Effect of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Figure 6 Impact of preoperative inspiratory muscle training on the duration of postoperative hospitalization. The result indicated a significant positive effect on the duration of postoperative hospitalization with a pooled mean difference of -1.77 d [95%CI: -2.41-(-1.12)] in cardiac surgery patients (including transcatheter aortic valve replacement) receiving preoperative inspiratory muscle training. SD: Standard deviation.