Microwave breast imaging: A review of clinical potential and technological advances

Table 2 Summary of clinical and perfromance metrics of different tomography-based microwave radiometric imaging systems

System	Scan time	Breast size	Accuracy (true positive rate)	Sensitivity (true negative rate)	Specificity	Patients tested
Dartmouth college[20,21]	2.2 minutes	14.2 cm diameter	Detected a 4-cm tumor in a trial test with one patient	Not reported	Not reported	1
McMaster university[22]	5 hours	4.8 cm diameter	Reported a 247 mm resolution in simulation	No clinical trials	No clinical trials	0
Istanbul Technical University (SAFE)[23,24]	20 minutes	Small and large	Detected lesions as small as 4 mm	79%	77%	113
University of Bristol (MARIA)[25]	5 minutes	32A and 32DD	Smallest recorded lesion was 5 mm	76%	Not reported	8
University of Calgary (TSAR)[26]	< 30 minutes	B and C size	10 mm lesion detected with SCR ~5.0 dB	No clinical trials	No clinical trials	1
McGill University[27]	6 minutes	Amid A to D size	10 mm spherical phantom tumor detected	No clinical trials	No clinical trials	4
Galway University (Wavelia)[28]	6 minutes	Greater than 32B	Did not detect tumors < 10 mm in trials	75%	Not reported	5
Chalmers University[29,30]	Not reported	55.0-75.0 cm diameter	Used oil cups mimicking tumors (55-75 mm)	No clinical trials	No clinical trials	0
University of Perugia (Mammowave)[31]	8 minutes	Various cup sizes	73%	82%	353
Hiroshima University[32]	15 minutes	Small (Japanese patients)	Minimum size 40 mm in trials (Japanese only)	49%	55%	9
University of São Paulo[33]	28 minutes	34B (imperial system)	1 mm tumor in 150 mm breast phantom with SCR > 7.0 dB	No clinical trials	No clinical trials	3
University of Queensland[34]	45 minutes	12.4 cm	20 mm × 30 mm water target in phantom	No clinical trials	No clinical trials	1

SAFE: Scanning aperture focused examination; MARIA: Multistatic array processing for radio wave image acquisition; TSAR: Tissue sensing adaptive radar; SCR: Signal-to-clutter ratio.