Electrolyte-derived clinical indices in traumatic brain injury: A narrative review

doi:10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.111570

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World Journal of Methodology

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2222-0682

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World J Methodol. Jun 20, 2026; 16(2): 111570
Published online Jun 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.111570

Table 2 Electrolyte imbalance combinations and prognostic implications in traumatic brain injury

Electrolyte pattern	Prognostic signal	Evidence strength	Remarks
Hypernatremia + hypocalcemia	↑ Mortality (univariate)	Limited	Not confirmed in multivariate analysis[45]
Hypernatremia + hypokalemia + metabolic acidosis	Hypoperfusion marker	Limited	Triad not validated in TBI studies[5,8,9]
Hypernatremia + hypokalemia + hypophosphatemia	Cellular derangement	Theoretical	Not studied; potential "danger triad"[8]
Hypocalcemia alone	Strong adverse prognostic marker	High	Independently predicts mortality[9,46]
Hypernatremia alone	Linked with mortality and DI	High	Especially with high ICP or osmotherapy[6,46]
Hypokalemia alone	Associated with poor outcomes	High	Early TBI marker[8,9]

TBI: Traumatic brain injury; ICP: Intracranial pressure; DI: Diabetes insipidus.

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Citation: Mekkodathil A, El-Menyar A, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. Electrolyte-derived clinical indices in traumatic brain injury: A narrative review. World J Methodol 2026; 16(2): 111570
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2222-0682/full/v16/i2/111570.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.111570

Mekkodathil A, El-Menyar A, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. Electrolyte-derived clinical indices in traumatic brain injury: A narrative review. World J Methodol 2026; 16(2): 111570 [PMID: 42058810 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.111570]

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