Comparison of older and newer sedation agents in bronchoscopy

Table 2 Year of introduction and pricing of sedatives used for bronchoscopy

Medication	First use in bronchoscopy	Price (approx)1
Midazolam	1980s	1 mg/mL: $14.58 5 mg/mL: $14.56
Diazepam	1960s	2 mL: $8.29–$14.60/mL (10 vial minutes) 10 mL: $3.84–$4.72/mL (10 vial minutes)
Propofol	1980s	20 mL: $5, 50 mL: $10, 100 mL: $20
Fentanyl	1968	2 mL: $1.49/vial, 20 mL: $13.89/vial
Ketamine	1970s	20 mL: $18, 10 mL: $6, 5 mL: $10
Ketofol	2000s	Based on Ketamine and Propofol concentrations used
Remifentanil (Ultiva)	1996	1 mg: $36.21–$62.5, 12 mg: $103.83–$141.57, 5 mg: $219.33–$286.49
Dexmedetomidine	1999 (FDA-approved)	$45.21 per 2 mL vial (100 μg/mL)
Esketamine (Spravato)	2010s (FDA: 2019)	56 mg dose: $440.08; 84 mg dose: $438.54

¹Prices fluctuate with overall marketing supply and demand, supply chain considerations, and hospitals’ overall storage, handling, and administration costs.

FDA: Food and Drug Administration.