BPG is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge
Systematic Reviews
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Methodol. Jun 20, 2026; 16(2): 113265
Published online Jun 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.113265
Table 2 Risk of bias assessment1
Ref.
Study design
Selection
Comparability
Outcome assessment
Overall quality
Boyce et al[5] (2011)RCTLow riskLow riskLow riskGood
Joseph et al[6] (2014)ObservationalModerate riskHigh riskModerate riskFair
Bain and Meyer[9] (2015)ObservationalModerate riskModerate riskModerate riskFair
Duewell et al[10] (2021)ObservationalModerate riskModerate riskLow riskFair
Al-Eidan et al[8] (2018)ObservationalHigh riskHigh riskModerate riskPoor
Marchetti et al[11] (2022)ObservationalModerate riskHigh riskLow riskFair
Davis et al[25] (2022)ObservationalModerate riskHigh riskModerate riskFair
Albuloushi et al[26] (2022)ObservationalModerate riskHigh riskModerate riskFair
Snodgrass et al[13] (2016)ObservationalHigh riskHigh riskModerate riskPoor
Pishko et al[15] (2019)ObservationalLow riskModerate riskLow riskGood
Carré et al[27] (2021)ObservationalHigh riskHigh riskModerate riskPoor
Schindewolf et al[7] (2017)ObservationalLow riskModerate riskLow riskGood
Kang et al[12] (2015)ObservationalModerate riskModerate riskModerate riskFair
Tardy-Poncet et al[28] (2015)ObservationalModerate riskHigh riskLow riskFair
Nand et al[3] (1997)ObservationalHigh riskHigh riskHigh riskPoor
Dulicek et al[14] (2019)ObservationalHigh riskHigh riskModerate riskPoor


Write to the Help Desk