Chromogranin A as a valid marker in oncology: Clinical application or false hopes?

Table 1 Non cancerous causes of chromogranin A elevation

Disease
Cardiovascular	Endocrine	Gastrointestinal	Inflammatory
Acute coronary syndrome	Hyperparathyroidism	Chronic atrophic gastritis	Chronic bronchitis
Arterial hypertension	Hyperthyroidism	Chronic hepatitis	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Cardiac insufficiency	Hypercortisolism	Inflammatory/irritable bowel syndrome	Giant cell arthritis
		Liver cirrhosis	Rheumatoid arthritis
		Pancreatitis	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
Drugs
Corticoids	H2 receptor antagonist	Proton pump inhibitor
Status
Exercise	Ingestion of a meal	Pregnancy
Factors having potential influence on sample
Fibrin presence	Haemolysis	Imposing effect: Autoantibodies presence (RF-IgM, Avidine, Heterofile)	Late afternoon/night > morning
Lipaemia	Plasma > serum	-