Effects of physical activity in Parkinson's disease: A new tool for rehabilitation

Table 3 Results of cueing training

Thaut et al[49]	Rhythmic auditory cues	Walking, stop-and-go, stair stepping listening to music	30 min/d for 3 wk	Improvement in gait speed, stride length and cadence
McIntosh et al[50]	Rhythmic auditory cues	Walking and stop-and-go listening to music	Single session	Improvement in gait speed, stride length and cadence
del Olmo et al[34]	Rhythmic auditory cues	Walking in different condition (with or without metronome cadence)	1 h/d, for 5 times/wk for 4 wk	Improvement in gait temporal stability
Azulay et al[48]	Dynamic and static visual cues	Walking on a 12-m walkway with parallel transversal white stripes with normal/stroboscopic lights	Single session	Increased velocity and stride length in the normal lights condition, suggesting the role of a specific visuo-motor pathway elicited by the moving cues
Rochester et al[35]	Auditory + visual cues	Little itinerary performed at home	Single session	Auditory cues improved performance (stride length) in the functional task, and a tendency for increased walking speed was noticed with both types of cue
Nieuwboer et al[23]	Visual, auditory or somato- sensory cues	Home-based cueing training program	30 mine session, 3 d/wk for 3 wk	Improvement in posture, gait speed, step length, reduction of FoG episodes and increased confidence in gait tasks
Frazzitta et al[9]	Treadmill + external cues	Progressive treadmill training with auditory (musical beats) and visual cues	20 min every day for 4 wk	Improvement in UPDRSIII, 6MWT, gait speed, stride cycle, FoG questionnaire

FoG: Freezing of Gait; 6MWT: 6-Minute walk test; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.