Decolonizing the gut from multidrug-resistant bacteria: Current strategies and future perspectives

Table 2 Different approaches for faecal microbiota transplantation

Approach	Method	Pros	Cons
Colonoscopy	Delivery of fecal material into the colon via a colonoscope	High success rate, allows direct placement in the colon	Invasive, requires bowel preparation, potential complications like perforation
Nasogastric/nasoenteric tube	Tube insertion through the nose into the stomach or small intestine for faecal infusion	Non-surgical, effective for small intestine delivery	Risk of aspiration, discomfort, nausea and vomiting
Capsule delivery	Freeze-dried faecal material in capsules taken orally	Non-invasive, convenient, avoids procedural risks	Requires multiple capsules, potential for reduced efficacy in some cases
Enema	Faecal material mixed with solution and introduced via the rectum	Simple, can be done at home, avoids invasive procedures	Lower retention time, may require multiple doses
Rectal infusion	Controlled delivery of faecal material into the rectum	Less invasive than colonoscopy, localized delivery	Requires professional administration, may not reach upper colon effectively