Risk factors and optimal predictive scoring system of mortality for children with acute paraquat poisoning

Table 3 Comparison of clinical characteristics between survivors and non-survivors (n = 113)

Variable	Survivors	Non-survivors	P value
Age (yr), n (%)			0.003
≤ 3 yr	22 (25.6)	0 (0.0)
3-6 yr (not including 3 yr)	12 (13.4)	3 (11.1)
6-12 yr (not including 6 yr)	27 (31.2)	10 (37.0)
> 12 yr	25 (29.1)	14 (51.9)
Sex, n (%)			0.039
Female	41 (47.7)	19 (70.4)
Male	45 (52.3)	8 (29.6)
Cause of intoxication, n (%)			0.585
Accidental	68 (79.1)	20 (74.1)
Suicide	18 (20.9)	7 (25.9)
Time to blood purification, n (%)			0.185
< 6 h	3 (5.0)	2 (8.7)
6-12 h	12 (20.0)	7 (30.4)
12-24 h (not including 12 h)	13 (21.7)	5 (21.7)
> 24 h	32 (53.3)	9 (39.1)
Time to consultation, n (%)			0.191
< 6 h	28 (32.6)	11 (40.7)
6-24 h	22 (25.6)	6 (22.2)
> 24 h	36 (41.9)	10 (37.1)
Vomiting, n (%)	30 (34.9)	19 (70.4)	0.001
Abdominal pain, n (%)	14 (16.3)	9 (33.3)	0.055
Oral ulcer, n (%)	32 (37.2)	16 (66.7)	0.043
Gastrointestinal bleeding, n (%)	3 (3.5)	5 (18.5)	0.001
WBC count (× 109/L)	11.27 ± 4.57	15.45 ± 7.15	0.007
PLT count (× 109/L)	267.79 ± 102.52	222.48 ± 79.15	0.038
ALT [M (P25, P75)]	32.5 (25, 42)	99 (41, 494)	< 0.001
AST [M (P25, P75)]	28 (20, 40)	108 (38, 295)	< 0.001
Albumin (g/L)	44.34 ± 5.33	40.54 ± 6.23	0.002
Glucose (mmol/L)	6.60 ± 3.43	6.75 ± 1.31	0.805
Na+ (mmol/L)	137.04 ± 4.84	133.84 ± 6.49	0.024
K+ (mmol/L)	3.72 ± 0.58	3.70 ± 0.668	0.882
Scr (mmol/L)	74.17 ± 74.70	441.04 ± 267.86	< 0.001
BUN (mmol/L)	7.62 ± 6.65	23.06 ± 14.99	< 0.001
PEWS, n (%)			< 0.001
0	66 (78.6)	9 (33.3)
1	12 (14.0)	9 (33.3)
2	5 (5.8)	3 (11.1)
3	1 (1.1)	3 (11.1)
4	1 (1.1)	0 (0.0)
≥ 5	1 (1.1)	3 (11.1)
PCIS	95.57 ± 6.33	83.85 ± 7.74	< 0.001
≤ 70, n (%)	0 (0.0)	2 (7.4)
71-80, n (%)	6 (69.8)	9 (33.3)
> 80, n (%)	80 (93.0)	16 (59.3)

ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; WBC: White blood cell; PLT: Platelet; Scr: Serum creatinine; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; PCIS: Pediatric critical illness score; PEWS: Pediatric early warning score; Na⁺: Serum sodium; K⁺: Serum potassium.