From variome to phenome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of ectopic mineralization disorders

Table 1 Causes of metastatic/dystrophic calcification and ectopic ossification

	Metastatic calcification	Dystrophic calcification	Ectopic ossification
Primary	Primary hyperparathyroidism Pseudo(pseudo)hypoparathyroidism HFTC	PXE PXE-like syndrome GACI Keutel syndrome IBGC ACDC AI	Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Secondary	Sarcoidosis Vitamin D intoxication Milk-Alkali syndrome Secondary hyperparathyroidism Renal failure Hemodialysis Tumor lysis Therapy with vitamin D and phosphate	Scleroderma Dermatomyositis SLE	Nonhereditary myositis ossificans

ACDC: Arterial calcification due to CD73 deficiency; AI: Amelogenesis imperfecta; GACI: Generalized arterial calcification of infancy; HFTC: Hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis; IBGC: Idiopathic basal ganglia calcification; PXE: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum; SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus.