Impact of different anesthetic agents (propofol, etomidate, ketamine) on seizure duration and cognitive recovery in electroconvulsive therapy

Table 2 Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessment for observational studies (n = 13)

Ref.	Selection (max 4 stars)	Comparability (max 2 stars)	Outcome (max 3 stars)	Total score	Quality rating
Bernardoff et al[15], 2026	4	2	3	9	High
Hoyer et al[12], 2014	4	2	3	9	High
Krystal et al[16], 2003	3	2	3	8	High
Kavakbasi et al[24], 2023	4	2	3	9	High
Tufek et al[13], 2014	3	1	3	7	Moderate
Kök Kendirlioğlu et al[25], 2025	3	2	3	8	High
Lundin et al[17], 2025	4	1	3	8	High
Yang et al[8], 2025	3	2	2	7	Moderate
Gurel et al[28], 2022	3	2	3	8	High
Sartorius et al[11], 2021	4	2	3	9	High
Yoon et al[27], 2023	3	2	3	8	High
Methfessel et al[26], 2023	3	2	3	8	High
Beyazyüz et al[23], 2023	3	1	3	7	Moderate

Newcastle-Ottawa Scale summary statistics: High quality (≥ 8 stars): 10 studies (76.9%). Moderate quality (6-7 stars): 3 studies (23.1%). Low quality (< 6 stars): 0 studies (0%).