Safety and efficacy of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus fasting during Ramadan: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 2 Comparison of the safety outcomes in the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist vs non-glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist arms

Outcome variables	Number of included studies	Number of participants with outcome/participants analyzed (%)		Pooled effect size, risk ratio (95%CI)	I2 (%)	P value
		GLP-1RA arm	Non- GLP-1RA arm
Any AE	3	54/311	50/314	1.07 (0.76-1.52)	0	0.69
Serious AE	2	2/263	0/262	4.97 (0.24-102.78)	N/A	0.30
AE leading to discontinuation of treatment	2	1/263	0/262	3.00 (0.12-72.70)	N/A	0.50
Gastrointestinal AEs	3	38/318	8/337	5.27 (1.40-19.89)	50	0.01
Heartburn	2	7/147	1/167	4.10 (0.25-68.20)	50	0.33
Nausea	3	17/318	1/337	14.05 (2.69-73.33)	0	0.002
Vomiting	2	9/263	1/262	5.96 (1.05-33.77)	0	0.04
Abdominal pain	2	3/147	0/167	4.61 (0.52-41.28)	0	0.17
Diarrhea	2	5/263	3/262	1.53 (0.40-5.87)	0	0.53
Any hypoglycemia	3	22/318	47/337	0.60 (0.19-1.90)	72	0.39
Documented symptomatic hypoglycemia	3	14/310	39/312	0.38 (0.16-0.88)	45	0.02

AE: Adverse events; GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; N/A: Not applicable.