Basic diaphragm ultrasound training: Curriculum implementation and learning trajectory among diaphragm ultrasound naive trainees

doi:10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.113663

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World Journal of Methodology

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2222-0682

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Methodol. Jun 20, 2026; 16(2): 113663
Published online Jun 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.113663

Table 4 Proportion of trainees in agreement with trainers for measurement and interpretation, and proportion of trainees who needed help from trainer, n (%)

			Try 1	Try 2	Try 3	Try 4	Try 5
Right DTF at ZOA (n = 13)	Measurement	Trainee/trainer measurement in agreement	4 (30.8)	8 (61.5)	9 (69.2)	10 (76.9)	13 (100)
	Interpretation	Trainee/trainer interpretation in agreement	12 (92.3)	11 (84.6)	12 (92.3)	12 (92.3)	13 (100)
	Assistance	Needed help	12 (92.3)	8 (61.5)	12 (92.3)	5 (38.5)	0 (0)
Right DTF at mid-axillary line (n = 13)	Measurement	Trainee/trainer measurement in agreement	4 (30.8)	10 (76.9)	10 (76.9)	12 (92.3)	13 (100)
	Interpretation	Trainee/trainer interpretation in agreement	11 (84.6)	13 (100)	13 (100)	12 (92.3)	13 (100)
	Assistance	Needed help	11 (84.6)	6 (46.2)	6 (46.2)	7 (53.8)	0 (0)
Right diaphragm excursion (n = 12)	Measurement	Trainee/trainer measurement in agreement	7 (58.3)	8 (66.7)	8 (66.7)	10 (83.3)	12 (100)
	Interpretation	Trainee/trainer interpretation in agreement	10 (83.3)	10 (83.3)	12 (100)	12 (100)	12 (100)
	Assistance	Needed help	12 (100)	12 (100)	8 (66.7)	5 (41.7)	0 (0)
Left DTF at ZOA (n = 13)	Measurement	Trainee/trainer measurement in agreement	8 (61.5)	10 (76.9)	10 (76.9)	11 (84.6)	13 (100)
	Interpretation	Trainee/trainer interpretation in agreement	13 (100)	12 (92.3)	13 (100)	11 (84.6)	13 (100)
	Assistance	Needed help	12 (92.3)	9 (69.2)	10 (76.9)	7 (53.8)	2 (15.4)
Left DTF at mid-axillary line (n = 12)	Measurement	Trainee/trainer measurement in agreement	8 (66.7)	9 (75.0)	9 (75.0)	11 (91.7)	12 (100)
	Interpretation	Trainee/trainer interpretation in agreement	9 (75.0)	10 (83.3)	11 (91.7)	11 (91.7)	11 (91.7)
	Assistance	Needed help	10 (83.3)	7 (58.3)	5 (41.7)	2 (16.7)	1 (8.3)
Left excursion (n = 12)	Measurement	Trainee/trainer measurement in agreement	7 (58.3)	9 (75.0)	11 (91.7)	12 (100)	11 (91.7)
	Interpretation	Trainee/trainer interpretation in agreement	12 (100)	12 (100)	12 (100)	12 (100)	12 (100)
	Assistance	Needed help	12 (100)	11 (91.7)	6 (50.0)	6 (50.0)	3 (25.0)

The criteria of measurement in agreement was as follows: (1) Measurement in agreement for diaphragm thickening fraction is < 10% difference in diaphragm thickening fraction between trainer and trainee; and (2) Measurement in agreement for diaphragmatic excursion is < 2 mm difference between trainer and trainee. DTF: Diaphragm thickening fraction; ZOA: Zone of apposition.

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Citation: Ng KWP, See KC. Basic diaphragm ultrasound training: Curriculum implementation and learning trajectory among diaphragm ultrasound naive trainees. World J Methodol 2026; 16(2): 113663
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v16/i2/113663.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.113663

Ng KWP, See KC. Basic diaphragm ultrasound training: Curriculum implementation and learning trajectory among diaphragm ultrasound naive trainees. World J Methodol 2026; 16(2): 113663 [PMID: 42058793 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.113663]

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