Artificial intelligence-based apps for screening and diagnosing diabetic retinopathy and common ocular disorders

Table 2 Various algorithms used in diabetic retinopathy as follows

Study conducted	Algorithms used	Identified and diagnosed
A retrospective study by Liu et al[46], 2022, using traditional fundus images	EfficientNet-B5	DME
A retrospective study by Dai et al[47], 2021	ResNet and Mask R-CNN	DR grading
A retrospective study by Lee et al[48], 2021	OpthAI, AirDoc, Eyenuk, Retina AI Health, Retmarker	Referable DR detection
A prospective study by Heydon et al[49], 2020	EyeArt v2.1	Referable DR detection
A prospective study by Gulshan et al[50], 2019	Inception-v3	Referable DR detection
Akram et al[51] proposed an automated module	MESSIDOR database used	Proposed an automated module for the grading of diabetic maculopathy

DME: Diabetic macular edema; DR: Diabetic retinopathy.