Clinical utility of left atrial strain in predicting atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation: An up-to-date review

Table 1 Predictors of atrial fibrillation recurrence after catheter ablation

Methods		Parameters
Biomarkers		C-reactive protein
		Fibrinogen
		B-type natriuretic peptide
		Oxidative stress
		Homocysteine and endothelin-1
		Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
ECG parameters		P-wave duration
		Intra-atrial conduction time
		Dispersion of atrial fibrillation cycle lengths
Imaging parameters	Echocardiographic parameters	Left atrial diameter
		Left atrial volume
		Mitral inflow patterns
		E/e’ index
		Left atrial electromechanical conduction time
		LA appendage ejectionfraction
		Left atrial expansion index
		Strain/strain rate
	MRI and CT imaging	Pericardial fat
		Left atrial fibrosis
		Ablation-related scarring
		Pulmonary vein anatomy

ECG: Electrocardiogram; LA: Left atrium; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; CT: Computed tomography; E: Early trans-mitral flow velocity; e’: Early diastolic mitral annular velocity.