (30.0)
Number of strictures	One	477 (94.1)
	Two	24 (4.7)
	Three or more	6 (1.2)
Length of strictures (cm)	-	0.5 (0.5, 10)
Times	One	299 (59.0)
	Two	85 (16.8)
	Three	42 (8.3)
	Four	24 (4.7)
	Five or more	57 (11.2)
Endoscopic therapy	Stenting + dilation	55 (10.8)
	Dilation only	452 (89.2)

¹Fisher’s exact test. The mixed etiology was the patients with refractory benign esophageal strictures caused by caustic injury and esophageal anastomosis following colon surgery. ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; ESTD: Endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection.