Impact of different anesthetic agents (propofol, etomidate, ketamine) on seizure duration and cognitive recovery in electroconvulsive therapy

Table 1 Risk of bias assessment for randomized controlled trials (n = 11)

Ref.	Random sequence generation	Allocation concealment	Blinding of participants	Blinding of outcome assessment	Incomplete outcome data	Selective reporting	Other bias	Overall risk
Shahu et al[5], 2024	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Zhong et al[14], 2016	Low	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	Some concerns
Erdogan Kayhan et al[22], 2012	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Some concerns
İkiz et al[9], 2021	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Jindal et al[6], 2020	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Canbek et al[7], 2015	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
KJ et al[21], 2025	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	Unclear	High
Mathur et al[10], 2024	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Joshi et al[20], 2021	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Brunelin et al[18], 2020	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low
Guha et al[19], 2022	Low	Unclear	Low	Low	Low	Low	Low	Some concerns

Risk of bias summary statistics: Low risk of bias: 8 studies (72.7%). Some concerns: 3 studies (27.3%). High risk of bias: 1 study (9.1%).