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Systematic Reviews
Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Methodol. Jun 20, 2026; 16(2): 109986
Published online Jun 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i2.109986
Table 3 Quality assessment for observational studies (Newcastle-Ottawa scale)
Ref.
Selection (0-4)
Comparability (0-2)
Outcome (0-3)
Total score
Quality rating
Shi et al[2], PIONEER4239High
Gu et al[31]3137High
Rangachari et al[3]4228High
Magnuson et al[27], 20163238High
Ballard et al[8]3126Moderate
Magnuson et al[28], 20174239High
Chen et al[29]3238High
Miyawaki et al[30]3238High
Iuchi et al[5]2125Moderate
Eichler et al[4]3227High
Yamamoto et al[33]4138High
Tatineni et al[32]3238High
Yan et al[20]2125Moderate
Hsu et al[6]3227High
Zhong et al[21]2125Moderate
Pan et al[34]3227High
Dohm et al[22]4239High


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