Advancing multiple myeloma therapy: A systematic analysis of corticosteroids and monoclonal antibodies as dual therapeutic agents

Table 1 Characteristics of selected studies

Ref.	Year	Sample size	Study type	Interventions	Outcomes	Key findings
Voorhees et al[10]	2020	207	RCT	Daratumumab + RVd vs RVd	Improved response rates and PFS	sCR rate 424% vs 32.0%
Kumar et al[8]	2020	1087	RCT	Carfilzomib + Rd vs Bortezomib + Rd	No PFS benefit for Carfilzomib over Bortezomib	No significant PFS benefit observed
Lonial et al[9]	2015	646	RCT	Elotuzumab + Rd vs Rd	Improved PFS and response rates with Elotuzumab	PFS improved by approximately 4.5 months (HR 0.70)
Bringhen et al[4]	2018	54	RCT	Weekly Carfilzomib + Cyclophosphamide + Dex	High response rates with Carfilzomib	ORR > 85%
Facon et al[7]	2019	737	RCT	Daratumumab + Rd vs Rd	Significant PFS and ORR improvement with Daratumumab	PFS improved by 13.5 months
Dimopoulos et al[6]	2016	569	RCT	Daratumumab + Rd vs Rd	Improved PFS with Daratumumab	Median PFS: 44.5 vs 18.4 months (HR 0.37)
Palumbo et al[5]	2016	498	RCT	Daratumumab + Bortezomib + Dex vs Bortezomib + Dex	Significantly longer PFS with Daratumumab	Daratumumab group had a 61% risk reduction (HR 0.39)
Facon et al[2]	2007	447	RCT	MPT vs MP vs MEL100	MPT superior to MP in OS	OS improved with MPT arm (P < 0.05)
Richardson et al[3]	2003	202	RCT	Bortezomib	Bortezomib effective in refractory MM	Significant ORR in heavily pretreated patients
Rajkumar et al[1]	2010	445	RCT	Lenalidomide + Low-dose Dex vs High-dose Dex	Better OS and lower toxicity with low-dose Dex	Low-dose Dex improved OS and had fewer AEs
Jakubowiak et al[15]	2021	22	RCT	Daratumumab + Carfilzomib + Lenalidomide + Dex	Improved outcomes, high response rates	VGPR or better: 100%
Richardson et al[12]	2019	559	RCT	Pomalidomide + Bortezomib + Dex vs Bortezomib + Dex	Improved PFS in the Pomalidomide group	PFS improved by 4.1 months (11.2 vs 7.1 months)
Moreau et al[20]	2021	302	RCT	Isatuximab + Carfilzomib + Dex vs Carfilzomib + Dex	Improved PFS with Isatuximab combination	Median PFS: 35.7 vs 19.2 months
Sonneveld et al[18]	2023	709	RCT	Daratumumab + VRd vs VRd alone	Significant improvement in PFS	PFS: NR vs 62.4 months
Bumma et al[13]	2023	503	Cohort Study	Bortezomib-based vs Lenalidomide maintenance	Different maintenance strategies impact long-term outcomes	Individualized maintenance affects survival
Leypoldt et al[19]	2023	125	RCT	Isatuximab + Carfilzomib + Lenalidomide + Dex	High minimal residual disease negativity rates, long-term PFS benefit	Long-term PFS benefit in high-risk MM
Richardson et al[17]	2021	722	RCT	Ixazomib + Lenalidomide + Dex vs Placebo + Rd	No significant OS benefit, but some subgroup advantages	PFS benefit in some subgroups
Takezako et al[16]	2021	40	RCT	Once-weekly vs twice-weekly carfilzomib	Once-weekly dosing had better ORR and PFS	Improved tolerability with similar efficacy
Slade et al[23]	2023	25	RCT	Elotuzumab + Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone (EPd)	1-year PFS: 72%; median PFS: 19 months; safe regimen	Median PFS: 19 months
Joseph et al[22]	2024	1326	Cohort Study	Daratumumab + RVd vs RVd alone	Quadruplet therapy improves response and PFS	Improved VGPR and CR rates
Wang et al[21]	2017	32	Retrospective	Low-dose Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone	ORR: 71.9%, median PFS: 13 months, mild side effects	Mild side effects, effective in elderly
Bringhen et al[24]	2014	58	RCT	Carfilzomib + Cyclophosphamide + Dexamethasone	High response rates, PFS: 76%, OS: 87% at 2 years	PFS: 76%, OS: 87% at 2 years
Moreau et al[25]	2021	159	RCT	Teclistamab (BCMA × CD3 bispecific antibody)	ORR: 65%, VGPR: 58%, well tolerated, durable responses	ORR: 65%, VGPR: 58%
Dimopoulos et al[11]	2020	466	RCT	KdD (Carfilzomib, Dexamethasone, Daratumumab) vs Kd	KdD improved PFS (28.6 vs 15.2 months), manageable safety profile	PFS: 28.6 vs 15.2 months
Mateos et al[26]	2022	119	RCT	Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone vs Observation	Median TTP to MM: 9.5 vs 2.1 years, OS benefit with Rd	Median TTP: 9.5 vs 2.1 years
Bahlis et al[14]	2024	112	RCT	DPd (Pomalidomide + Daratumumab + Dexamethasone)	ORR: Favorable OS, median 56.7 months; no new safety signals	Median OS: 56.7 months

sCR: Stringent complete response; VGPR: Very good partial response; TTP: Time to progression; RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial; ORR: Overall response rate; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression-free survival; AEs: Adverse events; Cohort Study: Observational study following a group over time; Retrospective: Retrospective observational study; RVd: Lenalidomide (Revlimid) + Bortezomib (Velcade) + Dexamethasone; Rd: Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone; VRd: Bortezomib (Velcade) + Lenalidomide + Dexamethasone; Kd: Carfilzomib + Dexamethasone; KdD: Carfilzomib + Dexamethasone + Daratumumab; DPd: Daratumumab + Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone; EPd: Elotuzumab + Pomalidomide + Dexamethasone; MPT: Melphalan + Prednisone + Thalidomide; MP: Melphalan + Prednisone; MEL100: High-dose Melphalan 100 mg/m²; Dex: Dexamethasone; CR: Complete response; BCMA: B-cell maturation antigen; CD3: Cluster of Differentiation 3.