Smartphone-based mobile health impact on oral anticoagulation adherence, quality of life, and healthcare utilization in adult atrial fibrillation

Table 6 Risk of bias assessment

Ref.	D1	D2	D3	D4	D5	Overall
Guo et al[23], 2020	Some concerns	High	Low	High	Low	High
Romiti et al[24], 2023	Some concerns	High	Low	High	Low	High
Yao et al[25], 2021	Some concerns	High	Low	High	Some concerns	High
Guo et al[26], 2022	Some concerns	High	Low	High	Some concerns	High
Guo et al[27], 2023	Some concerns	High	Low	High	Some concerns	High
Corica et al[28], 2025	Some concerns	High	Low	High	High	High
Guo et al[29], 2023	Some concerns	High	Low	High	High	High
Guo et al[30], 2020	No information	No information	Low	Low	Low	Some concerns
Guo et al[31], 2017	Some concerns	High	Low	High	Low	High
Yoon et al[32], 2024	Low	Some concerns	Some concerns	Low	Low	Some concerns
Turakhia et al[33], 2021	Low	Some concerns	High	Some concerns	Low	High
Caceres et al[34], 2020	Low	Some concerns	High	Some concerns	Some concerns	High
Hsieh et al[35], 2021	Low	Some concerns	Low	Some concerns	Low	Some concerns
Xu et al[36], 2024	Low	Some concerns	Low	Some concerns	Low	Some concerns
Magnani et al[37], 2025	Low	Some concerns	Low	Some concerns	Low	Some concerns
Tran et al[38], 2022	Low	Some concerns	Low	Some concerns	Low	Some concerns