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©The Author(s) 2026.
World J Methodol. Mar 20, 2026; 16(1): 108381
Published online Mar 20, 2026. doi: 10.5662/wjm.v16.i1.108381
Table 1 Etiological factors of excessive dynamic airway collapse
Congenital/primary causes
Mounier-Kuhn Syndrome
Acquired/secondary causes
Irritant inhalation (smoking, air pollution)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Recurrent chest infections
Obstructive airway diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma)
Drugs (corticosteroids, beta-agonists)
Others (obstructive sleep apnea, obesity)


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